This work was supported by a National Institutes of Health NIDDK grant (K01DK092320) and startup funding from the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Texas McGovern Medical School.

The following protocol has been approved by the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston&#39;s Center for Laboratory Animal Medicine Animal Welfare Committee, which serves as the Institutional Care and Use Committee (protocol #: HSC-AWC-13-135).
1. Identification and Selection of Blastomeres for Kidney-targeted Injections&#160;
<ol>
	<li>Prior to generating embryos, use the Normal Table of Xenopus Development21 to understand the orientation of the early cell divisions in the embry...

<ol>
	<li>Vize, P. D., Seufert, D. W., Carroll, T. J., Wallingford, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Model+systems+for+the+study+of+kidney+development:+Use+of+the+pronephros+in+the+analysis+of+organ+induction+and+patterning.">Model systems for the study of kidney development: Use of the pronephros in the analysis of organ induction and patterning.</a> Dev. Biol. 188 (2), 189-204 (1997).</li><li>Brandli, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+a+molecular+anatomy+of+the+Xenopus+pronephric+kidney.">Towards a molecular anatomy of the Xenopus pronephric kidney.</a> Int. J. Dev. Biol. 43 (5), 381-395 (1999).</li><li>Hensey, C., Dolan, V., Brady, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Xenopus+pronephros+as+a+model+system+for+the+study+of+kidney+development+and+pathophysiology.">The Xenopus pronephros as a model system for the study of kidney development and pathophysiology.</a> Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 17, 73-74 (2002).</li><li>Carroll, T., Vize, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergism+between+Pax-8+and+lim-1+in+embryonic+kidney+development.">Synergism between Pax-8 and lim-1 in embryonic kidney development.</a> Dev. Biol. 214 (1), 46-59 (1999).</li><li>Zhou, X., Vize, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proximo-distal+specialization+of+epithelial+transport+processes+within+the+Xenopus+pronephric+tubules.">Proximo-distal specialization of epithelial transport processes within the Xenopus pronephric tubules.</a> Dev. Biol. 271 (2), 322-338 (2004).</li><li>Raciti, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organization+of+the+pronephric+kidney+revealed+by+large-scale+gene+expression+mapping.">Organization of the pronephric kidney revealed by large-scale gene expression mapping.</a> Genome Biol. 9 (5), 84 (2008).</li><li>Moody, S. A., Kline, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Segregation+of+fate+during+cleavage+of+frog+(Xenopus+laevis)+blastomeres.">Segregation of fate during cleavage of frog (Xenopus laevis) blastomeres.</a> Anat. Embryol. Berl. 182 (4), 347-362 (1990).</li><li>Moody, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fates+of+the+blastomeres+of+the+16-cell+stage+of+Xenopus+embryo.">Fates of the blastomeres of the 16-cell stage of Xenopus embryo.</a> Dev. Biol. 119 (2), 560-578 (1987).</li><li>Moody, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fates+of+the+blastomeres+of+the+32-cell+stage+of+Xenopus+embryo.">Fates of the blastomeres of the 32-cell stage of Xenopus embryo.</a> Dev. Biol. 122 (2), 300-319 (1987).</li><li>Bauer, D. V., Huang, S., Moody, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cleavage+stage+origin+of+Spemann's+Organizer:+Analysis+of+the+movements+of+blastomere+clones+before+and+during+gastrulation+in+Xenopus.">The cleavage stage origin of Spemann's Organizer: Analysis of the movements of blastomere clones before and during gastrulation in Xenopus.</a> Dev. 120 (5), 1179-1189 (1994).</li><li>Karpinka, J. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Xenbase,+the+Xenopus+model+organism+database;+new+virtualized+system,+data+types+and+genomes.">Xenbase, the Xenopus model organism database; new virtualized system, data types and genomes.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 43, 756-763 (2015).</li><li>Davidson, L. A., Marsden, M., Keller, R., Desimone, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrin+alpha5beta1+and+fibronectin+regulate+polarized+cell+protrusions+required+for+Xenopus+convergence+and+extension.">Integrin alpha5beta1 and fibronectin regulate polarized cell protrusions required for Xenopus convergence and extension.</a> Curr. Biol. 16 (9), 833-844 (2006).</li><li>Wallingford, J. B., Carroll, T. J., Vize, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precocious+expression+of+the+Wilms'+tumor+gene+xWT1+inhibits+embryonic+kidney+development+in+Xenopus+laevis.">Precocious expression of the Wilms' tumor gene xWT1 inhibits embryonic kidney development in Xenopus laevis.</a> Dev. Biol. 202, 103-112 (1998).</li><li>Sive, H. L., Grainger, R. M., Harland, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Early Development of Xenopus laevis. A Laboratory Manual. , (2000).</li><li>Miller, R. K., Lee, M., McCrea, P. D., Kloc, M., Kubiak, J. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Xenopus+pronephros:+A+kidney+model+making+leaps+toward+understanding+tubule+development.">The Xenopus pronephros: A kidney model making leaps toward understanding tubule development.</a> Xenopus Development. , 215-238 (2014).