All authors disclose no financial or any other conflicts of interests.
GRANTS:
This study was supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to P. Pickerodt and W. Boemke (Pi795/2-2).

<ol>
	<li>Rubenfeld, G. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidence+and+Outcomes+of+Acute+Lung+Injury.">Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Lung Injury.</a> N Engl J Med. 353 (16), 1685-1693 (2005).</li><li>Ballard-Croft, C., Wang, D., Sumpter, L. R., Zhou, X., Zwischenberger, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-animal+models+of+acute+respiratory+distress+syndrome.">Large-animal models of acute respiratory distress syndrome.</a> Ann Thorac Surg. 93 (4), 1331-1339 (2012).</li><li>Lachmann, B., Robertson, B., Vogel, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+lung+lavage+as+an+experimental+model+of+the+respiratory+distress+syndrome.">In vivo lung lavage as an experimental model of the respiratory distress syndrome.</a> Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 24 (3), 231-236 (1980).</li><li>Donaubauer, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-dose+inhalation+of+an+endothelin-A+receptor+antagonist+in+experimental+acute+lung+injury:+ET-1+plasma+concentration+and+pulmonary+inflammation.">Low-dose inhalation of an endothelin-A receptor antagonist in experimental acute lung injury: ET-1 plasma concentration and pulmonary inflammation.</a> Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 231 (6), 960-969 (2006).</li><li>Theisen, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventral+recumbency+is+crucial+for+fast+and+safe+orotracheal+intubation+in+laboratory+swine.">Ventral recumbency is crucial for fast and safe orotracheal intubation in laboratory swine.</a> Lab Anim. 43 (1), 96-101 (2009).</li><li>Kelly, C. R., Rabbani, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Videos+in+clinical+medicine.+Pulmonary-artery+catheterization.">Videos in clinical medicine. Pulmonary-artery catheterization.</a> N Engl J Med. 369 (25), 35 (2013).</li><li>Forrester, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermodilution+cardiac+output+determination+with+a+single+flow-directed+catheter.">Thermodilution cardiac output determination with a single flow-directed catheter.</a> Am Heart J. 83 (3), 306-311 (1972).</li><li>Deja, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+inhaled+ET(A)+receptor+antagonist+LU-135252+acts+as+a+selective+pulmonary+vasodilator.">The inhaled ET(A) receptor antagonist LU-135252 acts as a selective pulmonary vasodilator.</a> Clin Sci (Lond). 103, 21-24 (2002).</li><li>Matute-Bello, G., Frevert, C. W., Martin, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+acute+lung+injury.">Animal models of acute lung injury.</a> Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 295 (3), 379-399 (2008).</li><li>Kloot, T. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recruitment+maneuvers+in+three+experimental+models+of+acute+lung+injury.+Effect+on+lung+volume+and+gas+exchange.">Recruitment maneuvers in three experimental models of acute lung injury. Effect on lung volume and gas exchange.</a> Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 161 (5), 1485-1494 (2000).</li></ol>

We gratefully acknowledge the help of Prof. Burkhard Lachmann when contemplating the intricacies of PEEP settings during surfactant washout and the excellent technical assistance of Birgit Brandt and Sabine Molling.

이 문서 단계 명령에 의해 단계 인해 반복되는 폐 세척술에 의해 계면 활성제 세척에 돼지에서 심각한 폐 손상을 유도하는 설명합니다. 이 특정 방법은 폐 기능과 폐 혈관 저항의 재현과 비교 열화를 할 수 있습니다. O 2 / F I O 2 비율이 100 mmHg로 이하로 감소 한 시간 동안 100 mmHg로 아래로 숙박 P까지 돼지를 세척하는 것이 필수적이다. 일단이 더 채용 기동이 4,8를 실...

