저자는 감사 공군 연구소 계약 FA8650-14-C-6571에서와 DAQRI LLC에서 재정 지원을 인정합니다.

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저자는 공개 아무것도 없어.

각각의 장치의 설계는 두 가지 중요한 단계, 프로톤 교환 및 LOR 개발을 갖는다. 이들의, 양자 교환 시간은 결국 누설 모드 천이 제어 가능한 주파수 대역폭, 광의 각 색마다 중요한 설계 파라미터로 유도 수를 결정 도파로의 깊이를 결정한다. 빨간색 두 가이드 모드가 요구된다. 이상이 다음에 해당하는 경우 대역폭이 희생된다. 작은 존재가 일절가 새는 모드 전환을 유도하는 경우 보장되지 않습?...

이러한 픽셀 화 광 밸브뿐만 아니라 MEMS 디바이스 및 벌크 파 음향 광학 변조기와 같은 대부분의 홀로 그래픽 디스플레이 기술은, 그 개발에 광범위 참여를 허용하기에 너무 복잡하다. 픽셀 화 조절, 필터 층과 활성 다시 비행기와 특히 5를 구축하는 패터닝 단계의 수십 필요할 수 있습니다 및 팬 아웃 (6)에 의해 제한 될 수 있습니다. 상기 장치의 복잡성 높은 패터닝 수가 단계 이상, 엄격한 제조 프로토콜은 적절한 디바이스 수율 7을 달성해야한다. 벌크 파 음향 광학 변조기는 기반 프로세스 8,9을 웨이퍼에 자신을 빌려하지 않습니다. 이방성 누설 모드 조절제 그러나 제조 상대적 표준 마이크로 제작 기술을 이용할 10,11 두 개의 패터닝 단계를 필요로한다. 적당한 제조 시설 어떠한 기관 (H)의 개발에 참여하는 이러한 프로세스의 액세스가 가능하게olographic 비디오 디스플레이 기술 (12). 장치의 적절한 기능을주의 깊게 측정되고, 원하는 소자 특성을 얻기 위해 조정되어야 도파로 따라 크게 의존으로 소자 제조의 단순하지만 재미있는 일 수있다. 도파가 너무 깊은 경우, 예를 들어, 장치의 동작 대역폭은 13 좁아 질 것이다. 도파관 너무 얕은 경우, 장치는 적색 조명 작동하지 않을 수있다. 도파가 너무 오랫동안 어닐링하면, 도파로의 깊이 프로파일의 형상이 왜곡되며, 적색, 녹색 및 청색 변환은 주파수 영역 (14)에 인접하게 앉을 수있다. 이 연구에서 저자는이 특성을 수행 할 도구와 기술을 제시한다. 프로톤은 니오브 산 리튬 기판 (15, 16)을 컷 X, 압전체의 표면에 indiffused 도파로 교환의 누설 모드 변조기로 구성된다. 일단도파관은 알루미늄 인터 디지털 트랜스 듀서 인의도 1 참조. 광은 프리즘 커플러 (17)를 이용하여 도파로 안으로 도입된다. 변환기는 y 축을 따라 광 도파로 contralinearly 상호 탄성 표면파 시작. 대량으로 도파관 밖으로 누출 마지막 가장자리에서 기판을 종료 새는 모드로 빛을 안내 이러한 상호 작용의 커플 (18, 19)에 직면 해있다. 이러한 상호 작용은 TM이 새는 모드 편광에 TE 편광 안내 빛의 편광을 회전합니다. 탄성 표면파 패턴 홀로그램이며, 홀로그램 스캐닝 및 이미지를 형성하는 출력 광을 형성 할 수있다. 도파관은 양성자 교환에 의해 생성된다. 먼저, 알루미늄 기판 상에 증착된다. 이어서 알루미늄 도파로 채널이 될 기판의 영역을 노출하는 포토 리소그래피 및 에칭을 패터닝한다. 나머지 알루미늄 하드의 역할마스크. 기판은 노출 된 영역에서의 표면의 인덱스를 변경 벤조산의 융액에 침지된다. 장치가 제거 및 세척 머플로에서 어닐링된다. 도파관의 최종 깊이를 누설 모드 전환의 수를 결정한다. 도파로의 깊이는, 각 색 (4)의 각 안내 투 모드 천이의 주파수를 결정한다. 알루미늄 변환기는 리프트 오프에 의해 형성된다. 도파로가 형성된 후, E-빔은 기판 상에 스핀 레지스트. 인터 디지털 트랜스 듀서는 도파관 장치의 색상을 제어하는​​ 책임이 200 MHz 대역에 응답하도록 설계된 처핑 변환기를 형성하기 위해 전자 빔을 패터닝한다. 손가락 기간 Λƒ = 손가락 기간이며, Λ V, V에 의해 결정되는, ƒ, 무선 주파수 (RF)는이고, 상기 기판의 음속이고. 트랜스 듀서는 효율적인 운영 20 75 옴 일치해야 임피던스를해야합니다. &lt;리키 모드 상호 작용으로 유도 P 클래스 = &quot;jove_content는&quot;&gt; 조명광의 다른 파장에 대해 서로 다른 주파수 및 적색, 녹색 및 청색 광 주파수 영역에서 제어 될 수있는 결과로 발생한다. 탄성 표면파 패턴이 빗형 전극에 전송되는 RF 신호에 의해 생성된다. 입력 신호의 RF 탄성 표면파 패턴의 공간 주파수로 변환. 저주파 신호가 붉은 빛의 각도 스위프 및 진폭을 조절하도록 중간 주파수 그린 광을 제어하고 고주파 청색광을 제어하면서 도파로가 제조 될 수있다. 저자들은 이러한 상호 작용의 세 가지 주파수 영역에서 분리되고 인접되도록 도파로 파라미터 세트를 식별 그래서 3 색은 범용 그래픽 처리 장치의 최대 대역폭 (단일​​ 200 MHz의 신호에 의해 제어 될 수 있다는 GPU를). GPU를 채널의 대역폭을 일치하여새는 모드 변조기의에, 시스템이 완전히 병렬 및 확장 성이 뛰어난된다. 의 GPU 및 누설 모드 변조기 채널의 대역폭이 일치하는 쌍을 추가함으로써, 하나는 임의의 크기의 홀로그램 디스플레이를 구성 할 수있다. 장치를 만든 후, 그것을 신중하게 안내 - 투 - 누설 모드 전환을위한 주파수 색상의 주파수 제어에 적합한 지 확인하는 것을 특징으로한다. 