</li><li>Lienkamp, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vertebrate+kidney+tubules+elongate+using+a+planar+cell+polarity-dependent+rosette-based+mechanism+of+convergent+extension.">Vertebrate kidney tubules elongate using a planar cell polarity-dependent rosette-based mechanism of convergent extension.</a> Nat. Genet. 44 (12), 1382-1387 (2012).</li><li>Lyons, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Requirement+of+Wnt/&#946;-catenin+signaling+in+pronephric+kidney+development.">Requirement of Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling in pronephric kidney development.</a> Mech. Dev. 126 (3-4), 142-159 (2009).</li><li>Miller, R. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pronephric+tubulogenesis+requires+Daam1-mediated+planar+cell+polarity+signaling.">Pronephric tubulogenesis requires Daam1-mediated planar cell polarity signaling.</a> J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 22, 1654-1667 (2011).</li><li>Vize, P. D., Jones, E. A., Pfister, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+Xenopus+pronephric+system.">Development of the Xenopus pronephric system.</a> Dev. Biol. 171 (2), 531-540 (1995).</li><li>Miller, R. K., Lee, M., McCrea, P. D., Kloc, M., Kubiak, J. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+12:+The+Xenopus+Pronephros:+A+Kidney+Model+Making+Leaps+toward+Understanding+Tubule+Development.">Chapter 12: The Xenopus Pronephros: A Kidney Model Making Leaps toward Understanding Tubule Development.</a> Xenopus Development. , (2014).</li><li>Taira, M., Otani, H., Jamrich, M., Dawid, I. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+the+LIM+class+homeobox+gene+Xlim-1+in+pronephros+and+CNS+cell+lineages+of+Xenopus+embryos+is+affected+by+retinoic+acid+and+exogastrulation.">Expression of the LIM class homeobox gene Xlim-1 in pronephros and CNS cell lineages of Xenopus embryos is affected by retinoic acid and exogastrulation.</a> Development. 120, 1525-1536 (1994).</li><li>Weber, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+and+function+of+the+tissue-specific+transcription+factor+HNF1+alpha+(LFB1)+during+Xenopus+development.">Regulation and function of the tissue-specific transcription factor HNF1 alpha (LFB1) during Xenopus development.</a> Int. Dev. Biol. 40 (1), 297-304 (1996).</li><li>Carroll, T. J., Vize, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergism+between+Pax-8+and+lim-1+in+embryonic+kidney+development.">Synergism between Pax-8 and lim-1 in embryonic kidney development.</a> Dev. Biol. 214 (1), 46-59 (1999).</li><li>Etkin, L. D., Pearman, B., Ansah-Yiadom, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Replication+of+injected+DNA+templates+in+Xenopus+embryos.">Replication of injected DNA templates in Xenopus embryos.</a> Exp. Cell Res. 169 (2), 468-477 (1987).</li><li>Vize, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+chloride+conductance+channel+ClC-K+is+a+specific+marker+for+the+Xenopus+pronephric+distal+tubule+and+duct.">The chloride conductance channel ClC-K is a specific marker for the Xenopus pronephric distal tubule and duct.</a> Gene Expr. Patterns. 3 (3), 347-350 (2003).</li><li>Uochi, T. S., Takahashi, S., Ninomiya, H., Fukui, A., Asashima, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Na+,+K+-ATPase+alpha+subunit+requires+gastrulation+in+the+Xenopus+embryo.">The Na+, K+-ATPase alpha subunit requires gastrulation in the Xenopus embryo.</a> Dev. Growth Differ. 39 (5), 571-580 (1997).</li><li>Nieuwkoop, P. D., Faber, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Normal table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin): A systematical &amp; chronological survey of the development from the fertilized egg till the end of metamorphosis. , (1994).</li><li>Ubbels, G. A., Hara, K., Koster, C. H., Kirschner, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+a+functional+role+of+the+cytoskeleton+in+determination+of+the+dorsoventral+axis+in+Xenopus+laevis+eggs.">Evidence for a functional role of the cytoskeleton in determination of the dorsoventral axis in Xenopus laevis eggs.</a> J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 77, 15-37 (1983).</li><li>Huang, S., Johnson, K. E., Wang, H. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blastomeres+show+differential+fate+changes+in+8-cell+Xenopus+laevis+embryos+that+are+rotated+90+degrees+before+the+first+cleavage.">Blastomeres show differential fate changes in 8-cell Xenopus laevis embryos that are rotated 90 degrees before the first cleavage.</a> Dev. Growth Differ. 40 (2), 189-198 (1998).</li><li>Colman, A., Drummond, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+stability+and+movement+of+mRNA+in+Xenopus+oocytes+and+embryos.">The stability and movement of mRNA in Xenopus oocytes and embryos.</a> J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. 97, 197-209 (1986).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Targeting the pronephros of developing Xenopus embryos relies on identifying and injecting the correct blastomere. Injection of the V2 blastomere of 8-cell embryos targets the left pronephros18. This leaves the contralateral right pronephros as an internal control. If morpholino knockdown or RNA overexpression is used to alter kidney development, the contralateral right pronephros can be used to compare the effects of gene knockdown or overexpression on the left pronephros. In this case, proper contro...

