이 작품은 청각 장애 및 기타 의사 소통 장애 보조금 R21DC013915과 R01DC012502, 자연 과학 및 캐나다의 공학 연구위원회와 유럽 공동체의 일곱 번째 프레임 워크 프로그램 (FP7 / 2,007에서 2,013 사이 그랜트 계약없이 아래 유럽 연구위원회에 국립 연구소에 의해 지원되었다. 339152 ).

현재 실험 프로토콜은 예일 대학 인간 조사위원회에 따라 윤리적 행위의 지침을 따른다. 1. Electroenchephalopgaphy (EEG) 준비 <ol><li> 적절한 뇌파 캡을 결정하기 위해 머리 크기를 측정한다. </li><li> 측정 테이프 nasion 및 inion 사이의 중간 점을 찾아 정점의 위치를​​ 확인합니다. </li><li> Cz에로 사전 결정된 정점을 사용하여 머리에 뇌파 캡을 놓습니다. 1.2에서 수행으로 측정하는 테이프를 사용하여 캡을 배치 한 후 다시 Cz에를 검사합니다. EEG 캡 전극 홀더를 구비하고, 전극 (64) (또는 홀더)의 배치는도 11에 기초하여 Cz를 미리 지정된 좌표 시스템으로 변형 10-20 시스템 기준입니다. 주 :이 대표적인 어플리케이션 두피 분포의 변화를 평가하기 위해 64의 전극 구성을 사용하여 소스 및 분석. 간단한 응용 프로그램 (진폭과 대기 시간에 이벤트 관련 잠재적 인 변경)의 경우 USING 적은 전극이 가능합니다. 여기에 사용 된 뇌파 시스템의 땅에 대한 두 개의 추가 전극이 있습니다. 그 전극 홀더는 캡에 포함되어 있습니다. </li><li> 일회용 주사기를 사용하여 전극 홀더에 전극 젤을 적용합니다. </li><li> 전극 및 전극 모자에 전극 홀더에 라벨과 일치하는 전극 홀더에 (접지 전극 포함) 뇌파 전극을 연결합니다. </li><li> 알코올 패드 피부 표면을 청소한다. 주 : 양안의 외 안각 (수평 안구 운동)에 눈 움직임 (전기 oculography), 피부의 위치는, 상술과 우안 (수직 안구 운동) 이하, 횡을 검출하기위한 전극 용; 체 감각 자극에 대한 구강 각도 피부 측이 세정된다. </li><li> 전극 젤 네 개의 전기 oculography 전극을 입력하고 1.6에 언급 된 사이트에 양면 테이프로 전극을 고정합니다. </li><li> 벨크로 스트랩을 사용하여 모든 전극 케이블을 고정합니다. R 경우equired는 참가자의 신체에 케이블이나 추가 전기적 또는 기계적 소음을 소개하지 않는 다른 위치를 테이프. </li><li> 모니터 앞의 참가자와 체성 감각 자극에 대한 로봇을 배치합니다. 1.8에서와 같이 다시 모든 전극 케이블을 고정합니다. </li><li> 뇌파 시스템의 앰프 상자의 뇌파와 적절한 컨넥터로 (접지 전극 포함) 전기 oculography 전극 (일치하는 레이블 및 커넥터 모양)을 연결합니다. </li><li> 뇌파 신호가 무료 유물 및 오프셋 값이 허용 범위 (&lt;50 μV 이하)로되어 있는지 확인하십시오. 일반적으로 높은 임피던스를 나타내는입니다 잡음 신호 나 큰 오프셋이 발견되면 정확한 추가 뇌파 젤을 추가 및 / 또는 전극 바로 아래에 머리를 재배치하여 그 전극 신호. </li><li> 뇌파 호환 이어폰을 삽입하고 사운드 레벨이 주제 보고서를 기반으로 편안한 범위에 있는지 확인합니다. </li></ol><p클래스 = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 2. 체성 감각 자극 주 : 현재 프로토콜 체성 감각 자극의 목적으로 얼굴 피부 스트레칭을인가한다. EEG 시스템 실험 장치는도 1에 표시된다. 체성 감각 자극 장치의 상세는 이전 연구 1,7,12-14에 기재되어있다. 간단히 말해서, 두 개의 작은 플라스틱 탭 (2cm 폭 3cm 높이)는 얼굴 피부에 양면 테이프로 부착되어있다. 탭은 문자열을 사용하여 로봇 장치에 접속된다. 로봇은 실험적인 디자인에 따라 체계적인 피부 스트레칭 부하를 생성합니다. 다음과 같이 ERP 녹화 설정 프로토콜은 다음과 같습니다 <ol><li> 자극시 헤드의 움직임을 최소화하기 위해, 헤드 레스트의 참가자의 머리를 배치했다. 