BBSRC에 의해 투자 된이 작품은 (BB / H010297 / 1), SAR에 BBSRC 할당량 재학 및 SWF에 MRC 학생이기을 MEP에 부여합니다.

<ol>
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The authors have no competing financial interests.

이 프로토콜의 핵심적인 부분은 일반적으로, 처리 된 분비, 및 장착 된 형광 부분이 있음에도 불구하고, 수용 세포의 반응을 유도 할 수있는 생물학적 활성 리간드를 생성한다. 이 형광 표지 된 유전자 산물은 적절한 분석법을 이용하여 생물학적으로 활성화되어 있음을 확립하는 것이 중요합니다. 쉬-GFP를 들어 PTC1의 발현을 활성화 할 수있는 능력을 확인 하였다 (16). Wnt8a는...

초기 배아 발달 동안 세포가 점진적 분화의 특정 계통을 따라 약속 :이 전능성 (또는 다 능성) 하나의 세포 유형을 야기하도록 결정된 선조 세포의 개체수를 구축을 점차 제한 될 셀들의 그룹을 의미한다. 세포 - 세포 신호 배아 개발하는 동안 혈통 사양의 규제의 핵심입니다. 이러한 신호의 조작은 새로운 의학적 치료를 지원하기 위해 특정 운명 향해 줄기 세포를 지향 시키도록 요구 될 것이다. 신호 전달 경로의 상대적으로 적은 수의 TGF 상과 (nodals 및 BMPs에) 1-2 FGFs 3 Wnts 4 및 5에 대응 고슴도치 경로를 포함하여 개발하는 동안 반복된다. 이들 분비 단백질함으로써 유전자 발현 및 / 또는 세포의 행동을 변경하는 신호 전달을 활성화하는 세포막에 존재하는 수용체에 결합한다. 세포 기호의 꽉 규제Alling은 세포 혈통 사양과 정상적인 발전을 위해 필수적이다. 이들 경로들 사이의 크로스 토크는 세포의 운명을 결정하는 것도 중요하지만, 하나의 리간드는 그 자체가 다른 농도에서 별개의 응답을 이끌어 낼 수있다. Morphogen 구배는 세포 유형 세포 (6)의 필드에서 파생 할 수있는 방법 다른 설명하는 이론으로 100 년 전에 설명했다. 셀들의 하나의 그룹에 의해 생성 된 분자를 시그널링하는 것은 소스로부터 더 먼 거리와 농도의 감소, 특정 범위를 통해 확산 될 수있다. 신호에 노출 된 세포는 별개의 위치에 세포 신호의 상이한 레벨로 상이하게 응답하여, 전지의 분야에서 자신의 위치에 국소 농도에 반응 할 것이다. morphogens의 존재에 대한 증거는 초기 초파리 배아 7 및 8 날개 디스크뿐만 아니라 척추 사지 9 신경관 (10)의 연구로부터 온다. 방법은의에 필요설립 방법 morphogen 그라디언트 vestigate 이러한 구배를 조절에서 중요한 다른 분자를 식별 할 수 있습니다. 다른 유전 적 배경의 맥락에서, 생체 내에서 내인성 단백질을 가시화하기 위해 면역 조직 화학을 사용하여 우아한 실험 morphogen 구배 11-12을 조사하기 위해 사용되어왔다. 그러나, 좋은 항체 및 특정 돌연변이는 항상 사용할 수 없으며, 그래서 우리는 대안 외래 유전자 산물이 세포의 필드에 걸쳐 리간드의 분포에 영향을 미칠 수있는 방법을 절개하는 간단한 방법을 제공하는데, 제노 푸스에서 형광성 리간드의 과발현을 사용하여 여기 프로토콜을 설명한다. Xenopus의 laevis의은 초기 단계에 액세스 할 수 있도록 자신의 태아가 외부 개발로 실험 이러한 유형의를 수행 할 수있는 훌륭한 시스템을 제공합니다. 그들은 (아직도 약 20 상대적으로 큰만큼 그들의 큰 크기 (지름 1-1.5mm)는 미세 주입 및 수술 조작을 단순화하고 포배는 단계적으로 세포 이미지에 쉽게81)에 걸쳐 미터. Xenopus의에서 과발현 연구 할 간단하다 : 초기 배아에 주입 mRNA의 특정 세포를 타겟으로 할 수 있고, 효율적으로 변환됩니다. 찬란 태그 Wnt8a / Wnt11b-HA-eGFP는 구조가 PCS2 Wnt8a-HA (13), PCS2 Wnt11b-HA (14)와 eGFP는을 사용하여 생성되었다. HA 펩타이드는 유전자 산물 모두 작동하도록의 Wnt 및 eGFP는 단백질을 분리하는 스페이서의 역할을하는 것으로 생각되기 때문에 추가적인 분자 태그를 제공 할뿐만 아니라,하지만을 포함하는 것이 중요하다. 쉬의 시각화에 사용 구조체 이전 쉬-eGFP는 융합 단백질 (15)을 발현 트랜스 제닉 마우스를 생성하는 데 사용되었다; 이것은 친절 앤디 맥마흔에 의해 제공되었다. 중요하게는, 모든 구조에 대한 GFP 태그가 처리 후에도 유지되도록 신호 서열에 3 &#39;복제된다. 그것은 최종 단백질 변형에 필요한 서열, 예컨대 additio 포함되어 있는지 확인하는 것도 중요같은 지질의 N은 합성의 mRNA의 prodution에 최적화되어 PCS2 + 발현 벡터에 서브 클로닝 하였다 쉬와의 Wnt ligands.The 된 cDNA의 경우입니다; 그것은 SP6 프로모터 및 폴리아 데 닐화 신호 (http://sitemaker.umich.edu/dlturner.vectors)를 포함한다. 여기에 설명 된 작업은 분비와 형광의 확산을 비교하기위한 간단한 프로토콜의 Wnt 및 쉬가 리간드 태그 태그 제공합니다. 합성의 mRNA의 정의 양을 주입하여, 프로토콜은 서로 다른 프로모터를 사용하여 다른 벡터로부터 변수 표현과 관련된 모든 문제를 주항. 이러한 방법은 최근에 쉬-eGFP는과 Wnt8a / Xenopus의 16 ~ 17에서 Wnt11b-HA-eGFP는 분비 및 확산에 헤파 란 황산 endosulfatase Sulf1의 효과를 조사하기 위해 적용되었다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Melford</td>
			<td>MB 1200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium acetate</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>From Megascript SP6 Kit AM 1330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bicarbonate</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>RC-091</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium nitrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C13961</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cap analog (m7G(5&#39;))</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>AM 8050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C 2432</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;L-Cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C7880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dNTPs</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>18427-013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>O3690</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>20821.33</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ficoll 400</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F 4375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiji image J software</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Free download http://fiji.sc/Fiji</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamycin</td>