우선, 가이드 모드의 위치는 도파로 적절한 깊이와 가이드 모드 중 정확한 번호가 있는지 확인 상업적 프리즘 커플러에 의해 결정된다. 장치가 장착되고 패키지 된 후,이어서, 이들은 스캔 출력 광의 입력 주파수 매핑 정의 프리즘 커플러에 배치된다. 결과 데이터는 주파수 응답 및 입력 장치가 테스트 될 때까지 적색, 녹색 및 청색 광에 대한 각 출력 응답을 준다. 장치가 올바르게 조립되어있는 경우, 디바이스 입력 응답이 분리 될주파수 및 출력 응답은 각도 중첩 될 것이다. 이것이 확인되면, 상기 장치는 홀로 그래픽 비디오 디스플레이에 사용하기위한 준비가되어있다. 기기가 포장되기 전에 첫 번째 측정이 일어난다. 도파관 깊이 상업적 프리즘 커플러에 의해 결정된다. 이것은 단지 하나의 조명 파장이 달성 될 수있다 (일반적으로 632 nm의 적색)하지만 저자는 적색, 녹색 및 청색 광에 대한 모드 정보를 수집 할 수 있도록 상업 프리즘 커플러를 수정했다. 패키징 한 후, 장치는 RF 입력의 함수로서 편향된 출력 광 기록 맞춤 프리즘 커플러의 두 번째 측정을 거친다. 이러한 측정의 상세한 설명은 다음과 같다. 제조 단계도 제공됩니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>X-Cut Lithium Niobate</td><td>Gooch and Housego</td><td>99-00630-01</td><td>Lithium Niobate 3&amp;Prime; Diameter X-CUT Wafer 1&amp;nbsp;mm Polish/Polish</td></tr><tr><td>Positive Photo Resist 1</td><td>EMD Performance Materials</td><td>AZ 3330 F Photoresist</td><td>Used in the creation of the proton exchange mask</td></tr><tr><td>Photoresist Developer</td><td>EMD Performance Materials</td><td>AZ MIF 300</td><td>Develops AZ3330 and LOR 3A</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminium</td><td>International Advanced Materials</td><td>AL13</td><td>99.999% pure</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminium Etch</td><td>Transene</td><td>Type A Aluminum Etchant</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Benzoic Acid</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>109479-500G</td><td>99% pure</td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Fisher Chemical</td><td>UN1009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IPA</td><td>Fisher Chemical</td><td>UN1219</td><td>99.5% pure isopropyl alcohol</td></tr><tr><td>Acidic Piranha etch</td><td>Cyantek Corperation</td><td>Nanostrip</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Under Layer Resist</td><td>Micro Chem</td><td>LOR 3A</td><td>Bottom layer used for liftoff</td></tr><tr><td>Positive Photo Resist</td><td>Micro Chem</td><td>950 PMMA A9</td><td>Top layer used for liftoff</td></tr><tr><td>Anisole</td><td>Micro Chem</td><td>A Thinner</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Conductive polymer aqueous solution</td><td>Mitsubishi Rayon Company</td><td>AquaSAVE</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MIBK (4-methyl-2-pentanone)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>360511</td><td>Develops PMMA</td></tr><tr><td>NMP (1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>328634</td><td>Used for liftoff</td></tr><tr><td>E-beam Evaporator&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Denton Vacuum&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Integrity 20</td><td>Any equivalent equipment would suffice.