신중하게 참가자의 머리와 헤드 레스트 사이의 전극 케이블을 제거합니다. </li><li> 로봇의 안전 스위치를 개최 참가자를 요청합니다. </li><li> 에 플라스틱 탭을 부착체 감각 자극 양면 테이프를 이용하여 대상의 피부 위치. 담당자가 대상이 구강 각도로 피부의 측면 인 12, 13을, 결과를 modiolus의 탭의 중심을 배치, 몇 mm의 약 탭의 중심과 같은 높이와 구강 각도 측 방향 구강 각도. </li><li> EEG 전극 및 케이블을 피하기 위해 문자열, 문자열 지원하며 로봇의 구성을 조정한다. </li><li> 때문에 (일반적으로 전기 생리 반응과 비교하여 상대적으로 큰 진폭과 낮은 주파수로 관찰) 자극 유물 확인하기 위해 (4 N의 최대 힘 3 Hz에서 한 사이클의 정현파) 몇 얼굴 피부 뻗어을 적용합니다. 유물은 뇌파 신호를 관찰하는 경우, 2.4으로 돌아갑니다. </li></ol> 3. ERP 녹화 <ol><li> (한 블록 = 10 시련 이하) 확인 대상으로 실험적인 작업을 설명하고 연습 시험을 제공 할 경우 대상 운데분명히 작업 rstands. 참고 : ERP 기록에 대한 실험 작업과 자극의 발표는 자극 프리젠 테이션 소프트웨어 preprogramed 있습니다. <ol><li> 결합 체성 감각 및 청각 자극 (12)와 대표 시험에서, 구강 각도로 피부의 측면에 피부 변형과 관련된 체성 감각 자극을 적용합니다. 신축성 패턴 4 N. 청각 자극에 사용되는 &quot;한&quot;, &quot;헤드&quot;사이 10 단계 사운드 연속체에서의 중간 인 단일 합성 스피치 발성의 최대 힘과 1 사이클 정현파 (3 Hz에서)이다. </li><li> 개별적으로 또는 조합을 모두 자극을 제시. 결합 된 자극에서, 테스트 세 개시 타이밍 (체성 감각 및 청각 온셋 90 밀리 납과 지연, 동시는 : 그림 3A 참조). </li><li> . 납, simult과 L : 청각 혼자 세 결합, 혼자 다섯 자극의 제시 (체성 감각을 무작위AG). 기대 및 습관화을 피하기 위해 1,000 2,000 밀리 초 사이의 상호 재판 간격을 변화. 실험적인 작업은 키보드의 키를 눌러 &quot;헤드&quot;간의 음향 중간이고 소리 제시 음성 사운드 &quot;헤드&quot; &#39;했다가되었다 &quot;여부를 식별하는 것이다. 체성 단독 상태에서 존재하는 더 청각 자극은 참가자가 없습니다 &quot;머리&quot;를 응답하도록 지시, 없다. </li><li> 기록 참가자 판단과 자극 프리젠 테이션 소프트웨어를 사용하여 키를 눌러에 자극 발병에서 반응 시간. 눈의 움직임으로 인한 아티팩트를 감소시키기 위하여 상기 디스플레이 스크린의 고정 지점을 바라 참가자하자. </li><li> 짧은 휴식에 들어 고정 지점마다 10 자극을 제거합니다. (작업 및 자극 프리젠 테이션 12,13의 다른 예를 참조하십시오) </li></ol></li><li> 512 Hz에서의 ERP 녹음 소프트웨어를 시작합니다또한 ERP 데이터의 타임 라인에서 자극의 개시 시간을 기록 샘플링. 또한, 자극의 유형에 대한 정보를 포함하는 자극의 타임 스탬프, 자극 프레젠테이션 소프트웨어로부터 각 자극에 대해 전송 참고. (ERP 기록 및 자극 프레 젠 테이션을위한) 두 프로그램은 병렬 포트를 통해 연결되어있는 두 개의 별도의 PC에서 실행되고 있습니다. </li><li> 트리거 대기 모드로 체성 감각 자극에 대한 소프트웨어를 설정하고 자극 프리젠 테이션 소프트웨어를 활성화하여 자극 프리젠 테이션을 시작합니다. 체성 감각 자극에 대한 소프트웨어는 또한 다른 두의 PC에서 별도의 PC에서 실행되고 있습니다. 조건에 따라 기록 (100) ERPS. 주 : 체성 감각 자극에 대한 트리거 신호는 감각 자극 PC에 디지털 출력 장치에 연결되어, 아날로그 입력 장치를 통해 수신된다. 단일 체성 감각 자극은 하나의 트리거 당 생산된다. &lt;/ 리&gt; </ol>