			<td>Melford</td>
			<td>G 0124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glacial acetic acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A/0400/PB17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass cover slips, No.1.5&#160;</td>
			<td>Scientific Laboratory Supplies</td>
			<td>22X22-SGJ3015. 22X50-SGJ3030&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass needle puller</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>Narishige PC -10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass pull needles</td>
			<td>Drummond Scientific</td>
			<td>3-000-203-G/X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human chronic gonadotropin (HCG)</td>
			<td>Intervet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P/7500/PB17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lithium chloride (LiCl)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L-7026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LSM710 and Zen software (2008-2010)</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matlab software</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://uk.mathworks.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular grade water&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP 2819-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nail varnish&#160;</td>
			<td>Boots</td>
			<td>Bar code 3600530 373048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Lab.tech International</td>
			<td>ND-1000 / ND8000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish (55mm)</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>391-0865</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol-chloroform</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3803</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photoshop software</td>
			<td>Adobe</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>http://www.photoshop.com/products</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High fidelity DNA polymerase and buffers&#160;</td>
			<td>Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0530S&#160; Buffer - M0531S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride (KCl)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P/4280/53</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC insulation tape</td>
			<td>Onecall</td>
			<td>SH5006MPK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel extraction kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>S28704</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Restriction enzymes buffers</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td colspan="2">SuRE/CUT Buffer Set 11082 035 001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAse-free DNAse</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>ME10A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steel back single edge blades</td>
			<td>Personna</td>
			<td>66-0403-0000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>27810.364</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SP6 transcription kit</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM1330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slides</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>SHE 2505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris base</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15504-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten needles</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>homemade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zen lite software</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Free download&#160; http://www.zeiss.co.uk/microscopy/en_gb/downloads/zen.html</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using confocal analysis of xenopus laevis to investigate modulators of wnt and shh morphogen gradients