</td></tr><tr><td>Thin Film Spinner</td><td>Laurell Technologies Corporation</td><td>WS-400A-6NPP-LITE</td><td>Any equivalent equipment would suffice.</td></tr><tr><td>Mask Aligner&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Karl Suss America Inc.</td><td>MA 150 CC</td><td>Any equivalent equipment would suffice.</td></tr><tr><td>Automatic Dicing Saw&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Disco Corperation</td><td>Disco Dad 320</td><td>Any equivalent equipment would suffice.</td></tr><tr><td>Muffle Furnace</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>FB1415M</td><td>Any equivalent equipment would suffice.</td></tr><tr><td>Electron Microscope</td><td>FEI</td><td>XL30 ESEM</td><td>Any equivalent equipment would suffice.</td></tr><tr><td>Dehydration Oven</td><td>Lab-Line Instruments&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Ultra-Clean 100&amp;nbsp; (3497M-3)</td><td>Any equivalent equipment would suffice.</td></tr><tr><td>Hot Plate</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>SP131325</td><td>Any equivalent equipment would suffice.</td></tr><tr><td>Polisher</td><td>Ultra Tec Mfg., Inc.</td><td>Ultrapol End &amp;amp; Edge Polisher</td><td>Any equivalent equipment would suffice.</td></tr><tr><td>Class IIIb 12&amp;nbsp;V RBG Lasers: Wavelengths (nm): 638, 532, and 445</td><td></td><td></td><td>Bought second-hand. Probably pulled from a laser projector. Any equivalent equipment would suffice.</td></tr><tr><td>Signal Generator</td><td>Agilent</td><td>8648D</td><td>Now found at Keysight. Obsolete. Any equivalent equipment would suffice. Needed Frequency sweep 9 kHz-1,000 MHz.</td></tr><tr><td>Signal Amplifier</td><td>Mini-Circuits</td><td>TB-17</td><td>Necessary only to overcome the limitations of the signal generator.</td></tr><tr><td>Power Meter Controller</td><td>ThorLabs</td><td>PM100D</td><td>With power meter model S130C. Any equivalent equipment would suffice. Needed sensitivity 500&amp;nbsp;pW.</td></tr><tr><td>Linear Actuator Controller</td><td>Newport</td><td>ESP7000</td><td>With linear actuator model MFN25PP. Any equivalent equipment would suffice. Needs 0.1&amp;nbsp;mm accuracy.</td></tr><tr><td>AutomatedDeviceCharacterization.vi&amp;nbsp;</td><td>LabView</td><td>Experimental Control Software by BYU</td><td>Found in the appendix</td></tr><tr><td>CompareWDMmodes.m</td><td>MATLab</td><td>Analytical Software by BYU</td><td>Found in the appendix</td></tr></tbody></table>