<ol>
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E., Prevec, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Somato-sensory+response+to+mechanical+stimulation+as+recorded+in+the+human+EEG.">Somato-sensory response to mechanical stimulation as recorded in the human EEG.</a> Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 28, 162-172 (1970).</li><li>Johansson, R. S., Trulsson, M., Olsson, K. &. #. 1. 9. 4. ;., Westberg, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanoreceptor+activity+from+the+human+face+and+oral+mucosa.">Mechanoreceptor activity from the human face and oral mucosa.</a> Exp Brain Res. 72, 204-208 (1988).</li><li>Diehl, R. L., Lotto, A. J., Holt, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Speech+perception.">Speech perception.</a> Annu Rev Psychol. 55, 149-179 (2004).</li><li>Liberman, A. M., Mattingly, I. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+motor+theory+of+speech+perception+revised.">The motor theory of speech perception revised.</a> Cognition. 21, 1-36 (1985).</li><li>Schwartz, J. L., Basirat, A., Menard, L., Sato, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Perception-for-Action-Control+Theory+(PACT):+A+perceptuo-motor+theory+of+speech+perception.">The Perception-for-Action-Control Theory (PACT): A perceptuo-motor theory of speech perception.</a> J Neurolinguist. 25, 336-354 (2012).</li><li>Rizzolatti, G., Craighero, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mirror-neuron+system.">The mirror-neuron system.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 27, 169-192 (2004).</li><li>Rizzolatti, G., Fabbri-Destro, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mirror+system+and+its+role+in+social+cognition.">The mirror system and its role in social cognition.</a> Curr Opin Neurobiol. 18, 179-184 (2008).</li><li>D'Ausilio, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+motor+somatotopy+of+speech+perception.">The motor somatotopy of speech perception.</a> Curr Biol. 19, 381-385 (2009).</li><li>Fadiga, L., Craighero, L., Buccino, G., Rizzolatti, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Speech+listening+specifically+modulates+the+excitability+of+tongue+muscles:+a+TMS+study.">Speech listening specifically modulates the excitability of tongue muscles: a TMS study.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 15, 399-402 (2002).</li><li>Meister, I. G., Wilson, S. M., Deblieck, C., Wu, A. D., Iacoboni, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+essential+role+of+premotor+cortex+in+speech+perception.">The essential role of premotor cortex in speech perception.</a> Curr Biol. 17, 1692-1696 (2007).</li><li>M&#246;tt&#246;nen, R., Watkins, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+representations+of+articulators+contribute+to+categorical+perception+of+speech+sounds.">Motor representations of articulators contribute to categorical perception of speech sounds.</a> J Neurosci. 29, 9819-9825 (2009).</li><li>Watkins, K. E., Strafella, A. P., Paus, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seeing+and+hearing+speech+excites+the+motor+system+involved+in+speech+production.">Seeing and hearing speech excites the motor system involved in speech production.</a> Neuropsychologia. 41, 989-994 (2003).</li><li>Wilson, S. M., Saygin, A. P., Sereno, M. I., Iacoboni, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Listening+to+speech+activates+motor+areas+involved+in+speech+production.">Listening to speech activates motor areas involved in speech production.</a> Nat Neurosci. 7, 701-702 (2004).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