이 프로토콜은 세포의 필드 분산 리간드를 시각화하는 방법을 설명한다. 함께 초기 배아에서의 세포의 큰 크기, 외래 단백질을 발현의 용이성, 제노 푸스는 GFP - 태그 리간드를 시각화하는 유용한 모델을 laevis의합니다. 합성 mRNA를 효과적으로 초기 Xenopus의 배아 내로 주입 한 후 변환되고, 주사는 단일 세포를 타겟으로 할 수있다. 이러한 막 닿는 RFP 같은 혈통 추적과 함께 사용하면 과잉 발현 된 단백질을 생산하고 주입 된 세포 (및 그 자손이) 쉽게 따라 할 수 있습니다. 이 프로토콜은 생산을위한 방법의 형광 주입의 mRNA에서의 Wnt 및 쉬 리간드 태그에 대해 설명합니다. 방법은 마일을 포함외배엽 외식 (동물 모자)와 여러 샘플 리간드 확산의 분석 CRO의 해부. 공 초점 영상을 사용하여, 세포의 필드 위에 리간드 분비 및 확산에 관한 정보를 얻을 수있다. 공 초점 이미지의 통계적인 분석은 리간드 구배의 형상 정량적 데이터를 제공한다. 이들 방법은 morphogen 그라디언트의 형상을 조절할 수있는 요소의 효과를 테스트 할 연구에 유용 할 수있다.

형광 태그로 단백질을 발현하는 동물 캡 이식편의 촛점 분석은 다양한 실험 조건 하에서 리간드 분포를 시각화하기위한 효과적인 시스템을 제공한다. 일 예에서, GFP의 분포는 쉬 (도 1)를 나타낸다 태그. 2- 세포 단계에서 Xenopus의 배아 제어의 mRNA 또는 mRNA를 Sulf1, 세포 표면 헤파 란 황산 수정 및 쉬 morphogen 구배 16 영향을 미치는 효소의 코딩 중 하나와 모두 세포 내로 주...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients at JoVE.com

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

원고는 여기 Xenopus의에서 찬란 태그 리간드의 분비 및 확산을 분석하는 방법의 간단한 세트를 제공합니다. 이는 리간드 분포를 수정하는 다른 단백질의 능력을 시험하고 morphogen 기울기 조절 메커니즘에 대한 통찰력을 제공 할 수 있도록 실험을위한 컨텍스트를 제공한다.

공 촛점 분석을 사용하여<em&gt; 아프리카 발톱 개구리 laevis의</em&gt;의 Wnt 및 쉬 Morphogen 그라디언트의 변조기를 조사하기 위해

This protocol describes a method to visualise ligands distributed across a field of cells. The ease of expressing exogenous proteins, together with the ...

using-confocal-analysis-xenopus-laevis-to-investigate-modulators-wnt

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

11.0K 조회수.  The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield.  원고는 여기 Xenopus의에서 찬란 태그 리간드의 분비 및 확산을 분석하는 방법의 간단한 세트를 제공합니다. 이는 리간드 분포를 수정하는 다른 단백질의 능력을 시험하고 morphogen 기울기 조절 메커니즘에 대한 통찰력을 제공 할 수 있도록 실험을위한 컨텍스트를 제공한다. 

