Name: somatosensory event-related potentials from orofacial skin stretch stimulation
Uploaded: 2015-12-18T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 56 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation at JoVE.com

이 작품은 청각 장애 및 기타 의사 소통 장애 보조금 R21DC013915과 R01DC012502, 자연 과학 및 캐나다의 공학 연구위원회와 유럽 공동체의 일곱 번째 프레임 워크 프로그램 (FP7 / 2,007에서 2,013 사이 그랜트 계약없이 아래 유럽 연구위원회에 국립 연구소에 의해 지원되었다. 339152 ).

현재 실험 프로토콜은 예일 대학 인간 조사위원회에 따라 윤리적 행위의 지침을 따른다. 1. Electroenchephalopgaphy (EEG) 준비 <ol><li> 적절한 뇌파 캡을 결정하기 위해 머리 크기를 측정한다. </li><li> 측정 테이프 nasion 및 inion 사이의 중간 점을 찾아 정점의 위치를​​ 확인합니다. </li><li> Cz에로 사전 결정된 정점을 사용하여 머리에 뇌파 캡을 놓습니다. 1.2에서 수행으로 측정하는 테이프를 사용하여 캡을 배치 한 후 다시 Cz에를 검사합니다. EEG 캡 전극 홀더를 구비하고, 전극 (64) (또는 홀더)의 배치는도 11에 기초하여 Cz를 미리 지정된 좌표 시스템으로 변형 10-20 시스템 기준입니다. 주 :이 대표적인 어플리케이션 두피 분포의 변화를 평가하기 위해 64의 전극 구성을 사용하여 소스 및 분석. 간단한 응용 프로그램 (진폭과 대기 시간에 이벤트 관련 잠재적 인 변경)의 경우 USING 적은 전극이 가능합니다. 여기에 사용 된 뇌파 시스템의 땅에 대한 두 개의 추가 전극이 있습니다. 그 전극 홀더는 캡에 포함되어 있습니다. </li><li> 일회용 주사기를 사용하여 전극 홀더에 전극 젤을 적용합니다. </li><li> 전극 및 전극 모자에 전극 홀더에 라벨과 일치하는 전극 홀더에 (접지 전극 포함) 뇌파 전극을 연결합니다. </li><li> 알코올 패드 피부 표면을 청소한다. 주 : 양안의 외 안각 (수평 안구 운동)에 눈 움직임 (전기 oculography), 피부의 위치는, 상술과 우안 (수직 안구 운동) 이하, 횡을 검출하기위한 전극 용; 체 감각 자극에 대한 구강 각도 피부 측이 세정된다. </li><li> 전극 젤 네 개의 전기 oculography 전극을 입력하고 1.6에 언급 된 사이트에 양면 테이프로 전극을 고정합니다. </li><li> 벨크로 스트랩을 사용하여 모든 전극 케이블을 고정합니다. R 경우equired는 참가자의 신체에 케이블이나 추가 전기적 또는 기계적 소음을 소개하지 않는 다른 위치를 테이프. </li><li> 모니터 앞의 참가자와 체성 감각 자극에 대한 로봇을 배치합니다. 1.8에서와 같이 다시 모든 전극 케이블을 고정합니다. </li><li> 뇌파 시스템의 앰프 상자의 뇌파와 적절한 컨넥터로 (접지 전극 포함) 전기 oculography 전극 (일치하는 레이블 및 커넥터 모양)을 연결합니다. </li><li> 뇌파 신호가 무료 유물 및 오프셋 값이 허용 범위 (&lt;50 μV 이하)로되어 있는지 확인하십시오. 일반적으로 높은 임피던스를 나타내는입니다 잡음 신호 나 큰 오프셋이 발견되면 정확한 추가 뇌파 젤을 추가 및 / 또는 전극 바로 아래에 머리를 재배치하여 그 전극 신호. </li><li> 뇌파 호환 이어폰을 삽입하고 사운드 레벨이 주제 보고서를 기반으로 편안한 범위에 있는지 확인합니다. </li></ol><p클래스 = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 2. 체성 감각 자극 주 : 현재 프로토콜 체성 감각 자극의 목적으로 얼굴 피부 스트레칭을인가한다. EEG 시스템 실험 장치는도 1에 표시된다. 체성 감각 자극 장치의 상세는 이전 연구 1,7,12-14에 기재되어있다. 간단히 말해서, 두 개의 작은 플라스틱 탭 (2cm 폭 3cm 높이)는 얼굴 피부에 양면 테이프로 부착되어있다. 탭은 문자열을 사용하여 로봇 장치에 접속된다. 