characterization of anisotropic leaky mode modulators for holovideo

Holovideo displays are based on light-bending spatial light modulators. One such spatial light modulator is the anisotropic leaky mode modulator. This modulator is particularly well suited for holographic video experimentation as it is relatively simple and inexpensive to fabricate1-3. Some additional advantages of leaky mode devices include: large aggregate bandwidth, polarization separation of signal light from noise, large angular deflection and frequency control of color1. In order to realize these advantages, it is necessary to be able to adequately characterize these devices as their operation is strongly dependent on waveguide and transducer parameters4. To characterize the modulators, the authors use a commercial prism coupler as well as a custom characterization apparatus to identify guided modes, calculate waveguide thickness and finally to map the device's frequency input and angular output of leaky mode modulators. This work gives a detailed description of the measurement and characterization of leaky mode modulators suitable for full-color holographic video.

프로토콜의 원리의 결과는 상기도 2에서, 단일 주파수에 나타낸 상업적 프리즘 커플러로부터 유도 모드로 측정하며, 상기 커스터마이즈 프리즘 커플러로부터 수집 된 원시 입력 / 출력 데이터는도 8에 도시 다색 곡선은도 9에 도시. 다음 단락에서 우리는 이러한 출력의 각에 의해 생성 된 실행 가능한 정보에 대해 설명합니다. <p cla...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo at JoVE.com

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Holovideo에 대한 이방성 새는 모드 변조기의 특성

This work describes fabrication and characterization of anisotropic leaky mode modulators for holographic video.

Holovideo displays are based on light-bending spatial light modulators.  One such spatial light modulator is the anisotropic leaky mode modulator.  This ...

characterization-of-anisotropic-leaky-mode-modulators-for-holovideo

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

7.9K 조회수.  Brigham Young University. This work describes fabrication and characterization of anisotropic leaky mode modulators for holographic video.

비디오: Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors

Optical modes of dielectric micro-cavities have received significant attention in recent years for their potential in a broad range of applications. The optical modes are frequently referred to as "whispering gallery modes" (WGM) or "morphology dependent resonances" (MDR) and exhibit high optical quality factors. Some proposed applications of micro-cavity optical resonators are in spectroscopy1, micro-cavity laser technology2, optical communications3-6 as well as sensor technology. The WGM-based sensor applications include those in biology7, trace gas detection8, and impurity detection in liquids9. Mechanical sensors based on microsphere resonators have also been proposed, including those for force10,11, pressure12, acceleration13 and wall shear stress14. In the present, we demonstrate a WGM-based electric field sensor, which builds on our previous studies15,16. A candidate application of this sensor is in the detection of neuronal action potential.
The electric field sensor is based on polymeric multi-layered dielectric microspheres. The external electric field induces surface and body forces on the spheres (electrostriction effect) leading to elastic deformation. This change in the morphology of the spheres, leads to shifts in the WGM. The electric field-induced WGM shifts are interrogated by exciting the optical modes of the spheres by laser light. Light from a distributed feedback (DFB) laser (nominal wavelength of ~ 1.3 &mu;m) is side-coupled into the microspheres using a tapered section of a single mode optical fiber. The base material of the spheres is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Three microsphere geometries are used: (1) PDMS sphere with a 60:1 volumetric ratio of base-to-curing agent mixture, (2) multi layer sphere with 60:1 PDMS core, in order to increase the dielectric constant of the sphere, a middle layer of 60:1 PDMS that is mixed with varying amounts (2% to 10% by volume) of barium titanate and an outer layer of 60:1 PDMS and (3) solid silica sphere coated with a thin layer of uncured PDMS base. In each type of sensor, laser light from the tapered fiber is coupled into the outermost layer that provides high optical quality factor WGM (Q ~ 106). The microspheres are poled for several hours at electric fields of ~ 1 MV/m to increase their sensitivity to electric field.

A high-sensitivity photonic micro sensor was developed for electric field detection. The sensor exploits the optical modes of a dielectric sphere. Changes in the external electric field perturb the sphere morphology leading to shifts in its optical modes. The electric field strength is measured by monitoring these optical shifts.

갤러리 모드 고분자 마이크로 광 전기장 센서 글린의 개발

Optical modes of dielectric micro-cavities have received significant attention in recent years for their potential in a broad range of applications. The ...

연구

공학

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Today's telecommunication is based on optical packets which transmit the information in optical fiber networks around the world. Currently, the processing of the signals is done in the electrical domain. Direct storage in the optical domain would avoid the transfer of the packets to the electrical and back to the optical domain in every network node and, therefore, increase the speed and possibly reduce the energy consumption of telecommunications. However, light consists of photons which propagate with the speed of light in vacuum. Thus, the storage of light is a big challenge. There exist some methods to slow down the speed of the light, or to store it in excitations of a medium. However, these methods cannot be used for the storage of optical data packets used in telecommunications networks. Here we show how the time-frequency-coherence, which holds for every signal and therefore for optical packets as well, can be exploited to build an optical memory. We will review the background and show in detail and through examples, how a frequency comb can be used for the copying of an optical packet which enters the memory. One of these time domain copies is then extracted from the memory by a time domain switch. We will show this method for intensity as well as for phase modulated signals.