인간 급성 호흡 곤란 증후군 (ARDS)의 사망률 강렬한 연구의 4 개 이상의 수십 불구 (40) 및 50 %에서 1 사이 값을 하이로 유지된다. 폐 손상의 동물 모델은 사망률 감소 및 장기 장애를 제한하는 복소 pathomechanisms 또는 새로운 치료 적 접근법을 조사하는데 중요한 역할을한다. 다양한 모델이 큰 (예 : 돼지) 중 하나에서 인간의 급성 호흡 곤란 증후군이나 작은 동물 (예를 들어, 설치류)의 측면을 시뮬레이션 폐 손상을 유도하기 위해 설립되었다. 방법 올레산 폐동맥 주입 박테리아의 정맥 내 (IV) 투여 및 맹장 결찰 독소 또는 패혈증 - 유도 ARDS 원인 천자 (CLP) 모델을 포함하여, 강하게 다르다. 또한, 때문에 큰 갯벌 볼륨과 높은 피크 흡기 압력 (인공 호흡기에 의한 폐 손상, VILI)에 직접 폐 부상, 연기 / 부상이나 폐 허혈 / 재관류를 구울 (I / R) 모델이 자주 사용된다이. 독소 작업 CLP 모델과 모델 중 하나의 주요 단점은, 홀로 폐 손상으로 인한 biotrauma의 분석을 방해 기본 염증이다. 큰 동물 VILI의 경우와 같이 또한, 폐 부상을 초래할하는 일에 시간이 걸릴 수 있습니다. 반복 폐 세척술과 계면 활성제의 세척에 의한 폐 손상의 유도, 그것은 첫째 라흐만 등의 알에 의해 한 바와 같이. 모르모트 3에서는 재현성 기능성 및 기계적 타협뿐만 아니라 폐 혈관 저항의 변화에 폐 손상을 유도하는 시간 효율적인 방법이다. 가스 교환 및 혈역학에서 타협이 동시에 4에서 높은 재현성있는 동안이 모델의 적응 기계적으로 약 30-60kg의 체중의 돼지를 환기하기 위해 임상 적으로 사용되는 기계적 환기, 카테터 및 모니터와 기초 연구를 지원합니다. 또한, 세척액에 의한 폐 손상을 유도하지 않는다큰 동물 실험 설계 호​​흡 실험실에서 일반적으로 사용할 수없는 특정 장비를 필요로한다. 이 문서에 제시된 모델은 인간의 사용을 위해 설계되었으며, 또한 폐 기능에서 발생하는 열화에 높은 재현성을 보장되어 연구를 요구하는 장비 (예 : 팬)에 적합하다. 이 모델의 표준화가 필요한 동물의 수를 실험 간의 비교 가능성을 보장하고 줄일 수 있습니다. 고의적 또는 알 모집 기동와 atelectatic 폐 지역의 잠재적 인 recruitability이 특정 모델의 심각한 제한 사항입니다. 다음 문서에서는 폐 손상을 유도하기위한 세척 모델에 대한 상세한 설명을 제공하고 폐 기능 타협의 안정성의 특성을 대표하는 데이터를 제공한다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="735">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Evita Infinity V500</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Dr&#228;ger</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">intensive care ventilator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Vigilance I&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Edwards</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td>monitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Vasofix Braun&#252;le 20G</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">B Braun</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">4268113B</td>
			<td>peripheral vein catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Mallinckrodt Tracheal Tube Cuffed</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Covidien</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">107-80</td>
			<td>&#160;8.0 mm ID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">MultiCath3</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Vygon</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">157,300</td>
			<td>3 lumen central venous catheter, 20 cm length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Leader Cath Set</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Vygon</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">115,805</td>
			<td>arterial catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Percutaneus Sheath Introducer Set</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Arrow</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">SI-09600</td>
			<td>introducer sheath for pulmonary artery catheter of 4-6 Fr., 10 cm length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:313px;">Swan-Ganz True Size Thermodilution Catheter</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Edwards</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">132F5</td>
			<td>pulmonary artery catheter, 75 cm length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Flow through chamber thermistor</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Baxter</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">93-505</td>
			<td>for measuring cardiac output</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">urinary catheter</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td>no specific model requiered</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

lavage-induced surfactant depletion in pigs as a model of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards)

폐 손상의 다양한 동물 모델은 인간 급성 호흡 곤란 증후군 (ARDS)의 복소 pathomechanisms 연구 및 미래의 치료를 평가하기 위해 존재한다. 폐의 가스 교환 및 혈역학의 재현성 열화가 심한 폐 손상 반복 폐 가온 0.9 % 식염수 세척액 (50 ㎖ / kg 체중)을 이용하여 마취 된 돼지를 유도 할 수있다. 이 모델의 임상 적용 장치와 표준 호흡과 혈역학 적 감시를 포함하면 새로운 치료 전략 (마약, 현대 팬, 체외 막 산소 공급, ECMO)의 평가를 허용하고, 벤치와 침대 옆 사이의 간격을 다리. 또한, 폐 세척술과 폐 손상의 유도는 프로와 항 염증성 사이토 카인의 측정에 병원균 / 독소에 영향을 미치는의 주입을 필요로하지 않습니다. 모델의 단점은 atelectatic 폐 조직의 높은 recruitability이다. 모델의 표준화를 위해 C, 함정을 방지하는 데 도움실험 사이 omparability가 필요한 동물의 수를 감소시킨다.