로봇은 실험적인 디자인에 따라 체계적인 피부 스트레칭 부하를 생성합니다. 다음과 같이 ERP 녹화 설정 프로토콜은 다음과 같습니다 <ol><li> 자극시 헤드의 움직임을 최소화하기 위해, 헤드 레스트의 참가자의 머리를 배치했다. 신중하게 참가자의 머리와 헤드 레스트 사이의 전극 케이블을 제거합니다. </li><li> 로봇의 안전 스위치를 개최 참가자를 요청합니다. </li><li> 에 플라스틱 탭을 부착체 감각 자극 양면 테이프를 이용하여 대상의 피부 위치. 담당자가 대상이 구강 각도로 피부의 측면 인 12, 13을, 결과를 modiolus의 탭의 중심을 배치, 몇 mm의 약 탭의 중심과 같은 높이와 구강 각도 측 방향 구강 각도. </li><li> EEG 전극 및 케이블을 피하기 위해 문자열, 문자열 지원하며 로봇의 구성을 조정한다. </li><li> 때문에 (일반적으로 전기 생리 반응과 비교하여 상대적으로 큰 진폭과 낮은 주파수로 관찰) 자극 유물 확인하기 위해 (4 N의 최대 힘 3 Hz에서 한 사이클의 정현파) 몇 얼굴 피부 뻗어을 적용합니다. 유물은 뇌파 신호를 관찰하는 경우, 2.4으로 돌아갑니다. </li></ol> 3. ERP 녹화 <ol><li> (한 블록 = 10 시련 이하) 확인 대상으로 실험적인 작업을 설명하고 연습 시험을 제공 할 경우 대상 운데분명히 작업 rstands. 참고 : ERP 기록에 대한 실험 작업과 자극의 발표는 자극 프리젠 테이션 소프트웨어 preprogramed 있습니다. <ol><li> 결합 체성 감각 및 청각 자극 (12)와 대표 시험에서, 구강 각도로 피부의 측면에 피부 변형과 관련된 체성 감각 자극을 적용합니다. 신축성 패턴 4 N. 청각 자극에 사용되는 &quot;한&quot;, &quot;헤드&quot;사이 10 단계 사운드 연속체에서의 중간 인 단일 합성 스피치 발성의 최대 힘과 1 사이클 정현파 (3 Hz에서)이다. </li><li> 개별적으로 또는 조합을 모두 자극을 제시. 결합 된 자극에서, 테스트 세 개시 타이밍 (체성 감각 및 청각 온셋 90 밀리 납과 지연, 동시는 : 그림 3A 참조). </li><li> . 납, simult과 L : 청각 혼자 세 결합, 혼자 다섯 자극의 제시 (체성 감각을 무작위AG). 기대 및 습관화을 피하기 위해 1,000 2,000 밀리 초 사이의 상호 재판 간격을 변화. 실험적인 작업은 키보드의 키를 눌러 &quot;헤드&quot;간의 음향 중간이고 소리 제시 음성 사운드 &quot;헤드&quot; &#39;했다가되었다 &quot;여부를 식별하는 것이다. 체성 단독 상태에서 존재하는 더 청각 자극은 참가자가 없습니다 &quot;머리&quot;를 응답하도록 지시, 없다. </li><li> 기록 참가자 판단과 자극 프리젠 테이션 소프트웨어를 사용하여 키를 눌러에 자극 발병에서 반응 시간. 눈의 움직임으로 인한 아티팩트를 감소시키기 위하여 상기 디스플레이 스크린의 고정 지점을 바라 참가자하자. </li><li> 짧은 휴식에 들어 고정 지점마다 10 자극을 제거합니다. (작업 및 자극 프리젠 테이션 12,13의 다른 예를 참조하십시오) </li></ol></li><li> 512 Hz에서의 ERP 녹음 소프트웨어를 시작합니다또한 ERP 데이터의 타임 라인에서 자극의 개시 시간을 기록 샘플링. 또한, 자극의 유형에 대한 정보를 포함하는 자극의 타임 스탬프, 자극 프레젠테이션 소프트웨어로부터 각 자극에 대해 전송 참고. (ERP 기록 및 자극 프레 젠 테이션을위한) 두 프로그램은 병렬 포트를 통해 연결되어있는 두 개의 별도의 PC에서 실행되고 있습니다. </li><li> 트리거 대기 모드로 체성 감각 자극에 대한 소프트웨어를 설정하고 자극 프리젠 테이션 소프트웨어를 활성화하여 자극 프리젠 테이션을 시작합니다. 체성 감각 자극에 대한 소프트웨어는 또한 다른 두의 PC에서 별도의 PC에서 실행되고 있습니다. 조건에 따라 기록 (100) ERPS. 주 : 체성 감각 자극에 대한 트리거 신호는 감각 자극 PC에 디지털 출력 장치에 연결되어, 아날로그 입력 장치를 통해 수신된다. 단일 체성 감각 자극은 하나의 트리거 당 생산된다. &lt;/ 리&gt; </ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