비디오: Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

Understanding Early Organogenesis Using a Simplified In Situ Hybridization Protocol in Xenopus

Organogenesis is the study of how organs are specified and then acquire their specific shape and functions during development. The Xenopuslaevis embryo is very useful for studying organogenesis because their large size makes them very suitable for identifying organs at the earliest steps in organogenesis. At this time, the primary method used for identifying a specific organ or primordium is whole mount in situ hybridization with labeled antisense RNA probes specific to a gene that is expressed in the organ of interest. In addition, it is relatively easy to manipulate genes or signaling pathways in Xenopus and in situ hybridization allows one to then assay for changes in the presence or morphology of a target organ. Whole mount in situ hybridization is a multi-day protocol with many steps involved. Here we provide a simplified protocol with reduced numbers of steps and reagents used that works well for routine assays. In situ hybridization robots have greatly facilitated the process and we detail how and when we utilize that technology in the process. Once an in situ hybridization is complete, capturing the best image of the result can be frustrating. We provide advice on how to optimize imaging of in situ hybridization results. Although the protocol describes assessing organogenesis in Xenopus laevis, the same basic protocol can almost certainly be adapted to Xenopus tropicalis and other model systems.

Understanding Early Organogenesis Using a Simplified In Situ Hybridization Protocol in Xenopus

The Xenopus laevis embryo continues to be exceptionally useful in the study of early development due to its large size and ease of manipulation. A simplified protocol for whole mount in situ hybridization protocol is provided that can be used in the identification of specific organs in this model system.

이해 간체를 사용하여 초기 형성기<em&gt; 현장에서</em에서&gt; 하이브리드 프로토콜<em&gt; 아프리카 발톱 개구리</em

Organogenesis is the study of how organs are specified and then acquire their specific shape and functions during development.  The Xenopuslaevis embryo ...

연구

발생학

Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development

Amphibian eggs have been widely used to study embryonic development. Early embryonic development is driven by maternally stored factors accumulated during oogenesis. In order to study roles of such maternal factors in early embryonic development, it is desirable to manipulate their functions from the very beginning of embryonic development. Conventional ways of gene interference are achieved by injection of antisense oligonucleotides (oligos) or mRNA into fertilized eggs, enabling under- or over-expression of specific proteins, respectively. However, these methods normally require more than several hours until protein expression is affected, and, hence, the interference of gene functions is not effective during early embryonic stages. Here, we introduce an experimental system in which expression levels of maternal proteins can be altered before fertilization. Xenopus laevis oocytes obtained from ovaries are defolliculated by incubating with enzymes. Antisense oligos or mRNAs are injected into defolliculated oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage. These oocytes are in vitro matured to eggs at the metaphase II (MII) stage, followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). By this way, up to 10% of ICSI embryos can reach the swimming tadpole stage, thus allowing functional tests of specific gene knockdown or overexpression. This approach can be a useful way to study roles of maternally stored factors in early embryonic development.

Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development

We describe methods of manipulating Xenopus laevis immature oocytes, in vitro maturation of oocytes to eggs, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. This protocol allows degradation of some maternal proteins and overexpression of genes of interest at fertilization, and hence is valuable to study roles of specific factors in early embryonic development.

조작 및<em&gt; 체외</em의&gt; 성숙<em&gt; 아프리카 발톱 개구리 laevis의</em세포질 내 정자 주입에 이어&gt; 난 모세포, 배아 발달을 연구하는

Amphibian eggs have been widely used to study embryonic development. Early embryonic development is driven by maternally stored factors accumulated during ...

Functional Cloning Using a Xenopus Oocyte Expression System

Identification of genes responsible for embryonic induction poses a number of challenges; to name a few, secreted molecules of interest may be low in abundance, may not be secreted but tethered to the signaling cell(s), or may require the presence of binding partners or upstream regulatory molecules. Thus in a search for gene products capable of eliciting an early lens-inductive response in competent ectoderm, we utilized an expression cloning system that would allow identification of paracrine or juxtacrine factors as well as transcriptional or other regulatory proteins. Pools of mRNA were injected into Xenopus oocytes, and responding tissue placed directly on the oocytes and co-cultured. Following functional cloning of ldb1 from a neural plate stage cDNA library based on its ability to elicit the expression of the early lens placode marker foxe3 in lens-competent animal cap ectoderm, we characterized the mRNA expression pattern, and assayed developmental progression following overexpression or knockdown of ldb1. This system is suitable in a very wide variety of contexts where identification of an inducer or its upstream regulatory molecules is sought using a functional response in competent tissue.