The Xenopus embryonic kidney, the pronephros, is a good model for studying kidney development and disease. The embryos develop externally, are large in size, can be produced in large numbers, and are easily manipulated through microinjection or surgical procedures. In addition, the genes governing kidney development in mammals and amphibians are conserved. Mammalian kidneys progress through three stages: the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros1, while embryonic amphibians have a pronephros and adult amphibians have a metanephros. The basic filtering unit of these kidney forms is the nephron, and both mammals and amphibians require the same signaling cascades and inductive events to undergo nephrogenesis2, 3. The Xenopus pronephros contains a single nephron composed of proximal, intermediate, distal and connecting tubules, and&#160;a glomus (analogous to the mammalian glomerulus)1, 4-6 (Figure 1). The single, large nephron present in the Xenopus pronephros makes it suitable as a simple model for the study of genes involved in kidney development and disease processes.
Cell fate maps have been established for early Xenopus embryos, and are freely available online at Xenbase7-11. Here, we describe a technique for microinjection of lineage tracers to target the developing Xenopus pronephros, although the same technique can be adapted to target other tissues such as the heart or eyes. Lineage tracers are labels (including vital dyes, fluorescently labeled dextrans, histochemically detectable enzymes, and mRNA encoding fluorescent proteins) that can be injected into an early blastomere, allowing the visualization of the progeny of that cell during development. This protocol utilizes MEM-RFP mRNA, encoding membrane targeted red fluorescent protein12, as a lineage tracer. The targeted microinjection techniques for individual blastomeres in 4- and 8-cell embryos described here can be utilized for injection with morpholinos to knock down gene expression, or with exogenous RNA to overexpress a gene of interest. By injecting into the ventral, vegetal blastomere, primarily the pronephros of the embryo will be targeted, leaving the contralateral pronephros as a developmental control. Co-injection of a tracer verifies that the correct blastomere was injected, and shows which tissues in the embryo arose from the injected blastomere, verifying targeting of the pronephros. Immunostaining of the pronephros allows visualization of how well the pronephric tubules have been targeted. Overexpression and knockdown effects can then be scored against the contralateral side of the embryo, which serves as a developmental control, and can be used to calculate the pronephric index13. The availability of cell fate maps allows this targeted microinjection technique to be used to target tissues other than the pronephros, and co-injection of a fluorescent tracer allows the targeted microinjection to each tissue to be verified prior to analysis.
During embryo microinjection, developmental temperature should be regulated tightly, given that the rate of Xenopus development is highly dependent upon it14. Embryos should be incubated at cooler temperatures (14 - 16 &#176;C) for 4- and 8-cell injections because the development time is slowed down. At 22 &#176;C, development time from stage 1 (1 cell) to stage 3 (4 cells) is approximately 2 hours, while at 16 &#176;C development time to stage 3 is approximately 4 hours. It takes approximately 15 minutes to go from a 4-cell embryo to an 8-cell (stage 4) embryo at 22 &#176;C, but takes approximately 30 minutes at 16 &#176;C. Similarly, at 22 &#176;C, it only takes 30 minutes for an 8-cell embryo to progress to a 16-cell embryo (stage 5). This time is increased to 45 minutes at 16 &#176;C. Therefore, it is useful to slow the development rate of the embryos to enable enough time for injections at the 8-cell stage before the embryos progress to the 16-cell stage. Additionally, growth temperatures can be modulated to speed or slow embryonic development until the kidney has fully developed.
The epidermis of tadpole-stage Xenopus embryos is relatively transparent, allowing for easy imaging of the developing pronephros without dissection or clearing of the tissue15. Due to the relative transparency of Xenopus embryos, live cell imaging is also feasible16,17. Whole-mount immunostaining to visualize the pronephros is possible with established antibodies that label the proximal, intermediate, distal and connecting tubules of stage 38 - 40 embryos that allow for assessment of pronephric development after targeted manipulation of gene expression in Xenopus embryos18-20.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S271-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>P217-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>M63-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>C79-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP310-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S311-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamycin solution, 50 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>E737-20ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Cysteine, 99%+</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>52-90-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ficoll</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP525-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 mm x 15 mm Petri dish</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>FB0875712</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Fridge II</td>