여기에보고 된 연구는 얼굴 피부의 변형에 의해 생산되는 정밀하게 제어 체성 감각 자극이 대뇌 피질의 ERPS을 유도하는 증거를 제공합니다. 피부의 구 심성은 인간의 사지 운동 5, 6 및 음성 운동 7,8,21에서 운동 감각 정보 3,4의 풍부한 소스로 알려져있다. 말하기 동안 실제 이동 방향을 반영하는 방식으로 얼굴 피부를 스트레칭 운동에 대응하는 근 감각 유사한 감각을 유도...

음성 생산은 모두 청각과 체성 감각 정보에 따라 달라집니다. 청각과 체성 감각 피드백은 유아에 의해 생성 된 최초의 발성에서 조합에서 발생하는 모두는 음성 운동 학습에 참여하고 있습니다. 최근 결과 체성 감각 프로세스 인식뿐만 아니라 생산에 기여하는 것이 좋습니다. 로봇 장치가 참가자 청각 자극에 1을 청취으로 얼굴 피부를 뻗어 예를 들어, 음성의 식별이 변경되는 소리. 청각 언어 자극과 일치 뺨에 에어 퍼프 참가자들의인지 판단 (2) 변경. 이러한 효과는 피부 체성 변형에 응답하여 피부 기계적 수용기의 활성화를 수반한다. 피부가 움직이는 동안 다양한 방식으로 변형되고, 피부 근 감각 기계적 수용기는 감각 3,4에 기여하는 것으로 알려져있다. 피부 기계적 수용기의 운동 감각 역할은 악마운동과 관련된 피부 변형이 적절하게 굴곡 또는 확장 움직임 피부 스트레치 (6)의 패턴에 따라로 인식되어 최근 연구 결과 5-7로 strated. 동반 얼굴 피부 스트레치 연설 특정 음성 발언의 반복이다 음성 모터 훈련의 과정 동안, 조음 패턴 적응 방법 7로 변경합니다. 이러한 연구 작업 동안 피부 스트레칭를 변조하는 시스템의 감각 기능 피부 근 감각 구 심성 신경의 기여도를 평가하기위한 방법을 제공하는 것을 나타낸다. 구강 안면 피부 기계적 수용기의 운동 감각 기능은 감각 신경 9,10에서 레코딩 정신 생리 학적 방법 7,8과 미세 전극을 사용하여 주로 연구되고있다. 여기서, 현재 프로토콜은 얼굴 피부 변형 및 이벤트 관련 전위 (ERP)의 기록과 관련된 구강 안면 체성 감각 자극의 결합에 초점을 맞추고있다. 목인 절차는 컴퓨터로 제어되는 로봇 장치를 이용하여 얼굴 피부 변형의 방향과 타이밍을 정밀하게 제어 실험을 갖는다. 이것은 우리가 선택적으로 정확하게 모두 음성 운동 학습시 방향의 넓은 범위에서 얼굴 피부를 변형시켜 음성 생산 및 인식과 체성 감각 기여에 대한 특정 가설을 테스트하고 직접 음성 생산 및 인식을 할 수 있습니다. ERP 기록을 비 침습적으로 구강 안면 동작에 체성 감각 자극의 영향의 시간적 패턴과 타이밍을 평가하는 데 사용된다. 현재 프로토콜은 근 감각 신경 기능의 상관 관계를 평가하고 모두 음성 처리, 음성 제조 및 음성 인식과 체성 시스템의 기여를 평가할 수있다. ERP 기록에 피부 스트레칭 자극 애플리케이션의 유용성을 보여주기 위해, 다음의 프로토콜은 음성 P에서 체성 청각 입력의 상호 작용에 중점erception. 결과는 연설에서 체성 감각 - 청각의 상호 작용을 평가하기위한 잠재적 인 방법을 강조 표시합니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>EEG recording system</td><td>Biosemi</td><td>ActiveTwo</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Robotic decice for skin stretch</td><td>Geomagic</td><td>Phantom Premium 1.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EEG-compatible earphones</td><td>Etymotic research</td><td>ER3A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Software for visual and auditory stimulation</td><td>Neurobehavioral Systems</td><td>Presentation</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electrode gel</td><td>Parker Laboratories, INC</td><td>Signa gel</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Double sided tape</td><td>3M</td><td>1522</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disposable syringe</td><td>Monoject</td><td>412 Curved Tip</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Analog input device</td><td>National Instuments&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PCI-6036E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Degital output device</td><td>Measurement computing</td><td>USB-1208FS</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