P O 2 / F I O 2 -ratio 폐 세척액 중에 감소하지만 단일 세척 정확한 영향은 예측하기 어렵다. 우리는 이후 P에 O이 100 mmHg로 아래 / F I O 2 -ratio을 감소를 감지하는 세 번째 세척에서 동맥혈 가스 샘플을 채취하기 시작합니다. P 감소하면 2 / F I O 2 -ratio (100) 아래 mmHg로 달성되는 O, 우리는이...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lavage-induced Surfactant Depletion in Pigs As a Model of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ARDS at JoVE.com

Lavage-induced Surfactant Depletion in Pigs As a Model of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ARDS

마취 된 돼지의 폐 세척액으로 반복 인간 급성 호흡 곤란 증후군 (ARDS)의 주요면과 유사한 폐 손상을 유도한다. 이를 위해 폐 반복적으로 37 ℃에서 0.9 % 식염수를 세척한다. 프로토콜의 목표는 급성 호흡 곤란 증후군의 연구를위한 가스 교환 및 혈역학의 재현 완화이다.

급성 호흡 곤란 증후군의 모델로서 돼지의 세척에 의한 계면 활성제 고갈 (ARDS)

Various animal models of lung injury exist to study the complex pathomechanisms of human acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and evaluate future ...

lavage-induced-surfactant-depletion-pigs-as-model-acute-respiratory

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Lavage-induced Surfactant Depletion in Pigs As a Model of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

11.1K 조회수.  Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin.  마취 된 돼지의 폐 세척액으로 반복 인간 급성 호흡 곤란 증후군 (ARDS)의 주요면과 유사한 폐 손상을 유도한다. 이를 위해 폐 반복적으로 37 ℃에서 0.9 % 식염수를 세척한다. 프로토콜의 목표는 급성 호흡 곤란 증후군의 연구를위한 가스 교환 및 혈역학의 재현 완화이다. 

비디오: Lavage-induced Surfactant Depletion in Pigs As a Model of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ARDS

Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs

Introduction of newly discovered cardiovascular therapeutics into first-in-man trials depends on a strictly regulated ethical and legal roadmap. One important prerequisite is a good understanding of all safety and efficacy aspects obtained in a large animal model that validly reflect the human scenario of myocardial infarction (MI). Pigs are widely used in this regard since their cardiac size, hemodynamics, and coronary anatomy are close to that of humans. Here, we present an effective protocol for using the porcine MI model using a closed-chest coronary balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD), followed by reperfusion. This approach is based on 90 min of myocardial ischemia, inducing large left ventricle infarction of the anterior, septal and inferoseptal walls. Furthermore, we present protocols for various measures of outcome that provide a wide range of information on the heart, such as cardiac systolic and diastolic function, hemodynamics, coronary flow velocity, microvascular resistance, and infarct size. This protocol can be easily tailored to meet study specific requirements for the validation of novel cardioregenerative biologics at different stages (i.e. directly after the acute ischemic insult, in the subacute setting or even in the chronic MI once scar formation has been completed). This model therefore provides a useful translational tool to study MI, subsequent adverse remodeling, and the potential of novel cardioregenerative agents.

This protocol describes the porcine myocardial infarction (MI) model using a 90 min closed-chest coronary balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD), followed by reperfusion. Furthermore, the protocol for several outcome parameters, such as cardiac function, hemodynamics, microvascular resistance, and infarct size, are also presented.

돼지의 심근 경색 및 기능적 결과의 평가

Introduction of newly discovered cardiovascular therapeutics into first-in-man trials depends on a strictly regulated ethical and legal roadmap. One ...