Functional Cloning Using a Xenopus Oocyte Expression System

We describe a Xenopus oocyte and animal cap system for the expression cloning of genes capable of inducing a response in competent ectoderm, and discuss techniques for the subsequent analysis of such genes. This system is useful in the functional identification of a wide range of gene products.

를 사용하여 기능성 복제<em&gt; Xenopus의</em&gt; 난자 발현 시스템

Identification of genes responsible for embryonic induction poses a number of challenges; to name a few, secreted molecules of interest may be low in ...

Loss- and Gain-of-function Approach to Investigate Early Cell Fate Determinants in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos

Gene silencing and overexpression techniques are instrumental for the identification of genes involved in embryonic development. Direct target gene modification in preimplantation embryos provides a means to study the underlying mechanisms of genes implicated in, for instance, cellular differentiation into the trophectoderm (TE) and the inner cell mass (ICM). Here, we describe a protocol that examines the role of neogenin as an authentic receptor for initial cell fate determination in preimplantation mouse embryos. First, we discuss the experimental manipulations that were used to produce gain and loss of neogenin function by microinjecting neogenin cDNA and shRNA; the effectiveness of this approach was confirmed by a strong correlation between the pair-wise expression levels of either red fluorescent protein (RFP) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the immunocytochemical quantification of neogenin expression. Secondly, overexpression of neogenin in preimplantation mouse embryos leads to normal ICM development while neogenin knockdown causes the ICM to develop abnormally, implying that neogenin could be a receptor that relays extracellular cues to drive blastomeres to early cell fates. Given the success of this detailed protocol in investigating the function of a novel embryonic developmental stage-specific receptor, we propose that it has the potential to aid in exploration and identification of other stage-specific genes during embryogenesis.

The goal of this protocol is to describe a loss- and gain-of function method that is applicable to identify neogenin as a stage-specific receptor that leads to trophectoderm and inner cell mass differentiation in preimplantation mouse embryos.

착상 전의 마우스 배아의 초기 세포 운명 결정 요인을 조사 할 Loss- 및 이득 -의 - 기능 접근

 Gene silencing and overexpression techniques are instrumental for the identification of genes involved in embryonic development. Direct target gene ...

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus embryos are large, develop externally, and can be easily manipulated by microinjection or surgical procedures. In addition, fate maps have been established for early Xenopus embryos. Targeted microinjection into the individual blastomere that will eventually give rise to an organ or tissue of interest can be used to selectively overexpress or knock down gene expression within this restricted region, decreasing secondary effects in the rest of the developing embryo. In this protocol, we describe how to utilize established Xenopus fate maps to target the developing Xenopus kidney (the pronephros), through microinjection into specific blastomere of 4- and 8-cell embryos. Injection of lineage tracers allows verification of the specific targeting of the injection. After embryos have developed to stage 38 - 40, whole-mount immunostaining is used to visualize pronephric development, and the contribution by targeted cells to the pronephros can be assessed. The same technique can be adapted to target other tissue types in addition to the pronephros.

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

Here, we present a protocol to use fate maps and lineage tracers to target injections into individual blastomeres that give rise to the kidney of Xenopus laevis embryos.

개발에 미세 주입을 대상으로 기술<em&gt; Xenopus의</em&gt; 신장

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus ...

Studying Wnt Signaling During Patterning of Conducting Airways

Wnt signaling pathways play critical roles during development of the respiratory tract. Defining precise mechanisms of differentiation and morphogenesis controlled by Wnt signaling is required to understand how tissues are patterned during normal development. This knowledge is also critical to determine the etiology of birth defects such as lung hypoplasia and tracheobronchomalacia. Analysis of earliest stages of development of respiratory tract imposes challenges, as the limited amount of tissue prevents the performance of standard protocols better suited for postnatal studies. In this paper, we discuss methodologies to study cell differentiation and proliferation in the respiratory tract. We describe techniques such as whole mount staining, processing of the tissue for confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence in paraffin sections applied to developing tracheal lung. We also discuss methodologies for the study of tracheal mesenchyme differentiation, in particular cartilage formation. Approaches and techniques discussed in the current paper circumvent the limitation of material while working with embryonic tissue, allowing for a better understanding of the patterning process of developing conducting airways.