			<td>Boekel</td>
			<td>260009</td>
			<td>Benchtop incubator for embryos.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gap43-RFP plasmid</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For making tracer RNA. Ref: Davidson et al., 2006.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rhodamine dextran, 10,000 M.W.</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1817</td>
			<td>Tracer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular biology grade, USP sterile purified water</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>46-000-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7&#34; Drummond replacement tubes</td>
			<td>Drummond</td>
			<td>3-000-203-G/XL</td>
			<td>Microinjection needles.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>P-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>11252-30</td>
			<td>For breaking microinjection needle tip.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanoject II</td>
			<td>Drummond</td>
			<td>3-000-204</td>
			<td>Microinjector.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral oil, heavy</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>CAS 8042-47-5</td>
			<td>Oil for needles.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>27G monoject hypodermic needle</td>
			<td>Covidien</td>
			<td>8881200508</td>
			<td>For loading mineral oil into microinjection needle.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL Luer-Lok syringe</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309646</td>
			<td>For loading mineral oil into microinjection needle.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm x 15 mm Petri dish</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>FB0875713A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>800 micron polyester mesh</td>
			<td>Small Parts</td>
			<td>CMY-0800-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer pipets</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-711-7M</td>
			<td>For transferring embryos. Cut off the tip so that the embryos are easily taken up by the pipette.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well cell culture plate</td>
			<td>Nest Biotechnology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOPS</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP308-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>67-42-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP531-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mm x 45 mm screw thread vial</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>03-339-25B</td>
			<td>For fixing, staining, and storing embryos.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well cell culture plate</td>
			<td>Nest Biotechnology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzocaine</td>
			<td>Spectrum</td>
			<td>BE130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP2818-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>A412-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) 1X powder</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP661-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumen</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP1600-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP151-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D mini rocker, model 135</td>
			<td>Denville Scientific</td>
			<td>57281</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat serum, New Zealand origin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>16210064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium azide</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S227I-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monoclonal 3G8 antibody</td>
			<td>European Xenopus Resource Centre</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Primary antibody to label proximal tubules.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monoclonal 4A6 antibody</td>
			<td>European Xenopus Resource Centre</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Primary antibody to label distal tubule and duct.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-RFP pAb, purified IgG/rabbit</td>
			<td>MBL</td>
			<td>PM005</td>
			<td>Primary antibody to label Gap43-RFP tracer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A11001</td>
			<td>Secondary antibody to label distal tubule and duct.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 555 goat anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A21428</td>
			<td>Secondary antibody to label Gap43-RFP tracer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9 cavity spot plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>7220-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzyl benzoate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>105862500</td>
			<td>Optional - for clearing embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>A396-500</td>
			<td>Optional - for clearing embryos</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