The article describes a procedure to store optical data packets with an arbitrary modulation, wavelength, and data rate. These packets are the basis of modern telecommunications.

Today's telecommunication is based on optical packets which transmit the information in optical fiber networks around the world. Currently, the processing ...

Compact Lens-less Digital Holographic Microscope for MEMS Inspection and Characterization

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and automotive. However, effective inspection and characterization metrology systems are needed to ensure the functional reliability of MEMS. This study presents a system based on digital holography as a tool for MEMS metrology. Digital holography has gained increasing attention in the past 20 years. With the fast development and decreasing cost of sensor arrays, resolution of such systems has increased broadening potential applications. Thus, it has attracted attention from both research and industry sides as a potential reliable tool for industrial metrology. Indeed, by recording the interference pattern between an object beam (which contains sample height information) and a reference beam on a CCD camera, one can retrieve the quantitative phase information of an object. However, most of digital holographic systems are bulky and thus not easy to implement on industry production lines. The novelty of the system presented is that it is lens-less and thus very compact. In this study, it is shown that the Compact Digital Holographic Microscope (CDHM) can be used to evaluate several characteristics typically consider as criteria in MEMS inspections. The surface profiles of MEMS in both static and dynamic conditions are presented. Comparison with AFM is investigated to validate the accuracy of the CDHM.

We present a compact reflection digital holographic system (CDHM) for inspection and characterization of MEMS devices. A lens-less design using a diverging input wave providing natural geometrical magnification is demonstrated. Both static and dynamic studies are presented.

MEMS 검사 및 특성화를위한 소형 렌즈가없는 디지털 홀로그램 현미경

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and ...

Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements

When a laser is mode-locked, it emits a train of ultra-short pulses at a repetition rate determined by the laser cavity length. This article outlines a new and inexpensive procedure to force mode locking in a pre-adjusted nonlinear polarization rotation fiber laser. This procedure is based on the detection of a sudden change in the output polarization state when mode locking occurs. This change is used to command the alignment of the intra-cavity polarization controller in order to find mode-locking conditions. More specifically, the value of the first Stokes parameter varies when the angle of the polarization controller is swept and, moreover, it undergoes an abrupt variation when the laser enters the mode-locked state. Monitoring this abrupt variation provides a practical easy-to-detect signal that can be used to command the alignment of the polarization controller and drive the laser towards mode locking. This monitoring is achieved by feeding a small portion of the signal to a polarization analyzer measuring the first Stokes parameter. A sudden change in the read out of this parameter from the analyzer will occur when the laser enters the mode-locked state. At this moment, the required angle of the polarization controller is kept fixed. The alignment is completed. This procedure provides an alternate way to existing automating procedures that use equipment such as an optical spectrum analyzer, an RF spectrum analyzer, a photodiode connected to an electronic pulse-counter or a nonlinear detecting scheme based on two-photon absorption or second harmonic generation. It is suitable for lasers mode locked by nonlinear polarization rotation. It is relatively easy to implement, it requires inexpensive means, especially at a wavelength of 1550 nm, and it lowers the production and operation costs incurred in comparison to the above-mentioned techniques.

A protocol to detect and automate mode locking in a pre-adjusted nonlinear polarization rotation fiber laser is presented. The detection of a sudden change in the output polarization state when mode locking occurs is used to command the alignment of an intra-cavity polarization controller in order to find mode-locking conditions.

출력 편광 측정을 통해 비선형 편광 회전 광섬유 레이저의 모드 잠금의 자동화

When a laser is mode-locked, it emits a train of ultra-short pulses at a repetition rate determined by the laser cavity length. This article outlines a ...