The use of reporter mice coupled to whole mount and section staining, microscopy and in vivo assays facilitates the analysis of mechanisms underlying the normal patterning of the respiratory tract. Here we describe how these techniques contributed to the analysis of Wnt signaling during tracheal development.

실시 항공의 패터닝 동안 Wnt 신호를 공부

Wnt signaling pathways play critical roles during development of the respiratory tract. Defining precise mechanisms of differentiation and morphogenesis ...

Building Finite Element Models to Investigate Zebrafish Jaw Biomechanics

Skeletal morphogenesis occurs through tightly regulated cell behaviors during development; many cell types alter their behavior in response to mechanical strain. Skeletal joints are subjected to dynamic mechanical loading. Finite element analysis (FEA) is a computational method, frequently used in engineering that can predict how a material or structure will respond to mechanical input. By dividing a whole system (in this case the zebrafish jaw skeleton) into a mesh of smaller 'finite elements', FEA can be used to calculate the mechanical response of the structure to external loads. The results can be visualized in many ways including as a 'heat map' showing the position of maximum and minimum principal strains (a positive principal strain indicates tension while a negative indicates compression. The maximum and minimum refer the largest and smallest strain). These can be used to identify which regions of the jaw and therefore which cells are likely to be under particularly high tensional or compressional loads during jaw movement and can therefore be used to identify relationships between mechanical strain and cell behavior. This protocol describes the steps to generate Finite Element models from confocal image data on the musculoskeletal system, using the zebrafish lower jaw as a practical example. The protocol leads the reader through a series of steps: 1) staining of the musculoskeletal components, 2) imaging the musculoskeletal components, 3) building a 3 dimensional (3D) surface, 4) generating a mesh of Finite Elements, 5) solving the FEA and finally 6) validating the results by comparison to real displacements seen in movements of the fish jaw.

Finite Element Analysis is a frequently used tool to investigate the mechanical performance of structures under load. Here we apply its use to modeling the biomechanics of the zebrafish jaw.

Zebrafish의 턱 역학을 조사하기 위해 유한 요소 모델을 구축

Skeletal morphogenesis occurs through tightly regulated cell behaviors during development; many cell types alter their behavior in response to mechanical ...

Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Angiogenesis in Xenopus tropicalis

Blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, and the formation of the vascular network is under tight developmental control. The efficient in vivo visualization of blood vessels and the reliable quantification of their complexity are key to understanding the biology and disease of the vascular network. Here, we provide a detailed method to visualize blood vessels with a commercially available fluorescent dye, human plasma acetylated low density lipoprotein DiI complex (DiI-AcLDL), and to quantify their complexity in Xenopus tropicalis. Blood vessels can be labeled by a simple injection of DiI-AcLDL into the beating heart of an embryo, and blood vessels in the entire embryo can be imaged in live or fixed embryos. Combined with gene perturbation by the targeted microinjection of nucleic acids and/or the bath application of pharmacological reagents, the roles of a gene or of a signaling pathway on vascular development can be investigated within one week without resorting to sophisticated genetically engineered animals. Because of the well-defined venous system of Xenopus and its stereotypic angiogenesis, the sprouting of pre-existing vessels, vessel complexity can be quantified efficiently after perturbation experiments. This relatively simple protocol should serve as an easily accessible tool in diverse fields of cardiovascular research.

Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Angiogenesis in Xenopus tropicalis

This protocol demonstrates a fluorescence-based method to visualize the vasculature and to quantify its complexity in Xenopus tropicalis. Blood vessels can be imaged minutes after the injection of a fluorescent dye into the beating heart of an embryo after genetic and/or pharmacological manipulations to study cardiovascular development in vivo.