technique to target microinjection to the developing xenopus kidney

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus embryos are large, develop externally, and can be easily manipulated by microinjection or surgical procedures. In addition, fate maps have been established for early Xenopus embryos. Targeted microinjection into the individual blastomere that will eventually give rise to an organ or tissue of interest can be used to selectively overexpress or knock down gene expression within this restricted region, decreasing secondary effects in the rest of the developing embryo. In this protocol, we describe how to utilize established Xenopus fate maps to target the developing Xenopus kidney (the pronephros), through microinjection into specific blastomere of 4- and 8-cell embryos. Injection of lineage tracers allows verification of the specific targeting of the injection. After embryos have developed to stage 38 - 40, whole-mount immunostaining is used to visualize pronephric development, and the contribution by targeted cells to the pronephros can be assessed. The same technique can be adapted to target other tissue types in addition to the pronephros.

Microinjections of 4- and 8-cell Xenopus embryos with MEM-RFP mRNA show different levels of targeting to the pronephros. Figure 4 shows stage 40 embryos with correct MEM-RFP mRNA expression patterns. Embryos were injected in the left ventral blastomere (Figure 4A), and sorted for the proper expression pattern of MEM-RFP mRNA. In addition to expressing MEM-RFP in the proximal, intermediate, distal and connecting tubules of the kidney, properly inj...

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Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

Here, we present a protocol to use fate maps and lineage tracers to target injections into individual blastomeres that give rise to the kidney of Xenopus laevis embryos.