연구

의학

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

같은 뇌 Microslices의 흥분 독성 자극<em&gt; 체외</em&gt; 스트로크의 모델

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections

Sublingual route has been widely used to deliver small molecules into the bloodstream and to modulate the immune response at different sites. It has been shown to effectively induce humoral and cellular responses at systemic and mucosal sites, namely the lungs and urogenital tract. Sublingual vaccination can promote protection against infections at the lower and upper respiratory tract; it can also promote tolerance to allergens and ameliorate asthma symptoms. Modulation of lung&#8217;s immune response by sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is safer than direct administration of formulations by intranasal route because it does not require delivery of potentially harmful molecules directly into the airways. In contrast to intranasal delivery, side effects involving brain toxicity or facial paralysis are not promoted by SLIT. The immune mechanisms underlying SLIT remain elusive and its use for the treatment of acute lung infections has not yet been explored. Thus, development of appropriate animal models of SLIT is needed to further explore its potential advantages. 
This work shows how to perform sublingual administration of therapeutic agents in mice to evaluate their ability to protect against acute pneumococcal pneumonia. Technical aspects of mouse handling during sublingual inoculation, precise identification of sublingual mucosa, draining lymph nodes and isolation of tissues, bronchoalveolar lavage and lungs are illustrated. Protocols for single cell suspension preparation for FACS analysis are described in detail. Other downstream applications for the analysis of the immune response are discussed. Technical aspects of the preparation of Streptococcus pneumoniae inoculum and intranasal challenge of mice are also explained.
SLIT is a simple technique that allows screening of candidate molecules to modulate lungs&#8217; immune response. Parameters affecting the success of SLIT are related to molecular size, susceptibility to degradation and stability of highly concentrated formulations.

The present work illustrates the convenience of using sublingual immunotherapy to boost the innate immune response in the lungs and confer protection against acute pneumococcal pneumonia in mouse.

Sublingual route has been widely used to deliver small molecules into the bloodstream and to modulate the immune response at different sites. It has been ...

Primary Outcome Assessment in a Pig Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Mortality after acute myocardial infarction remains substantial and is associated with significant morbidity, like heart failure. Novel therapeutics are therefore required to confine cardiac damage, promote survival and reduce the disease burden of heart failure. Large animal experiments are an essential part in the translational process from experimental to clinical therapies. To optimize clinical translation, robust and representative outcome measures are mandatory. The present manuscript aims to address this need by describing the assessment of three clinically relevant outcome modalities in a pig acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model: infarct size in relation to area at risk (IS/AAR) staining, 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and admittance-based pressure-volume (PV) loops. Infarct size is the main determinant driving the transition from AMI to heart failure and can be quantified by IS/AAR staining. Echocardiography is a reliable and robust tool in the assessment of global and regional cardiac function in clinical cardiology. Here, a method for three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D-TEE) in pigs is provided. Extensive insight into cardiac performance can be obtained by admittance-based pressure-volume (PV) loops, including intrinsic parameters of myocardial function that are pre- and afterload independent. Combined with a clinically feasible experimental study protocol, these outcome measures provide researchers with essential information to determine whether novel therapeutic strategies could yield promising targets for future testing in clinical studies.

Reliable and accurate outcome assessment is the key for translation of preclinical therapies into clinical treatment. The current paper describes how to assess three clinically relevant primary outcome parameters of cardiac performance and damage in a pig acute myocardial infarction model.

급성 심근 경색의 돼지 모델의 주요 결과 평가

Mortality after acute myocardial infarction remains substantial and is associated with significant morbidity, like heart failure. Novel therapeutics are ...

Open Tracheostomy Gastric Acid Aspiration Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury Results in Maximal Acute Nonlethal Lung Injury

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by neutrophilic alveolitis, and injury to both alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium. Clinically, ARDS is defined by acute onset of hypoxemia, bilateral patchy pulmonary infiltrates and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Human studies have provided us with valuable information about the physiological and inflammatory changes in the lung caused by ARDS, which has led to various hypotheses about the underling mechanisms. Unfortunately, difficulties determining the etiology of ARDS, as well as a wide range of pathophysiology have resulted in a lack of critical information that could be useful in developing therapeutic strategies.
Translational animal models are valuable when their pathogenesis and pathophysiology accurately reproduce a concept proven in both in vitro and clinical settings. Although large animal models (e.g., sheep) share characteristics of the anatomy of human trachea-bronchial tree, murine models provide a host of other advantages including: low cost; short reproductive cycle lending itself to greater data acquisition; a well understood immunologic system; and a well characterized genome leading to the availability of a variety of gene deletion and transgenic strains. A robust model of low pH induced ARDS requires a murine ALI that targets mainly the alveolar epithelium, secondarily the vascular endothelium, as well as the small airways leading to the alveoli. Furthermore, a reproducible injury with wide differences between different injurious and non-injurious insults is important.
The murine gastric acid aspiration model presented here using hydrochloric acid employs an open tracheostomy and recreates a pathogenic scenario that reproduces the low pH pneumonitis injury in humans. Additionally, this model can be used to examine interaction of a low pH insult with other pulmonary injurious entities (e.g., food particles, pathogenic bacteria).