의 배아 혈관 신생에 대한 시각화 및 정량 분석<em&gt; Xenopus tropicalis</em

Blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, and the formation of the vascular network is under tight developmental control. The ...

Microinjection of DNA into Eyebuds in Xenopus laevis Embryos and Imaging of GFP Expressing Optic Axonal Arbors in Intact, Living Xenopus Tadpoles

The primary visual projection of tadpoles of the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis serves as an excellent model system for studying mechanisms that regulate the development of neuronal connectivity. During establishment of the retino-tectal projection, optic axons extend from the eye and navigate through distinct regions of the brain to reach their target tissue, the optic tectum. Once optic axons enter the tectum, they elaborate terminal arbors that function to increase the number of synaptic connections they can make with target interneurons in the tectum. Here, we describe a method to express DNA encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP), and gain- and loss-of-function gene constructs, in optic neurons (retinal ganglion cells) in Xenopus embryos. We explain how to microinject a combined DNA/lipofection reagent into eyebuds of one day old embryos such that exogenous genes are expressed in single or small numbers of optic neurons. By tagging genes with GFP or co-injecting with a GFP plasmid, terminal axonal arbors of individual optic neurons with altered molecular signaling can be imaged directly in brains of intact, living Xenopus tadpoles several days later, and their morphology can be quantified. This protocol allows for determination of cell-autonomous molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of optic axon arborization in vivo.

Microinjection of DNA into Eyebuds in Xenopus laevis Embryos and Imaging of GFP Expressing Optic Axonal Arbors in Intact, Living Xenopus Tadpoles

This protocol aims to demonstrate how to microinject a DNA/DOTAP mixture into eyebuds of one day old Xenopus laevis embryos, and how to image and reconstruct individual green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing optic axonal arbors in tectal midbrains of intact, living Xenopus tadpoles.

제노푸스 laevis 배아에서 눈부안으로 DNA의 미세 주입 및 GFP의 이미징 그대로 광학 축색 아버를 표현, 살아있는 제노푸스 올챙이

The primary visual projection of tadpoles of the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis serves as an excellent model system for studying mechanisms that regulate the ...

Fluorescent Calcium Imaging and Subsequent In Situ Hybridization for Neuronal Precursor Characterization in Xenopus laevis

Spontaneous intracellular calcium activity can be observed in a variety of cell types and is proposed to play critical roles in a variety of physiological processes. In particular, appropriate regulation of calcium activity patterns during embryogenesis is necessary for many aspects of vertebrate neural development, including proper neural tube closure, synaptogenesis, and neurotransmitter phenotype specification. While the observation that calcium activity patterns can differ in both frequency and amplitude suggests a compelling mechanism by which these fluxes might transmit encoded signals to downstream effectors and regulate gene expression, existing population-level approaches have lacked the precision necessary to further explore this possibility. Furthermore, these approaches limit studies of the role of cell-cell interactions by precluding the ability to assay the state of neuronal determination in the absence of cell-cell contact. Therefore, we have established an experimental workflow that pairs time-lapse calcium imaging of dissociated neuronal explants with a fluorescence in situ hybridization assay, allowing the unambiguous correlation of calcium activity pattern with molecular phenotype on a single-cell level. We were successfully able to use this approach to distinguish and characterize specific calcium activity patterns associated with differentiating neural cells and neural progenitor cells, respectively; beyond this, however, the experimental framework described in this article could be readily adapted to investigate correlations between any time-series activity profile and expression of a gene or genes of interest.

Fluorescent Calcium Imaging and Subsequent In Situ Hybridization for Neuronal Precursor Characterization in Xenopus laevis

We present a two-part protocol that combines fluorescent calcium imaging with in situ hybridization, allowing the experimenter to correlate patterns of calcium activity with gene expression profiles on a single-cell level.

제노푸스 라에비스의 신경 전구체 특성화를 위한 형광 칼슘 이미징 및 후속 시토 혼성화

Spontaneous intracellular calcium activity can be observed in a variety of cell types and is proposed to play critical roles in a variety of physiological ...