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Here, we demonstrate the advantages of the laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) over conventional techniques (the network analyzer), as well as the techniques to create an application-based microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) filter and how to use it efficiently (i.e., tuning the tuning-capability and avoiding both failure and stiction). LDV enables crucial measurements that are impossible with the network analyzer, such as higher mode detection (highly sensitive biosensor application) and resonance measurement for very small devices (fast prototyping). Accordingly, LDV was used to characterize the frequency tuning range and resonance frequency at different modes of the MEMS filters built for this study. This wide range frequency tuning mechanism is based simply on Joule heating from the embedded heaters and relatively high thermal stress with respect to the temperature of a fixed-fixed beam. However, we demonstrate that another limitation of this method is the resulting high thermal stress, which can burn the devices. Further improvement was achieved and shown for the first time in this study, such that the tuning capability was increased by 32% through an increase in the applied DC bias voltage (25 V to 35 V) between the two adjacent beams. This important finding eliminates the need for the extra Joule heating at the wider frequency tuning range. Another possible failure is through stiction and requirement of structure optimization: We propose a simple and easy technique of low frequency square wave signal application that can successfully separate the beams and eliminates the need for the more sophisticated and complicated methods given in the literature. The above findings necessitate a design methodology, and so we also provide an application-based design.

A protocol for a fixed-fixed beam design using a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV), including the measurement of frequency tuning, modification of tuning capability, and avoidance of device failure and stiction, is presented. The superiority of the LDV method over the network analyzer is demonstrated due to its higher mode capability.

설계 및 효율적인 넓은 범위 가변 MEMS 필터 특성 방법론

Here, we demonstrate the advantages of the laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) over conventional techniques (the network analyzer), as well as the techniques ...

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

We demonstrate a method for fabricating a prototype reflective display device that contains cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) as an active component. The cholesteric LC is composed of a nematic LC 4&#39;-pentyloxy-4-cyanobiphenyl (5OCB), redox-responsive chiral dopant (FcD), and a supporting electrolyte 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EMIm-OTf). The most important component is FcD. This molecule changes its helical twisting power (HTP) value in response to redox reactions. Therefore, in situ electrochemical redox reactions in the LC mixture allow for the device to change its reflection color in response to electrical stimuli. The LC mixture was introduced, by a capillary action, into a sandwich-type ITO glass cell comprising two glass slides with patterned indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, one of which was coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-co-poly(ethylene glycol) doped with perchlorate (PEDOT+). Upon application of +1.5 V, the reflection color of the device changed from blue (467 nm) to green (485 nm) in 0.4 s. Subsequent application of 0 V made the device recover the original blue color in 2.7 s. This device is characterized by its fastest electrical response and lowest operating voltage among any previously reported cholesteric LC device. This device could pave the way for the development of next generation reflective displays with low energy consumption rates.

A protocol for the fabrication of a reflective cholesteric liquid crystalline display device containing a redox-responsive chiral dopant allowing quick and low-voltage operation is presented.

전기 화학 Cholesteric 액체 결정 장치를 신속 하 고 낮은 전압 색깔 변조에 대 한

We demonstrate a method for fabricating a prototype reflective display device that contains cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) as an active component. The ...

화학

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

The aim of this article is to visually demonstrate the utilization of an interferometric method for encoding complex fields associated with coherent laser radiation. The method is based on the coherent sum of two uniform waves, previously encoded into a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) by spatial multiplexing of their phases. Here, the interference process is carried out by spatial filtering of light frequencies at the Fourier plane of certain imaging system. The correct implementation of this method allows arbitrary phase and amplitude information to be retrieved at the output of the optical system.
It is an on-axis, rather than off-axis encoding technique, with a direct processing algorithm (not an iterative loop), and free from coherent noise (speckle). The complex field can be exactly retrieved at the output of the optical system, except for some loss of resolution due to the frequency filtering process. The main limitation of the method might come from the inability to operate at frequency rates higher than the refresh rate of the SLM. Applications include, but are not limited to, linear and non-linear microscopy, beam shaping, or laser micro-processing of material surfaces.

We show how to encode the complex field of laser beams by using a single phase element. A common-path interferometer is employed to mix the phase information displayed into a phase-only spatial light modulator to finally retrieve the desired complex field pattern at the output of an optical imaging system.