This protocol induces acute lung injury in a mouse that has close fidelity to the pathogenesis of acid pneumonitis observed in humans. We generate a maximal acute nonlethal low pH lung injury and account for differences in rodent-human anatomic respiratory structure using an open tracheostomy coupled with circumferential pressure release.

급성 폐 손상의 열기 기관 절개 위산 흡인 쥐 모델은 최대한 급성 치명적 폐 손상의 결과

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute ...

Generation of a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Model in Mice by Repeated Ozone Exposure

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation and lung parenchymal destruction. It has a very high incidence in aging populations. The current conventional therapies for COPD focus mainly on symptom-modifying drugs; thus, the development of new therapies is urgently needed. Qualified animal models of COPD could help to characterize the underlying mechanisms and can be used for new drug screening. Current COPD models, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or the porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE)-induced emphysema model, generate COPD-like lesions in the lungs and airways but do not otherwise resemble the pathogenesis of human COPD. A cigarette smoke (CS)-induced model remains one of the most popular because it not only simulates COPD-like lesions in the respiratory system, but it is also based on one of the main hazardous materials that causes COPD in humans. However, the time-consuming and labor-intensive aspects of the CS-induced model dramatically limit its application in new drug screening. In this study, we successfully generated a new COPD model by exposing mice to high levels of ozone. This model demonstrated the following: 1) decreased forced expiratory volume 25, 50, and 75/forced vital capacity (FEV25/FVC, FEV50/FVC, and FEV75/FVC), indicating the deterioration of lung function; 2) enlarged lung alveoli, with lung parenchymal destruction; 3) reduced fatigue time and distance; and 4) increased inflammation. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the ozone exposure (OE) model is a reliable animal model that is similar to humans because ozone overexposure is one of the etiological factors of COPD. Additionally, it only took 6 - 8 weeks, based on our previous work, to create an OE model, whereas it requires 3 - 12 months to induce the cigarette smoke model, indicating that the OE model might be a good choice for COPD research.

This study describes the successful generation of a new chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) animal model by repeatedly exposing mice to high concentrations of ozone.

반복된 오존 노출에 의해 쥐에 만성 폐쇄성 폐 질환 모델의 생성

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation and lung parenchymal destruction. It has a very high ...

Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring of Aortic and Pulmonary Artery Hemodynamics in a Large Animal Model of ARDS

One of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure is right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, especially if it is due to pulmonary hypertension. For a better understanding and treatment of this disease, precise hemodynamic monitoring of left and right ventricular parameters is important. For this reason, it is essential to establish experimental pig models of cardiac hemodynamics and measurements for research purpose. 
This article shows the induction of ARDS by using oleic acid (OA) and consequent right ventricular dysfunction, as well as the instrumentation of the pigs and the data acquisition process that is needed to assess hemodynamic parameters. To achieve right ventricular dysfunction, we used oleic acid (OA) to cause ARDS and accompanied this with pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). With this model of PAH and consecutive right ventricular dysfunction, many hemodynamic parameters can be measured, and right ventricular volume load can be detected. 
All vital parameters, including respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR) and body temperature were recorded throughout the whole experiment. Hemodynamic parameters including femoral artery pressure (FAP), aortic pressure (AP), right ventricular pressure (peak systolic, end systolic and end diastolic right ventricular pressure), central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and left arterial pressure (LAP) were measured as well as perfusion parameters including ascending aortic flow (AAF) and pulmonary artery flow (PAF). Hemodynamic measurements were performed using transcardiopulmonary thermodilution to provide cardiac output (CO). Furthermore, the PiCCO2 system (Pulse Contour Cardiac Output System 2) was used to receive parameters such as stroke volume variance (SVV), pulse pressure variance (PPV), as well as extravascular lung water (EVLW) and global end-diastolic volume (GEDV). Our monitoring procedure is suitable for detecting right ventricular dysfunction and monitoring hemodynamic findings before and after volume administration.