여기에보고 된 연구는 얼굴 피부의 변형에 의해 생산되는 정밀하게 제어 체성 감각 자극이 대뇌 피질의 ERPS을 유도하는 증거를 제공합니다. 피부의 구 심성은 인간의 사지 운동 5, 6 및 음성 운동 7,8,21에서 운동 감각 정보 3,4의 풍부한 소스로 알려져있다. 말하기 동안 실제 이동 방향을 반영하는 방식으로 얼굴 피부를 스트레칭 운동에 대응하는 근 감각 유사한 감각을 유도...

음성 생산은 모두 청각과 체성 감각 정보에 따라 달라집니다. 청각과 체성 감각 피드백은 유아에 의해 생성 된 최초의 발성에서 조합에서 발생하는 모두는 음성 운동 학습에 참여하고 있습니다. 최근 결과 체성 감각 프로세스 인식뿐만 아니라 생산에 기여하는 것이 좋습니다. 로봇 장치가 참가자 청각 자극에 1을 청취으로 얼굴 피부를 뻗어 예를 들어, 음성의 식별이 변경되는 소리. 청각 언어 자극과 일치 뺨에 에어 퍼프 참가자들의인지 판단 (2) 변경. 이러한 효과는 피부 체성 변형에 응답하여 피부 기계적 수용기의 활성화를 수반한다. 피부가 움직이는 동안 다양한 방식으로 변형되고, 피부 근 감각 기계적 수용기는 감각 3,4에 기여하는 것으로 알려져있다. 피부 기계적 수용기의 운동 감각 역할은 악마운동과 관련된 피부 변형이 적절하게 굴곡 또는 확장 움직임 피부 스트레치 (6)의 패턴에 따라로 인식되어 최근 연구 결과 5-7로 strated. 동반 얼굴 피부 스트레치 연설 특정 음성 발언의 반복이다 음성 모터 훈련의 과정 동안, 조음 패턴 적응 방법 7로 변경합니다. 이러한 연구 작업 동안 피부 스트레칭를 변조하는 시스템의 감각 기능 피부 근 감각 구 심성 신경의 기여도를 평가하기위한 방법을 제공하는 것을 나타낸다. 구강 안면 피부 기계적 수용기의 운동 감각 기능은 감각 신경 9,10에서 레코딩 정신 생리 학적 방법 7,8과 미세 전극을 사용하여 주로 연구되고있다. 여기서, 현재 프로토콜은 얼굴 피부 변형 및 이벤트 관련 전위 (ERP)의 기록과 관련된 구강 안면 체성 감각 자극의 결합에 초점을 맞추고있다. 목인 절차는 컴퓨터로 제어되는 로봇 장치를 이용하여 얼굴 피부 변형의 방향과 타이밍을 정밀하게 제어 실험을 갖는다. 이것은 우리가 선택적으로 정확하게 모두 음성 운동 학습시 방향의 넓은 범위에서 얼굴 피부를 변형시켜 음성 생산 및 인식과 체성 감각 기여에 대한 특정 가설을 테스트하고 직접 음성 생산 및 인식을 할 수 있습니다. ERP 기록을 비 침습적으로 구강 안면 동작에 체성 감각 자극의 영향의 시간적 패턴과 타이밍을 평가하는 데 사용된다. 현재 프로토콜은 근 감각 신경 기능의 상관 관계를 평가하고 모두 음성 처리, 음성 제조 및 음성 인식과 체성 시스템의 기여를 평가할 수있다. ERP 기록에 피부 스트레칭 자극 애플리케이션의 유용성을 보여주기 위해, 다음의 프로토콜은 음성 P에서 체성 청각 입력의 상호 작용에 중점erception. 결과는 연설에서 체성 감각 - 청각의 상호 작용을 평가하기위한 잠재적 인 방법을 강조 표시합니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="673">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EEG recording system</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Biosemi</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ActiveTwo</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Robotic decice for skin stretch</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Geomagic</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Phantom Premium 1.0</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EEG-compatible earphones</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Etymotic research</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ER3A</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Software for visual and auditory stimulation</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Neurobehavioral Systems</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Presentation</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Electrode gel</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Parker Laboratories, INC</td>
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			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Double sided tape</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">1522</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Disposable syringe</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Monoject</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">412 Curved Tip</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Analog input device</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">National Instuments&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">PCI-6036E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Degital output device</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Measurement computing</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">USB-1208FS</td>
			<td></td>
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</table>