진폭 및 위상 레이저 광선의 위상 전용 공간 가벼운 변조기를 사용 하 여 형성

The aim of this article is to visually demonstrate the utilization of an interferometric method for encoding complex fields associated with coherent laser ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Thickness Mode Piezoelectric Devices for Atomization and Acoustofluidics

We present a technique to fabricate simple thickness mode piezoelectric devices using lithium niobate (LN). Such devices have been shown to atomize liquid more efficiently, in terms of &#64258;ow rate per power input, than those that rely on Rayleigh waves and other modes of vibration in LN or lead zirconate titanate (PZT). The complete device is composed of a transducer, a transducer holder, and a &#64258;uid supply system. The fundamentals of acoustic liquid atomization are not well known, so techniques to characterize the devices and to study the phenomena are also described. Laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) provides vibration information essential in comparing acoustic transducers and, in this case, indicates whether a device will perform well in thickness vibration. It can also be used to &#64257;nd the resonance frequency of the device, though this information is obtained more quickly via impedance analysis. Continuous &#64258;uid atomization, as an example application, requires careful &#64258;uid flow control, and we present such a method with high-speed imaging and droplet size distribution measurements via laser scattering.

Fabrication of piezoelectric thickness mode transducers via direct current sputtering of plate electrodes on lithium niobate is described. Additionally, reliable operation is achieved with a transducer holder and &#64258;uid supply system and characterization is demonstrated via impedance analysis, laser doppler vibrometry, high-speed imaging, and droplet size distribution using laser scattering.

원자화 및 부동 유체학을 위한 두께 모드 압전 장치의 제조 및 특성화

We present a technique to fabricate simple thickness mode piezoelectric devices using lithium niobate (LN). Such devices have been shown to atomize liquid ...

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

The optical holography technique realized by metasurfaces has emerged as a novel approach to projective volumetric display and information encryption display in the form of ultrathin and almost flat optical devices. Compared to the conventional holographic technique with spatial light modulators, the metahologram has numerous advantages such as miniaturization of optical setup, higher image resolution and larger field of visibility for holographic images. Here, a protocol is reported for the fabrication and optical characterization of optical metaholograms that are sensitive to the spin and direction of incident light. The metasurfaces are composed of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), which has large refractive index and small extinction coefficient in the entire visible range resulting in high transmittance and diffraction efficiency. The device produces different holographic images when the spin or direction of incident light are switched. Therefore, they can encode multiple types of visual information simultaneously. The fabrication protocol consists of film deposition, electron beam writing and subsequent etching. The fabricated device can be characterized using a customized optical setup that consists of a laser, a linear polarizer, a quarter waveplate, a lens and a charge-coupled device (CCD).

We present a protocol for fabrication of spin- and direction-multiplexed visible metaholograms, then conduct an optical experiment to verify their function. These metaholograms can easily visualize encoded information, so they can be used for projective volumetric display and information encryption.

스핀 멀티플렉스 및 방향 멀티플렉션 된 모든 유전체 가시 메타 홀로그램의 데모

The optical holography technique realized by metasurfaces has emerged as a novel approach to projective volumetric display and information encryption ...

Multi-step Variable Height Photolithography for Valved Multilayer Microfluidic Devices

Microfluidic systems have enabled powerful new approaches to high-throughput biochemical and biological analysis. However, there remains a barrier to entry for non-specialists who would benefit greatly from the ability to develop their own microfluidic devices to address research questions. Particularly lacking has been the open dissemination of protocols related to photolithography, a key step in the development of a replica mold for the manufacture of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) devices. While the fabrication of single height silicon masters has been explored extensively in literature, fabrication steps for more complicated photolithography features necessary for many interesting device functionalities (such as feature rounding to make valve structures, multi-height single-mold patterning, or high aspect ratio definition) are often not explicitly outlined. 
Here, we provide a complete protocol for making multilayer microfluidic devices with valves and complex multi-height geometries, tunable for any application. These fabrication procedures are presented in the context of a microfluidic hydrogel bead synthesizer and demonstrate the production of droplets containing polyethylene glycol (PEG diacrylate) and a photoinitiator that can be polymerized into solid beads. This protocol and accompanying discussion provide a foundation of design principles and fabrication methods that enables development of a wide variety of microfluidic devices. The details included here should allow non-specialists to design and fabricate novel devices, thereby bringing a host of recently developed technologies to their most exciting applications in biological laboratories.

Multilayer microfluidic devices often involve the fabrication of master molds with complex geometries for functionality. This article presents a complete protocol for multi-step photolithography with valves and variable height features tunable to any application. As a demonstration, we fabricate a microfluidic droplet generator capable of producing hydrogel beads.

판막 다층 미세 유체 장치에 대한 여러 단계의 변수 높이 포토 리소그래피

Microfluidic systems have enabled powerful new approaches to high-throughput biochemical and biological analysis. However, there remains a barrier to ...