somatosensory event-related potentials from orofacial skin stretch stimulation

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of providing precise and controlled stimulation. This article introduces a technique for recording somatosensory event-related potentials (ERP) that uses a novel mechanical stimulation method involving skin deformation using a robotic device. Controlled deformation of the facial skin is used to modulate kinesthetic inputs through excitation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors. By combining somatosensory stimulation with electroencephalographic recording, somatosensory evoked responses can be successfully measured at the level of the cortex. Somatosensory stimulation can be combined with the stimulation of other sensory modalities to assess multisensory interactions. For speech, orofacial stimulation is combined with speech sound stimulation to assess the contribution of multi-sensory processing including the effects of timing differences. The ability to precisely control orofacial somatosensory stimulation during speech perception and speech production with ERP recording is an important tool that provides new insight into the neural organization and neural representations for speech.

이 섹션은 얼굴 피부 변형으로 인한 체성 감각 자극에 응답 대표 사건 관련 전위를 제공합니다. 실험 장치는도 1에 표시된다. 정현파 자극 경구 각도 (기준으로도 3a 참조) 얼굴 피부 측에 적용 하였다. 백 스트레치 시험은 총 시험 12 참가자들과 각 참가자를 남겼습니다. 오프라인 수평 및 수직 oculography 전기 신호에 기초하여 깜박 안구 운동 아티팩...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation at JoVE.com

Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

구강 안면 피부 스트레치 자극에서 체성 감각 이벤트 관련 우수

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of ...

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Neuroscience

13.1K 조회수.  Haskins Laboratories. This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

비디오: Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

장애 아동의 대뇌 피질의 청각 - 촉각 처리의 정량 평가

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

연구

행동분석학

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

경 두개 자기 자극 립 운동 피질을 자극

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral and temporal changes that are characteristic of human language. These abilities lay the foundation for effective language acquisition; allowing infants to hone in on the sounds of their native language. Invasive procedures in animals and scalp-recorded potentials from human adults suggest that simultaneous, rhythmic activity (oscillations) between and within brain regions are fundamental to sensory development; determining the resolution with which incoming stimuli are parsed. At this time, little is known about oscillatory dynamics in human infant development. However, animal neurophysiology and adult EEG data provide the basis for a strong hypothesis that rapid auditory processing in infants is mediated by oscillatory synchrony in discrete frequency bands. In order to investigate this, 128-channel, high-density EEG responses of 4-month old infants to frequency change in tone pairs, presented in two rate conditions (Rapid: 70 msec ISI and Control: 300 msec ISI) were examined. To determine the frequency band and magnitude of activity, auditory evoked response averages were first co-registered with age-appropriate brain templates. Next, the principal components of the response were identified and localized using a two-dipole model of brain activity. Single-trial analysis of oscillatory power showed a robust index of frequency change processing in bursts of Theta band (3 - 8 Hz) activity in both right and left auditory cortices, with left activation more prominent in the Rapid condition. These methods have produced data that are not only some of the first reported evoked oscillations analyses in infants, but are also, importantly, the product of a well-established method of recording and analyzing clean, meticulously collected, infant EEG and ERPs. In this article, we describe our method for infant EEG net application, recording, dynamic brain response analysis, and representative results.