We present a protocol of creating right ventricular dysfunction in a pig model by inducing ARDS. We demonstrate invasive monitoring of left and right ventricular cardiac output using flow probes around the aorta and the pulmonary artery, as well as blood pressure measurements in the aorta and pulmonary artery.

대동맥 및 폐 동맥 Hemodynamics 아즈의 큰 동물 모델에서의 침략 Hemodynamic 감시

One of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure is right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, especially if it is due to ...

Oleic Acid-Injection in Pigs As a Model for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

The acute respiratory distress syndrome is a relevant intensive care disease with an incidence ranging between 2.2% and 19% of intensive care unit patients. Despite treatment advances over the last decades, ARDS patients still suffer mortality rates between 35 and 40%. There is still a need for further research to improve the outcome of patients suffering from ARDS. One problem is that no single animal model can mimic the complex pathomechanism of the acute respiratory distress syndrome, but several models exist to study different parts of it. Oleic acid injection (OAI)-induced lung injury is a well-established model for studying ventilation strategies, lung mechanics and ventilation/perfusion distribution in animals. OAI leads to severely impaired gas exchange, deterioration of lung mechanics and disruption of the alveolo-capillary barrier. The disadvantage of this model is the controversial mechanistic relevance of this model and the necessity for central venous access, which is challenging especially in smaller animal models. In summary, OAI-induced lung injury leads to reproducible results in small and large animals and hence represents a well-suited model for studying ARDS. Nevertheless, further research is necessary to find a model that mimics all parts of ARDS and lacks the problems associated with the different models existing today.

In this article, we present a protocol to induce acute lung injury in pigs by central-venous injection of oleic acid. This is an established animal model for studying the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

올레산 급성 호흡 곤란 증후군에 대 한 모델로 돼지에 주입

The acute respiratory distress syndrome is a relevant intensive care disease with an incidence ranging between 2.2% and 19% of intensive care unit ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Myography 와이어를 사용 하 여 마우스 Mesenteric 동맥의 isometric 수축 측정

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common cause of hypoxemic respiratory failure and death in critically ill patients, and there is an urgent need to find effective therapies. Preclinical studies have shown that inhaled halogenated agents may have beneficial effects in animal models of ARDS. The development of new devices to administer halogenated agents using modern intensive care unit (ICU) ventilators has significantly simplified the dispensing of halogenated agents to ICU patients. Because previous experimental and clinical research suggested potential benefits of halogenated volatiles, such as sevoflurane or isoflurane, for lung alveolar epithelial injury and inflammation, two pathophysiologic landmarks of diffuse alveolar damage during ARDS, we designed an animal model to understand the mechanisms of the effects of halogenated agents on lung injury and repair. After general anesthesia, tracheal intubation, and the initiation of mechanical ventilation, ARDS was induced in piglets via the intratracheal instillation of hydrochloric acid. Then, the piglets were sedated with inhaled sevoflurane or isoflurane using an ICU-type device, and the animals were ventilated with lung-protective mechanical ventilation during a 4 h period. During the study period, blood and alveolar samples were collected to evaluate arterial oxygenation, the permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane, alveolar fluid clearance, and lung inflammation. Mechanical ventilation parameters were also collected throughout the experiment. Although this model induced a marked decrease in arterial oxygenation with altered alveolar-capillary permeability, it is reproducible and is characterized by a rapid onset, good stability over time, and no fatal complications.
We have developed a piglet model of acid aspiration that reproduces most of the physiological, biological, and pathological features of clinical ARDS, and it will be helpful to further our understanding of the potential lung-protective effects of halogenated agents delivered through devices used for inhaled ICU sedation.

We describe a model of hydrochloric acid-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in piglets receiving sedation with halogenated agents, isoflurane and sevoflurane, through a device used for inhaled intensive care sedation. This model can be used to investigate the biological mechanisms of halogenated agents on lung injury and repair.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common cause of hypoxemic respiratory failure and death in critically ill patients, and there is an urgent ...