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to target microinjections to the developing xenopus kidney. This method can help address key questions in the field of developmental biology such as how the kidney forms and what genes are important for this process. The main advantage of this technique is that it maximizes the delivery of microinjected reagents to a targeted tissue.Visualization of this method is important because identification of the correct blastomere for targeted microinjection is critical. To begin this procedure both testes were isolated from a single male frog and placed in a 60 millimeter petri dish filled with 10 millileters of testes storage solution. Then store the testes at four degress Celsius.Next, eggs were collected from a female frog in a 100 millimeter petri dish. Pour off excess water from the petri dish. After that cut off a quarter of a testis in Testes Storage Solution.Transfer the piece of testis to the petri dish containing the eggs. Subsequently, cut the testis portion into small pieces. Add MMR plus Gentamycin to the petri dish to cover the eggs.Mix them by swirling the dish and then wait approximately 30 minutes for fertilization to take place at room temperature. After fertilization the pigmented side of the embryos should be facing up. Remove MMR from the petri dish using a transfer pipette and add enough de-jelly solution to cover the embryos.Afterward, swirl the dish over the next few minutes to disolve the jelly coat on the embryos. Once the embryos are closely touching each other in the center of the dish, the jelly coat has been removed. Remove the de-jelly solution with a transfer pipette.Next, wash the de-jellied embryos 3 to 5 times in MMR plus Gentamycin by carefully pouring off the MMR and filling the dish with new MMR. Do not remove all of the MMR from the dish, which may damage the embryos. After that, remove any unfertilized eggs or pieces of testis from the petri dish.To stagger their development, place half of the embryos from a single fertilization in a petri dish kept at 14 degrees Celsius, and the other half of the embryos in a petri dish kept at 18 degrees Celsius. Embryos will develop more slowly at 14 degress Celsius than at 18 degress Celsius. Allowing for multiple sets of injections from a single fertilized clutch.Prepare the injection solution containing point zero one nanogram per nanoliter Membrane-bound Red Fluorescent Protein mRNA. While the embryos are developing to the 4-cell or 8-cell stage. Keep the injection solution on ice until use.Then, load a seven inch replacement glass capillary tube into a needle puller with the top of the replacement tube aligned with the top of the needle puller case. Set the heat number two value to 800 and the pull value to 650 and press the pull button to pull the needle. After that, snip off the tip of the pulled needle with a pair of Dumont forceps.Slip the micropipette collet onto the back of the needle. Next, slip the large hole O-ring onto the back of the needle behind the collet. Now, fill the needle with mineral oil using a 27 gauge hyperdermic needle, being careful not to get air bubbles into the needle.Slip the needle onto the plunger of the microinjector, seating the needle into the large hole of the white plastic spacer installed on the plunger. Secure the needle by tightening the collet. Next, press and hold the Empty"button on the microinjector control box until there are two beeps.Afterward, pipette three microliters of injection solution onto a piece of parafilm. Then, insert the tip of the needle into the bead of injection solution on the parafilm. Press and hold the Fill"button on the microinjector control box to draw the injection solution into the needle.Prior to microinjection, it is important to understand the early cell divisions of the xenopus embryo. The single cell embryo has a darkly pigmented, animal pole and a vegetal pole which is white and yoky. In the two cell embryo the first cleavage typically occurs between the left and right sides of the embryo.These cells contribute equally to the pronephric lineage. The second cleavage divides the dorsal and ventral halves of the embryo leading to a 4-cell embryo. The dorsal cells are smaller and have less pigment than the ventral cells.If injecting into a 4-cell embryo, inject the left ventral blastomere to target the left kidney. The third cleavage bi-sects the animal and vegetal sides. Resulting in an 8-cell embryo.At this point there are four animal blastomeres and four vegetal blastomeres. To target the left kidney of an 8-cell embryo inject into the left ventral vegetal blastomere. Subsequently, fill a 60 millimeter petri dish lined with 500 micron polyester mesh with five percent fycol in MMR plus Gentamycin.Carefully pipette 20 to 30 8-cell embryos into the dish. Using a hair loop manipulate the embryos so that the blastomere to be injected is facing the needle. To target the left kidney, line up the embryos so that the left ventral vegetal blastomeres of 8-cell embryos face the needle.Inject 10 nanoliters of injection solution into the selected blastomere of each embryo in the dish. Then, transfer the injected embryos into the wells of a culture plate with five percent fycol in MMR plus Gentamycin. Incubate the injected embryos at 16 degrees Celsius for approximately one to two hours to allow the injected blastomeres to heal.After that, transfer the microinjected embryos into new wells in the culture plate filled with MMR plus Gentamycin. Incubate the embryos at 14 to 22 degress Celsius until they reach stage 38 to 40. In this procedure transfer 10 to 20 stage 38 to 40 embryos into a glass vial.Add 10 microliters of five percent benzocaine in 100 percent ethanol to the vial. Mix by inverting the vial and wait 10 minutes to anesthetize the embryos. Next, remove MMR from the vial and fill it with MEMFA.Then, place it on a three dimensional, rocking platform for one hour at room temperature. After one hour remove MEMFA from the vial and fill it with 100 percent methanol. Then, place the vial on a three dimensional, rocking platform for ten minutes at room temperature.Repeat this wash step one more time and store the embryos in 100 percent methanol overnight at minus 20 degrees Celsius. Embryos are now fixed and ready for immunostaining. This schematic shows which blastomere to inject for targeting of the left pronephros of xenopus embryos at the 8-cell stage using Membrane-bound Red Fluorescent Protein mRNA as a tracer.Tracer locatlization after injection in the left ventral vegetal blastomere is shown in red while the kidney is labeled in green. This image shows that the kidney was stained green with antibodies 3G8 and 4A6. Here is a close up view of the kidney region showing tracer loacalization and here is the merged image showing the co-localization of the tracer with the kidney.Shown here is the confocal image of the kidney of a second embryo stained with 3G8 and 4A6. This is the localization of the red tracer in the kidney and surrounding tissue and this is the merged image showing the co-localization of the tracer 3G8 and 4A6 in the kidney. Prior to performing this procedure it's important to become familiar with the early xenopus embryo.This will allow you to properly target microinjections through the established xenopus fade map. Once mastered, this technique can be adapted to target other tissues such as the neural tube or heart.

technique-to-target-microinjection-to-the-developing-xenopus-kidney

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JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

11.1K 조회수.  University of Texas McGovern Medical School. The overall goal of this procedure is to target microinjections to the developing xenopus kidney. This method can help address key questions in the field of developmental biology such as how the kidney forms and what genes are important for this process. The main advantage of this technique is that it maximizes the delivery of microinjected reagents to a targeted tissue.Visualization of this method is important because identification of the correct blastomere for targeted microinjectio...