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

유아 청각 처리 및 이벤트 관련 뇌 진동

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

대상 - 응답 작업하는 동안 이벤트 관련 전위를 일방적 뇌성 마비 아동의 상지 사용의인지 과정을 연구하기 위해

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, usually using stimuli that are close together to reveal local interactions. Masking effects have also been demonstrated in which a tactile stimulus alters the perception of a touch at a distant location. Such effects can provide insight into how components of the body's representations in the brain may be linked. Occasional reports have indicated that touches on one hand or forearm can affect tactile sensitivity at corresponding contralateral locations. To explore the matching of corresponding points across the body, we can measure the spatial tuning and effect of posture on contralateral masking. Careful controls are required to rule out direct effects of the remote stimulus, for example by mechanical transmission, and also attention effects in which thresholds may be altered by the participant's attention being drawn away from the stimulus of interest. The use of this technique is beneficial as a behavioural measure for exploring which parts of the body are functionally connected and whether the two sides of the body interact in a somatotopic representation. This manuscript describes a behavioural protocol that can be used for studying contralateral tactile masking.

Here we explore contralateral tactile masking between the forearms in which tactile detection thresholds are modulated by vibration applied to a remote site. The details of which remote sites have an effect can tell us about how the body is represented in the brain.

팔뚝 사이의 테스트 촉각 마스킹

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, ...

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. Touch that optimally activates CT fibers is consistently rated as hedonically pleasant. Patient groups with impaired social-emotional functioning also show disordered affective touch ratings. However, relying on self-reported ratings of touch has many limitations, including recall bias and communication barriers. Here, we describe a methodological approach to study affective responses to touch via facial electromyography (EMG) that circumvents the reliance on self-report ratings. Facial EMG is an objective, quantitative, and non-invasive method to measure facial muscle activity indicative of affective responses. Responses can be assessed across healthy and patient populations without the need for verbal communication. Here, we provide two separate datasets demonstrating that CT-optimal and non-optimal touch elicit distinct facial muscle reactions. Moreover, facial EMG responses are consistent across stimulus modalities, e.g. tactile (experienced touch) and visual (observed touch). Finally, the temporal resolution of facial EMG can detect responses on timescales that supersede that of verbal reporting. Together, our data suggest that facial EMG is a suitable methodology for use in affective tactile research that can be used to supplement, or in some cases, supplant, existing measures.

We describe a protocol to assess facial muscle activity in response to experienced and observed tactile stimulation using facial electromyography.

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. ...

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological effects. Specifically, by creating a transient interference with the normal activity of a target region and measuring changes in an electrophysiological signal, we can establish a causal link between the stimulated brain area or network and the electrophysiological signal that we record. If target brain areas are functionally defined with prior fMRI scan, TMS could be used to link the fMRI activations with evoked potentials recorded. However, conducting such experiments presents significant technical challenges given the high amplitude artifacts introduced into the EEG signal by the magnetic pulse, and the difficulty to successfully target areas that were functionally defined by fMRI. Here we describe a methodology for combining these three common tools: TMS, EEG, and fMRI. We explain how to guide the stimulator&#39;s coil to the desired target area using anatomical or functional MRI data, how to record EEG during concurrent TMS, how to design an ERP study suitable for EEG-TMS combination and how to extract reliable ERP from the recorded data. We will provide representative results from a previously published study, in which fMRI-guided TMS was used concurrently with EEG to show that the face-selective N1 and the body-selective N1 component of the ERP are associated with distinct neural networks in extrastriate cortex. This method allows us to combine the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of TMS and EEG and therefore obtain a comprehensive understanding of the neural basis of various cognitive processes.

This paper describes a method for collecting and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) data during concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) guided by activations revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A method for TMS artifact removal and extraction of event related potentials is described as well as considerations in paradigm design and experimental setup.

fMRI를 유도 경 두개 자기 자극하는 동안 기록 된 EEG 데이터에서 시각 유발 전위를 추출

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological ...

신경과학

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen in one of two adjacent rooms. These rooms are separated by a glass window through which participants communicate to maintain feelings of togetherness while being fitted with the EEG cap. After checking for adequate EEG signals, the glass is covered by a curtain to prevent visual communication. Then, partners must be silent but are instructed to try to feel in the presence of their partner during the entire experiment. Just before it starts, participants are told that each of them will be presented with one image at a time and that these images will occur at the same time for both of them on their own screen. They are also instructed that, for each trial, the simultaneous images will always be different. However, unbeknownst to them, trials are randomized: only half of them are consistent with this instruction and actually include two different images. These trials form the DSC, that is, the different-stimuli condition. The other half of the trials are inconsistent with the instruction. They include two identical images and form the ISC (identical-stimuli condition). After the experiment, participants are sorted into two groups: those who reported that they felt in the presence of their partner during the majority of the trials and those who reported they did not. The impact of the stimulus processing of the partner is found by subtracting the mean voltages of the ERPs of the ISC (inconsistent with the instructions) from the ERPs of the DSC (consistent with the instructions) in at least two time windows (TWs): firstly, in the 75 to 150 ms TW, where the absolute values of these subtractions are greater, especially at right frontal sites, in those who felt in the presence of their partner than in those who did not; secondly, in the LPP time window (i.e., from 650 to 950 ms post onset), where ERPs are significantly less positive in the DSC than in the ISC in those in whom the raw results of the early (75-150ms) subtractions are negative.