somatosensory event-related potentials from orofacial skin stretch stimulation

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of providing precise and controlled stimulation. This article introduces a technique for recording somatosensory event-related potentials (ERP) that uses a novel mechanical stimulation method involving skin deformation using a robotic device. Controlled deformation of the facial skin is used to modulate kinesthetic inputs through excitation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors. By combining somatosensory stimulation with electroencephalographic recording, somatosensory evoked responses can be successfully measured at the level of the cortex. Somatosensory stimulation can be combined with the stimulation of other sensory modalities to assess multisensory interactions. For speech, orofacial stimulation is combined with speech sound stimulation to assess the contribution of multi-sensory processing including the effects of timing differences. The ability to precisely control orofacial somatosensory stimulation during speech perception and speech production with ERP recording is an important tool that provides new insight into the neural organization and neural representations for speech.

이 섹션은 얼굴 피부 변형으로 인한 체성 감각 자극에 응답 대표 사건 관련 전위를 제공합니다. 실험 장치는도 1에 표시된다. 정현파 자극 경구 각도 (기준으로도 3a 참조) 얼굴 피부 측에 적용 하였다. 백 스트레치 시험은 총 시험 12 참가자들과 각 참가자를 남겼습니다. 오프라인 수평 및 수직 oculography 전기 신호에 기초하여 깜박 안구 운동 아티팩...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation at JoVE.com

Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

구강 안면 피부 스트레치 자극에서 체성 감각 이벤트 관련 우수

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of ...

somatosensory-event-related-potentials-from-orofacial-skin-stretch

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.1K 조회수.  Haskins Laboratories. This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

비디오: Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

High Density Event-related Potential  Data Acquisition in Cognitive Neuroscience

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part because fMRI data acquisition and analysis techniques are readily available. Because fMRI has excellent spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution, this method can only be used to identify the spatial location of brain activity associated with a given cognitive process (and reveals virtually nothing about the time course of brain activity). By contrast, event-related potential (ERP) recording, a method that is used much less frequently than fMRI, has excellent temporal resolution and thus can track rapid temporal modulations in neural activity. Unfortunately, ERPs are under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and low density ERP recording has poor spatial resolution. In an effort to foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition. Critically, high density ERPs offer the promise of excellent temporal resolution and good spatial resolution (or excellent spatial resolution if coupled with fMRI), which is necessary to capture the spatial-temporal dynamics of human brain function.

Event-related potential (ERP) recording is under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and this method often has poor spatial resolution. To foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition.

고밀도 이벤트 관련인지 신경 과학 잠재적인 데이터 수집

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part ...

연구

신경과학

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

기본 모드 네트워크를 검사하기 위해 Transcranial 자석 자극과 fMRI를 결합

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS display abnormalities in the expression of FMR1 - a protein required for typical, healthy neural development.3 Recent data has suggested that the loss of this protein can cause the cortex to be hyperexcitable thereby affecting overall patterns of neural plasticity.4,5
In addition, Fragile X shows a strong comorbidity with autism: in fact, 30% of children with FXS are diagnosed with autism, and 2 - 5% of autistic children suffer from FXS.6
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses 7,8) represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and the manifestations of FXS within affected individuals. More specifically, Theta-Burst Stimulation (TBS), a specific stimulatory protocol shown to modulate cortical plasticity for a duration up to 30 minutes after stimulation cessation in healthy populations, has already proven an efficacious tool in the exploration of abnormal plasticity.9,10 
Recent studies have shown the effects of TBS last considerably longer in individuals on the autistic spectrum - up to 90 minutes.11 This extended effect-duration suggests an underlying abnormality in the brain's natural plasticity state in autistic individuals - similar to the hyperexcitability induced by Fragile X Syndrome.
In this experiment, utilizing single-pulse motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) as our benchmark, we will explore the effects of both intermittent and continuous TBS on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from FXS and individuals on the Autistic Spectrum.

In this article, we examine the effects of Theta-Burst TMS stimulation on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from Fragile X syndrome and individuals on the autistic spectrum.

TMS : 연약한 X 증후군 및 자폐증과 개인의 소성의 Mechasnism를 탐험하는 세타 - 버스트 프로토콜을 사용하여

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a non-invasive and safe alternative to change cortical excitability2. The effects of one session of tDCS can last for several minutes, and its effects depend on polarity of stimulation, such as that cathodal stimulation induces a decrease in cortical excitability, and anodal stimulation induces an increase in cortical excitability that may last beyond the duration of stimulation6. These effects have been explored in cognitive neuroscience and also clinically in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders &#x2013; especially when applied over several consecutive sessions4. One area that has been attracting attention of neuroscientists and clinicians is the use of tDCS for modulation of pain-related neural networks3,5. Modulation of two main cortical areas in pain research has been explored: primary motor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex7. Due to the critical role of electrode montage, in this article, we show different alternatives for electrode placement for tDCS clinical trials on pain; discussing advantages and disadvantages of each method of stimulation.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an established technique to modulate cortical excitability1,2. It has been used as an investigative tool in neuroscience due to its effects on cortical plasticity, easy operation, and safe profile. One area that tDCS has been showing encouraging results is pain alleviation 3-5.

Transcranial 직접 전류 자극의 전극 위치와 몬티지

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a ...

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain signal. Typically, researchers represent the brain's response as the mean across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal fluctuations over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that brain signal variability conveys meaningful functional information about neural network dynamics. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy (MSE) for quantifying brain signal variability. MSE may be particularly informative of neural network dynamics because it shows timescale dependence and sensitivity to linear and nonlinear dynamics in the data.

Neuroimaging researchers typically consider the brain's response as the mean activity across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal variability over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that there is signal in that noise. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy for quantifying brain signal variability in the time domain.

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain ...

Optogenetic Activation of Zebrafish Somatosensory Neurons using ChEF-tdTomato

Larval zebrafish are emerging as a model for describing the development and function of simple neural circuits. Due to their external fertilization, rapid development, and translucency, zebrafish are particularly well suited for optogenetic approaches to investigate neural circuit function. In this approach, light-sensitive ion channels are expressed in specific neurons, enabling the experimenter to activate or inhibit them at will and thus assess their contribution to specific behaviors. Applying these methods in larval zebrafish is conceptually simple but requires the optimization of technical details. Here we demonstrate a procedure for expressing a channelrhodopsin variant in larval zebrafish somatosensory neurons, photo-activating single cells, and recording the resulting behaviors. By introducing a few modifications to previously established methods, this approach could be used to elicit behavioral responses from single neurons activated up to at least 4 days post-fertilization (dpf). Specifically, we created a transgene using a somatosensory neuron enhancer, CREST3, to drive the expression of the tagged channelrhodopsin variant, ChEF-tdTomato. Injecting this transgene into 1-cell stage embryos results in mosaic expression in somatosensory neurons, which can be imaged with confocal microscopy. Illuminating identified cells in these animals with light from a 473 nm DPSS laser, guided through a fiber optic cable, elicits behaviors that can be recorded with a high-speed video camera and analyzed quantitatively. This technique could be adapted to study behaviors elicited by activating any zebrafish neuron. Combining this approach with genetic or pharmacological perturbations will be a powerful way to investigate circuit formation and function.