This protocol describes key steps involved in assessing the sensitivity of the brain of one person to the stimulus processing of a close other by selecting pairs of partners, recording their electroencephalogram (EEG) simultaneously and computing their event-related brain potentials (ERPs).

찾을 효과의 자극에 대 한 처리 이벤트 관련 뇌 전위의 가까운 다른 사람을 어떻게 때 Hyperscanning 파트너

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen ...

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique

This paper examines the application of electroencephalogram-based methods to assess the effects of audio-tactile substitution training in young, profoundly deaf (PD) participants, with the aim of analyzing the neural mechanisms associated with vibrotactile complex sound discrimination. Electrical brain activity reflects dynamic neural changes, and the temporal precision of event-related potentials (ERPs) has proven to be key in studying time-locked processes while performing behavioral tasks that involve attention and working memory. 
The current protocol was designed to study electrophysiological activity in PD subjects while they performed a continuous performance task (CPT) using complex-sound stimuli, consisting of five different animal sounds delivered through a portable stimulator system worn on the right index finger. As a repeated-measures design, electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings in standard conditions were performed before and after a brief training program (five 1 h sessions over 15 days), followed by offline artifact correction and epoch averaging, to obtain individual and grand-mean waveforms. Behavioral results show a significant improvement in discrimination and a more robust P3-like centroparietal positive waveform for the target stimuli after training. In this protocol, ERPs contribute to the further understanding of learning-related neural changes in PD subjects associated with audio-tactile discrimination of complex sounds.

This protocol is designed to explore underlying learning-related electrophysiological changes in subjects with profound deafness after a short training period in audio-tactile sensory substitution by applying the event-related potential technique.

사건 관련 잠재적 기술을 사용한 심도 난청이 있는 참가자의 청각 감각 대체 훈련 평가

This paper examines the application of electroencephalogram-based methods to assess the effects of audio-tactile substitution training in young, ...

냄새가 뇌 흥분성에 미치는 영향은 호흡 동기화 후각계로 평가되었습니다.

Combining a Breath-Synchronized Olfactometer with Brain Simulation to Study the Impact of Odors on Corticospinal Excitability and Effective Connectivity

It is widely accepted that olfactory stimulation elicits motor behaviors, such as approaching pleasant odorants and avoiding unpleasant ones, in animals and humans. Recently, studies using electroencephalography and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have demonstrated a strong link between processing in the olfactory system and activity in the motor cortex in humans. To better understand the interactions between the olfactory and the motor systems and to overcome some of the previous methodological limitations, we developed a new method combining an olfactometer that synchronizes the random order presentation of odorants with different hedonic values and the TMS (single- and dual-coil) triggering with nasal breathing phases. This method allows probing the modulations of corticospinal excitability and effective ipsilateral connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the primary motor cortex that could occur during pleasant and unpleasant odor perception. The application of this method will allow for objectively discriminating the pleasantness value of an odorant in a given participant, indicating the biological impact of the odorant on brain effective connectivity and excitability. In addition, this could pave the way for clinical investigations in patients with neurological or neuropsychiatric disorders who may exhibit&#160;odor hedonic alterations and maladaptive approach-avoidance behaviors.

저자 스포트라이트: 피질척수 흥분성에 대한 후각적 영향 탐구 - 신경학 연구의 통찰력과 혁신 

This paper describes using a breath-synchronized olfactometer to trigger single- and dual-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) during odorant presentation synchronized to human nasal breathing. This combination allows us to objectively investigate how pleasant and unpleasant odors impact corticospinal excitability and brain-effective connectivity in a given individual.

호흡 동기화 후각계와 뇌 시뮬레이션을 결합하여 냄새가 피질 척수 흥분성 및 효과적인 연결성에 미치는 영향을 연구합니다.

It is widely accepted that olfactory stimulation elicits motor behaviors, such as approaching pleasant odorants and avoiding unpleasant ones, in animals ...