Optogenetic techniques have made it possible to study the contribution of specific neurons to behavior. We describe a method in larval zebrafish for activating single somatosensory neurons expressing a channelrhodopsin variant (ChEF) with a diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) laser and recording the elicited behaviors with a high-speed video camera.

요리사 tdTomato를 사용하여 Zebrafish Somatosensory의 뉴런의 Optogenetic 활성화

Larval  zebrafish are emerging as a model for describing the development and function  of simple neural circuits. Due to their  external fertilization, ...

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological effects. Specifically, by creating a transient interference with the normal activity of a target region and measuring changes in an electrophysiological signal, we can establish a causal link between the stimulated brain area or network and the electrophysiological signal that we record. If target brain areas are functionally defined with prior fMRI scan, TMS could be used to link the fMRI activations with evoked potentials recorded. However, conducting such experiments presents significant technical challenges given the high amplitude artifacts introduced into the EEG signal by the magnetic pulse, and the difficulty to successfully target areas that were functionally defined by fMRI. Here we describe a methodology for combining these three common tools: TMS, EEG, and fMRI. We explain how to guide the stimulator&#39;s coil to the desired target area using anatomical or functional MRI data, how to record EEG during concurrent TMS, how to design an ERP study suitable for EEG-TMS combination and how to extract reliable ERP from the recorded data. We will provide representative results from a previously published study, in which fMRI-guided TMS was used concurrently with EEG to show that the face-selective N1 and the body-selective N1 component of the ERP are associated with distinct neural networks in extrastriate cortex. This method allows us to combine the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of TMS and EEG and therefore obtain a comprehensive understanding of the neural basis of various cognitive processes.

This paper describes a method for collecting and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) data during concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) guided by activations revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A method for TMS artifact removal and extraction of event related potentials is described as well as considerations in paradigm design and experimental setup.

fMRI를 유도 경 두개 자기 자극하는 동안 기록 된 EEG 데이터에서 시각 유발 전위를 추출

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological ...

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed single-neuron activity while animals are acquiring an operantly conditioned response, or when that response is extinguished. But even in these cases, observation periods usually encompass only a single stage of learning, i.e. acquisition or extinction, but not both (exceptions include protocols employing reversal learning; see Bingman&#160;et al.1 for an example). However, acquisition and extinction entail different learning mechanisms and are therefore expected to be accompanied by different types and/or loci of neural plasticity.
Accordingly, we developed a behavioral paradigm which institutes three stages of learning in a single behavioral session and which is well suited for the simultaneous recording of single neurons&#39; action potentials. Animals are trained on a single-interval forced choice task which requires mapping each of two possible choice responses to the presentation of different novel visual stimuli (acquisition). After having reached a predefined performance criterion, one of the two choice responses is no longer reinforced (extinction). Following a certain decrement in performance level, correct responses are reinforced again (reacquisition). By using a new set of stimuli in every session, animals can undergo the acquisition-extinction-reacquisition process repeatedly. Because all three stages of learning occur in a single behavioral session, the paradigm is ideal for the simultaneous observation of the spiking output of multiple single neurons. We use pigeons as model systems, but the task can easily be adapted to any other species capable of conditioned discrimination learning.

Recording Single Neurons&#039; Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

Learning new stimulus-response associations engages a wide range of neural processes which are ultimately reflected in changing spike output of individual neurons. Here we describe a behavioral protocol allowing for the continuous registration of single-neuron activity while animals acquire, extinguish, and reacquire a conditioned response within a single experimental session.

자유롭게 학습의 세 단계에 걸쳐 비둘기를 이동에서 단일 신경 세포 &#39;활동 전위를 기록

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed ...

Analysis of Developing Tooth Germ Innervation Using Microfluidic Co-culture Devices

Innervation plays a key role in the development, homeostasis and regeneration of organs and tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena are not well understood yet. In particular, the role of innervation in tooth development and regeneration is neglected.
Several in vivo studies have provided important information about the patterns of innervation of dental tissues during development and repair processes of various animal models. However, most of these approaches are not optimal to highlight the molecular basis of the interactions between nerve fibres and target organs and tissues.
Co-cultures constitute a valuable method to investigate and manipulate the interactions between nerve fibres and teeth in a controlled and isolated environment. In the last decades, conventional co-cultures using the same culture medium have been performed for very short periods (e.g., two days) to investigate the attractive or repulsive effects of developing oral and dental tissues on sensory nerve fibres. However, extension of the culture period is required to investigate the effects of innervation on tooth morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation.
Microfluidics systems allow co-cultures of neurons and different cell types in their appropriate culture media. We have recently demonstrated that trigeminal ganglia (TG) and teeth are able to survive for a long period of time when co-cultured in microfluidic devices, and that they maintain in these conditions the same innervation pattern that they show in vivo.
On this basis, we describe how to isolate and co-culture developing trigeminal ganglia and tooth germs in a microfluidic co-culture system.This protocol describes a simple and flexible way to co-culture ganglia/nerves and target tissues and to study the roles of specific molecules on such interactions in a controlled and isolated environment.

Co-cultures represent a valuable method to study the interactions between nerves and target tissues and organs. Microfluidic systems allow co-culturing ganglia and whole developing organs or tissues in different culture media, thus representing a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the crosstalk between neurons and their targets.

미세 유체 공동 문화 장치를 사용하여 치아 세균 신경 분포를 개발 분석

Innervation plays a key role in the development, homeostasis and regeneration of organs and tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena ...

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen in one of two adjacent rooms. These rooms are separated by a glass window through which participants communicate to maintain feelings of togetherness while being fitted with the EEG cap. After checking for adequate EEG signals, the glass is covered by a curtain to prevent visual communication. Then, partners must be silent but are instructed to try to feel in the presence of their partner during the entire experiment. Just before it starts, participants are told that each of them will be presented with one image at a time and that these images will occur at the same time for both of them on their own screen. They are also instructed that, for each trial, the simultaneous images will always be different. However, unbeknownst to them, trials are randomized: only half of them are consistent with this instruction and actually include two different images. These trials form the DSC, that is, the different-stimuli condition. The other half of the trials are inconsistent with the instruction. They include two identical images and form the ISC (identical-stimuli condition). After the experiment, participants are sorted into two groups: those who reported that they felt in the presence of their partner during the majority of the trials and those who reported they did not. The impact of the stimulus processing of the partner is found by subtracting the mean voltages of the ERPs of the ISC (inconsistent with the instructions) from the ERPs of the DSC (consistent with the instructions) in at least two time windows (TWs): firstly, in the 75 to 150 ms TW, where the absolute values of these subtractions are greater, especially at right frontal sites, in those who felt in the presence of their partner than in those who did not; secondly, in the LPP time window (i.e., from 650 to 950 ms post onset), where ERPs are significantly less positive in the DSC than in the ISC in those in whom the raw results of the early (75-150ms) subtractions are negative.

This protocol describes key steps involved in assessing the sensitivity of the brain of one person to the stimulus processing of a close other by selecting pairs of partners, recording their electroencephalogram (EEG) simultaneously and computing their event-related brain potentials (ERPs).

찾을 효과의 자극에 대 한 처리 이벤트 관련 뇌 전위의 가까운 다른 사람을 어떻게 때 Hyperscanning 파트너

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen ...