Work in the Ait-Si-Ali lab was supported by the Association Fran&#231;aise contre les Myopathies T&#233;l&#233;thon (AFM-T&#233;l&#233;thon); Institut National du Cancer (INCa); Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), Fondation Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (Fondation ARC); Groupement des Entreprises Fran&#231;aises pour la Lutte contre le Cancer (GEFLUC); CNRS; Universit&#233; Paris Diderot and the ''Who Am I?'' Laboratory of Excellence #ANR-11- LABX-0071 funded by the French Government through its ''Investments for the Future'' program operated by the ANR under grant #ANR-11-IDEX-0005-01. EB was supported by an INCa grant.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

제시된 방법은 전사 인자, MyoD의 파트너 철저한 식별을 허용한다. 그것은 MyoD 유도 분화, 즉 헬라-S3 세포에 강한 이종 시스템에서 MyoD 파트너를 한 것으로 밝혀졌습니다. 따라서, 정의, 식별 MyoD 파트너는 보편적으로 표현된다. 이러한 일반 및 서열 - 특이 적 전사 요소, 염색질 변형 효소, RNA 프로세싱 단백질 키나제 (표 1 및 2)를 포함한다. 헬라-S3 세포 MyoD 유도 트랜스 분화...

진핵 다세포 생물은 다른 기관 및 조직 구성된다. 각 기능 조직 각 분화 단계에서 결정되는 특정 유전자의 발현 패턴을 갖는다. 세포 분화 유전자 세트 세포 증식에​​ 관여하는 등 사람들의 침묵, 일반적으로, 특정 유전자의 활성화, 발현의 유지를 포함하고. 골격근 분화 또는 근육 생성, 즉 근육 아세포로 중배엽 간세포의 결정으로 시작 따라서 다단계 공정, 그 후 제 모노 - 핵 생성하고 다중 핵, myotubes에서 이러한 아세포의 말단 분화를 유도 . 따라서, 근육 아세포는 계속 증식 할 수있는 세포를, &quot;결정&quot;되어 있지만, 그들은 배아 개발하는 동안 또는 성인 근육 재생에 어느 골격 근육 세포에 전적으로 구별하실 수 있습니다 따라서 골격 근육 계통 위해 노력하고 있습니다. 골격근 단말의 처리가 다를entiation 그러한 E2F 대상 유전자 1과 증식 관련 유전자의 결정적인 사일런 리드 근원 세포 전구체 세포의 세포주기에서 영구 출구에서 시작하여 특정 유전자 프로그램 조율된다. 실제로 단말 분화 과정에서, 근육 모세포 증식 정지 골격근 특정 유전자의 발현 및 (2)에 myotubes 아세포의 융합 선행 중요한 단계이다. 이러한 프로그램은 골격근 손상 후 재생 공정 동안에 분화하는 성체 근육 줄기 세포라고도 위성 세포를 허용한다. 포유 동물의 근육 생성이 근육 조직의 기본 나선 루프 나선의 가족에 결정적으로 의존 (bHLH) 전사 자주 골격 근육의 결정 요인 또는 MRFs (근육 규제 요인) (3)의 가족이라 MyoD, Myf5, MRF4 및 오게 닌을, 요인. 그들 각각의 사양 및 DIF에 필수적인 역할을한다골격 근육 세포의 ferentiation과 특정 식 패턴 (4) 5-7 있습니다. Myf5 및 MyoD의 활성화는 근육 조직 계보에 세포를 커밋 결정적인 단계를 구성하고 오게 닌의 후속 표현은 MCK (근육 크레아틴 키나제) 등의 골격근 특정 유전자의 활성화와 근육 생성을 트리거합니다. 근육 조직 bHLH의 전사 인자는 이전에 침묵 궤적 8에서 근육 유전자의 활성화에 MEF2 가족의 구성원들과 협력한다. 또한 다양한 유전자 조절 영역 (8)에서 이른바 E-E 박스 결합 단백질로 알려진 유비쿼터스 bHLH 단백질, E12 및 E47,와 같은 이종 골격근 유전자 전사를 자극한다. 트위스트 이드 (분화 억제제) 및 기타 요인에 부정적인 8 바인딩 E 단백질에 대한 MyoD와 경쟁하여,이 과정을 조절한다. MyoD 근육 터미널 차별화 9 트리거에서 주요 플레이어로 간주됩니다 </s업&gt; 그것은 많은 완전 비 분화 된 근육 시스템 10-13의 근원 성 결정 / 분화 (트랜스 분화) 프로그램을 유도하는 능력을 가지고 있기 때문이다. 실제로, MyoD의 강제 표현은 서로 다른 세포 유형의 다른 태생 학적 기원 (12)로부터 유래도 사람들의 트랜스 분화를 유도한다. 예를 들어, MyoD 근육과 같은 세포로 간세포, 섬유 아 세포, 멜라닌 세포, neuroblasts 및 지방 세포로 변환 할 수 있습니다. MyoD의 트랜스 differentiative 작업은 원래의 유전 적 프로그램 (특히, 증식 유전자)의 침묵에 수반 비 근육 환경에서 근육 조직 유전 적 프로그램의 비정상적인 활성화 (특히 그 표적 유전자)를 포함한다. 근육 아세포 증식에 MyoD 표현하지만 그들의 발기인 14 ~ 16에 결합하는 경우에도 그 표적 유전자를 활성화 할 수 없습니다입니다. 따라서, MyoD가 지속적으로 미분화 된 근육 아세포에서 발현되는 대한 요구 사항은 매우 ELU 유지시브. MyoD 이전 염색질 리모델링을 활성화하는 14,17 효소의 로딩에 근육 아세포 증식에 억압 염색질 - 수정 효소의 채용으로 인해 그 표적 유전자를 억제 할 수있다. 예를 들어, 근육 아세포 증식에​​ MyoD은 히스톤 H3 라이신 9 H3K9 및 H3K27 KMTs 포함한 전사 공동 리프레 KAP-1, 히스톤 데 아세틸 라제 (HDACs) 및 억압 리신 methyltransferases (KMTs)와 연관되고, 적극적으로 표적 유전자의 발현을 억제한다 로컬 억압 크로 마틴 구조 14,17을 설정하여. 중요한 것은, 최근의 보고서는 MyoD 자체가 직접 H3K9 KMT G9a가 transactivating 활동 (16)의 억제 결과에 의해 메틸화 인 것으로 나타났다. MyoD 의한 비 근육 세포의 이러한 트랜스 분화에 관련된 후성 메커니즘은 대부분 알려져 있지 않다. 특히, 일부 세포주 MyoD 유도 트랜스 분화에 내성이다. 따라서, HeLa 세포에서 MyoD은 하나 또는 비활성심지어 인해 복잡한 SWI / SNF (18) 리모델링 염색질의 BAF60C 서브 유닛의 표현의 부족으로 리프레보다는 전사의 활성화로 작동 할 수 있습니다. 이 모델은 따라서 더 나은 MyoD 유도 유전자 억압의 메커니즘을 특성화하는 선택이 될 수 있습니다. 관련 파트너와 목표 궤적에서 억압 염색질 환경을 유도하기 때문에 터미널 차별화를 미세 조정하는 근육 아세포 증식에 MyoD 종속 억압 메커니즘을 밝히기 위해서 MyoD의 능력을 분석하는 것이 적합하다. 여기에서 우리는 질량 분석기 (MS)의 특성에 결합 탠덤 선호도 정화 (TAP-태그)를 사용하여 MyoD 파트너의 식별을위한 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 안정 플래그-HA-MyoD 발현-S3 헬라 세포의 사용은 분별 핵 추출물에서 MyoD 복합체를 정제하기에 충분한 재료를 얻을 수. 이종 시스템의 MyoD 파트너의 식별은 validati으로 이어졌습니다관련 시스템에.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="543">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Cell lines</td>
			<td style="width:115px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">HeLa-S3</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">CCL-2.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">C2C12</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">CRL-1772</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:115px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Spinner</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">778531</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:177px;">Homogenizer :&#160; Dounce homogenizer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Wheaton</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">432-1273 and 432-1271</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Agitating device for spinners</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Bellco</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">778531</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Sonicator</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Diagenode</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">UCD 200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Marienfeld Superior&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">640610</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Low-binding tubes</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sorenson</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">27210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Empty spin column</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">7326204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Reagents</td>
			<td style="width:115px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:177px;">SDS-polyacrylamide 4-12 %&#160; gel</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">NP0336BOX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">4X loading buffer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">NP0007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">10X reducing agent</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">NP0004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Silver staining kit</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">A8592</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Centrifugal filter units, 10K</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">UFC501024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Protein G agarose beads</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">P4691</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Protein A/G&#160; Resin</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">53132</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:177px;">Flag resin (anti-Flag M2-agarose affinity gel)</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">A2220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:177px;">HA resin (monoclonal Anti-HA agarose)</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">A2095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">MNase</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">N3755</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:177px;">Flag free peptide (DYKDDDDK)</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Ansynth Service BV</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Custom synthesis</td>
			<td>Resuspend up to 4 mg/mL in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:177px;">HA free peptide (YPYDVPDYA)</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Ansynth Service BV</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Custom synthesis</td>
			<td>Resuspend up to 4 mg/mL in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:177px;">Bicinchoninic acid based protein assay kit : BCA kit</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">23225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Protease inhibitors</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">S8830</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:177px;">Luminol-based enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) HRP substrate</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">34075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">A9647</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="68">
			<td height="68" style="height:68px;">Sheared salmon sperm DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt from salmon testes)</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">D1626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Spermine tetrahydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">S1141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Spermidine</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">S0266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">G5516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">MOPS running buffer</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">NP0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">DMEM (high glucose)</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">D0822</td>
			<td>Pre-warm&#160; at 37 &#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">Trypsin-EDTA (0.05% phenol red</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">25300-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;">Serum</td>
			<td>GE healthcare life sciences&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">PAA A15-102</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Each lot of serum has to be first tested for your cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Penicillin and Streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Water (sterile-filtered)</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">W3500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Antibodies</td>
			<td style="width:115px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">HA from rat (12CA5)</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">11583816001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Flag</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">A8592</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">MyoD</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-32758</td>
			<td>To use for western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">MyoD</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>SC-760</td>
			<td>To use for immunoprecipitation and western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">CBFbeta</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Santa Cruz</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">FL-182&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">HP1alpha</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Euromedex</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">2HP2G9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">HP1beta</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Euromedex</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">1MOD1A9AS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">HP1gamma</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Euromedex</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">2MOD1GC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:177px;">Suv39h1</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">8729</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">BAF47</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">612111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Myf5</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>SC-302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Tubulin</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">T9026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Actin</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">A5441</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">IgG Mouse</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Santa Cruz</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">SC-2025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">IgG Rabbit</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Santa Cruz</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">SC-2027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Goat anti-rat -HRP</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">A9037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Goat anti-rabbit -HRP</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">A6154&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:177px;">Goat anti-mouse -HRP</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">A4416</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

identification of myod interactome using tandem affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry

골격 근육 터미널 차별화는 근육 아세포에 만능 중배엽 전구 세포의 의지로 시작합니다. 이러한 세포는 여전히 증식 할 수있는 능력을 가지고 있거나 그들은 근섬유를 형성하도록 더 성숙하다 다핵 myotubes로 차별화 퓨즈있다. 골격근 단말 차별화 특히 근육 규제 요인 또는 MRFs의 멤버 (MyoD이 오게 닌은 Myf5 및 MRF4)는 또한 근육 조직 bHLH 전사 인자 계열이라는 다양한 전사 인자의 협조 작용에 의해 조율된다. 이러한 요인은 골격 근육 생성을 달성하기 위해 정교한 전사 조절 네트워크 내에서 염색질 리모델링 복합체와 협력. 이러한면에서, MyoD 근육 터미널 차별화를 트리거의 마스터 근육 조직 전사 인자로 간주됩니다. 이 개념은 골격근 세포에 비 - 근육 세포를 변환 MyoD의 능력에 의해 강화된다. 여기에서 우리는 MyoD를 식별하는 데 사용되는 방법을 설명골격근 단말 분화에 관련된 다른 요인을 해명하기 위해 철저하게 단백질 파트너. 장기 목표 골격근 유전자의 조절, 즉,., MyoD 타겟 관련된 후생 유전 학적 메카니즘을 이해하는 것이다. MyoD 파트너는 골격근 단말 분화 동안 관련된 파트너의 역할을 확인 하였다 질량 분석 (MS)의 특성에 결합 된 이종 시스템에서 직렬 선호도 그래피 (T​​AP 태그)를 이용하여 식별된다. 근육 재생에 선천성 중증, 근긴장 성 이영양증, 횡문근 육종 결함 : 근육 조직 요인, 또는 비정상적인 규제의 비정상적인 형태, 근육 질환의 수와 연관됩니다. 이와 같이, 근육 조직 인자가 질병의 치료를 향상시킬 수있는 질병 자체 회생기구 원인 메커니즘에 대하여 모두 근육 질환의 잠재적 치료 타겟의 풀을 제공한다. 따라서, 상세한 understan근육 조직 요인에 의해 제어되는 분자간 상호 작용과 유전 적 프로그램 땡 효율적인 치료의 합리적인 디자인을 위해 필수적이다.

MyoD 활성의 조절을 이해하기 위해서 질량 분석 (MS)에 의해 다음의 두 MyoD 태그 형태의 immunopurification에 기초한 생화학 적 정제를 사용 MyoD 착체의 완전한 특성화 착수. 플래그-HA-태그 MyoD 플래그-HA 허가를 발현 제어 세포주를 발현 헬라-S3 세포주의 사용 플래그-HA-MyoD 이중 화성 정제를 수행하여 MyoD 복합체를 정제하기에 충분한 재료를 얻을 수있다. <p class="jove_content" fo:kee...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Identification of MyoD Interactome Using Tandem Affinity Purification Coupled to Mass Spectrometry at JoVE.com

Identification of MyoD Interactome Using Tandem Affinity Purification Coupled to Mass Spectrometry

MyoD is a myogenic transcription factor with a strong capacity to induce myogenic transdifferentiation of many fully differentiated non-muscle cell lines. The epigenetic mechanisms involved in this transdifferentiation are largely unknown. Here we describe a double-affinity purification method followed by mass spectrometry to exhaustively characterize MyoD partners.

탠덤 선호도 정화를 사용하여 MyoD 상호 작용 체의 식별 질량 분석에 결합

Skeletal muscle terminal differentiation starts with the commitment of pluripotent mesodermal precursor cells to myoblasts. These cells have still the ...

identification-myod-interactome-using-tandem-affinity-purification

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

9.8K 조회수.  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité. MyoD is a myogenic transcription factor with a strong capacity to induce myogenic transdifferentiation of many fully differentiated non-muscle cell lines. The epigenetic mechanisms involved in this transdifferentiation are largely unknown. Here we describe a double-affinity purification method followed by mass spectrometry to exhaustively characterize MyoD partners.

비디오: Identification of MyoD Interactome Using Tandem Affinity Purification Coupled to Mass Spectrometry

MALDI Sample Preparation: the Ultra Thin Layer Method

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) 1,2. The ultra-thin layer method involves the production of a substrate layer of matrix crystals (alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) on the sample plate, which serves as a seeding ground for subsequent crystallization of a matrix/analyte mixture. Advantages of the ultra-thin layer method over other sample deposition approaches (e.g. dried droplet) are that it provides (i) greater tolerance to impurities such as salts and detergents, (ii) better resolution, and (iii) higher spatial uniformity. This method is especially useful for the accurate mass determination of proteins. The protocol was initially developed and optimized for the analysis of membrane proteins and used to successfully analyze ion channels, metabolite transporters, and receptors, containing between 2 and 12 transmembrane domains 2. Since the original publication, it has also shown to be equally useful for the analysis of soluble proteins. Indeed, we have used it for a large number of proteins having a wide range of properties, including those with molecular masses as high as 380 kDa 3. It is currently our method of choice for the molecular mass analysis of all proteins. The described procedure consistently produces high-quality spectra, and it is sensitive, robust, and easy to implement.

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS).

든 샘플 준비 : 울트라 씬 레이어 방법

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption ...

연구

생물학

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

유기 용매 및 초산없이 쿠매시 G - 250로 젤의 단백질 염색법

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

A Quantitative Assessment of The Yeast Lipidome using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Lipids are one of the major classes of biomolecules and play important roles membrane dynamics, energy storage, and signalling1-4. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a genetically and biochemically manipulable unicellular eukaryote with annotated genome and very simple lipidome, is a valuable model for studying biological functions of various lipid species in multicellular eukaryotes2,3,5. S. cerevisiae has 10 major classes of lipids with chain lengths mainly of 16 or 18 carbon atoms and either zero or one degree of unsaturation6,7. Existing methods for lipid identification and quantification - such as high performance liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, fluorescence microscopy, and gas chromatography followed by MS - are well established but have low sensitivity, insufficiently separate various molecular forms of lipids, require lipid derivitization prior to analysis, or can be quite time consuming. Here we present a detailed description of our experimental approach to solve these inherent limitations by using survey-scan ESI/MS for the identification and quantification of the entire complement of lipids in yeast cells. The described method does not require chromatographic separation of complex lipid mixtures recovered from yeast cells, thereby greatly accelerating the process of data acquisition. This method enables lipid identification and quantification at the concentrations as low as g/ml and has been successfully applied to assessing lipidomes of whole yeast cells and their purified organelles. Lipids extraction from whole yeast cells for using this method of lipid analysis takes two to three hours. It takes only five to ten minutes to run each sample of extracted and dried lipids on a Q-TOF mass spectrometer equipped with a nano-electrospray source.

We describe a new quantitative lipidomics method for identifying numerous lipid species in yeast using survey-scan electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). This method exceeds currently available methods for lipid identification and quantification in the ability to resolve various molecular forms of lipids, sensitivity, and speed.

전기 분무 이온화 질량 분광법을 사용하여 효모 Lipidome의 양적 평가

Lipids are one of the major classes of biomolecules and play important roles membrane dynamics, energy storage, and signalling1-4. The budding yeast ...

Quantification of Proteins Using Peptide Immunoaffinity Enrichment Coupled with Mass Spectrometry

There is a great need for quantitative assays in measuring proteins. Traditional sandwich immunoassays, largely considered the gold standard in quantitation, are associated with a high cost, long lead time, and are fraught with drawbacks (e.g. heterophilic antibodies, autoantibody interference, 'hook-effect').1 An alternative technique is affinity enrichment of peptides coupled with quantitative mass spectrometry, commonly referred to as SISCAPA (Stable Isotope Standards and Capture by Anti-Peptide Antibodies).2 In this technique, affinity enrichment of peptides with stable isotope dilution and detection by selected/multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (SRM/MRM-MS) provides quantitative measurement of peptides as surrogates for their respective proteins. SRM/MRM-MS is well established for accurate quantitation of small molecules 3, 4 and more recently has been adapted to measure the concentrations of proteins in plasma and cell lysates.5-7 To achieve quantitation of proteins, these larger molecules are digested to component peptides using an enzyme such as trypsin. One or more selected peptides whose sequence is unique to the target protein in that species (i.e. "proteotypic" peptides) are then enriched from the sample using anti-peptide antibodies and measured as quantitative stoichiometric surrogates for protein concentration in the sample. Hence, coupled to stable isotope dilution (SID) methods (i.e. a spiked-in stable isotope labeled peptide standard), SRM/MRM can be used to measure concentrations of proteotypic peptides as surrogates for quantification of proteins in complex biological matrices. The assays have several advantages compared to traditional immunoassays. The reagents are relatively less expensive to generate, the specificity for the analyte is excellent, the assays can be highly multiplexed, enrichment can be performed from neat plasma (no depletion required), and the technique is amenable to a wide array of proteins or modifications of interest.8-13 In this video we demonstrate the basic protocol as adapted to a magnetic bead platform.

Stable Isotope Standards and Capture by Anti-Peptide Antibodies (SISCAPA) couples affinity enrichment of peptides with stable isotope dilution mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) to provide quantitative measurement of peptides as surrogates for their respective proteins. Here we describe the protocol using magnetic particles in a partially automated format.

펩타이드 면역 친 화성 농축을 사용하여 단백질의 양을 정함은 질량 분광법과 함께

There is a great need for quantitative assays in measuring proteins. Traditional sandwich immunoassays, largely considered the gold standard in ...

Orthogonal Protein Purification Facilitated by a Small Bispecific Affinity Tag

Due to the high costs associated with purification of recombinant proteins the protocols need to be rationalized. For high-throughput efforts there is a demand for general methods that do not require target protein specific optimization1 . To achieve this, purification tags that genetically can be fused to the gene of interest are commonly used2 . The most widely used affinity handle is the hexa-histidine tag, which is suitable for purification under both native and denaturing conditions3 . The metabolic burden for producing the tag is low, but it does not provide as high specificity as competing affinity chromatography based strategies1,2.
Here, a bispecific purification tag with two different binding sites on a 46 amino acid, small protein domain has been developed. The albumin-binding domain is derived from Streptococcal protein G and has a strong inherent affinity to human serum albumin (HSA). Eleven surface-exposed amino acids, not involved in albumin-binding4 , were genetically randomized to produce a combinatorial library. The protein library with the novel randomly arranged binding surface (Figure 1) was expressed on phage particles to facilitate selection of binders by phage display technology. Through several rounds of biopanning against a dimeric Z-domain derived from Staphylococcal protein A5, a small, bispecific molecule with affinity for both HSA and the novel target was identified6 .
The novel protein domain, referred to as ABDz1, was evaluated as a purification tag for a selection of target proteins with different molecular weight, solubility and isoelectric point. Three target proteins were expressed in Escherishia coli with the novel tag fused to their N-termini and thereafter affinity purified. Initial purification on either a column with immobilized HSA or Z-domain resulted in relatively pure products. Two-step affinity purification with the bispecific tag resulted in substantial improvement of protein purity. Chromatographic media with the Z-domain immobilized, for example MabSelect SuRe, are readily available for purification of antibodies and HSA can easily be chemically coupled to media to provide the second matrix.
This method is especially advantageous when there is a high demand on purity of the recovered target protein. The bifunctionality of the tag allows two different chromatographic steps to be used while the metabolic burden on the expression host is limited due to the small size of the tag. It provides a competitive alternative to so called combinatorial tagging where multiple tags are used in combination1,7.

A novel and highly efficient two-step affinity chromatography protocol has been developed and is described in detail. The method is based on a small purification tag with two inherent affinities and is applicable to a wide range of target proteins with different properties.

작은 Bispecific 선호도 태그에 의해 용이 직교 단백질 정제

Due to the high costs associated with purification of recombinant proteins the protocols need to be rationalized. For high-throughput efforts there is a ...

Identification of Protein Interacting Partners Using Tandem Affinity Purification

A critical and often limiting step in understanding the function of host and viral proteins is the identification of interacting cellular or viral protein partners. There are many approaches that allow the identification of interacting partners, including the yeast two hybrid system, as well as pull down assays using recombinant proteins and immunoprecipitation of endogenous proteins followed by mass spectrometry identification1. Recent studies have highlighted the utility of double-affinity tag mediated purification, coupled with two specific elution steps in the identification of interacting proteins. This approach, termed Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP), was initially used in yeast2,3 but more recently has been adapted to use in mammalian cells4-8.
As proof-of-concept we have established a tandem affinity purification (TAP) method using the well-characterized eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E9,10.The cellular translation factor eIF4E is a critical component of the cellular eIF4F complex involved in cap-dependent translation initiation10. The TAP tag used in the current study is composed of two Protein G units and a streptavidin binding peptide separated by a Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) protease cleavage sequence. The TAP tag used in the current study is composed of two Protein G units and a streptavidin binding peptide separated by a Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) protease cleavage sequence8. To forgo the need for the generation of clonal cell lines, we developed a rapid system that relies on the expression of the TAP-tagged bait protein from an episomally maintained plasmid based on pMEP4 (Invitrogen). Expression of tagged murine eIF4E from this plasmid was controlled using the cadmium chloride inducible metallothionein promoter.
Lysis of the expressing cells and subsequent affinity purification via binding to rabbit IgG agarose, TEV protease cleavage, binding to streptavidin linked agarose and subsequent biotin elution identified numerous proteins apparently specific to the eIF4E pull-down (when compared to control cell lines expressing the TAP tag alone). The identities of the proteins were obtained by excision of the bands from 1D SDS-PAGE and subsequent tandem mass spectrometry. The identified components included the known eIF4E binding proteins eIF4G and 4EBP-1. In addition, other components of the eIF4F complex, of which eIF4E is a component were identified, namely eIF4A and Poly-A binding protein. The ability to identify not only known direct binding partners as well as secondary interacting proteins, further highlights the utility of this approach in the characterization of proteins of unknown function.

Tandem affinity purification is a robust approach for the identification of protein binding partners. As proof of concept, this methodology was applied to the well-characterized translation initiation factor eIF4E to co-precipitate the host cell factors involved in translation initiation. This method is easily adapted to any cellular or viral protein.

탠덤 동질 정제를 사용하여 단백질 나누기 파트너의 식별

A critical and often limiting step in understanding the function of host and viral proteins is the identification of interacting cellular or viral protein ...

Profiling Thiol Redox Proteome Using Isotope Tagging Mass Spectrometry

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 not only causes bacterial speck disease in Solanum lycopersicum but also on Brassica species, as well as on Arabidopsis thaliana, a genetically tractable host plant1,2. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cotyledons inoculated with DC3000 indicates a role of ROS in modulating necrotic cell death during bacterial speck disease of tomato3. Hydrogen peroxide, a component of ROS, is produced after inoculation of tomato plants with Pseudomonas3. Hydrogen peroxide can be detected using a histochemical stain 3'-3' diaminobenzidine (DAB)4. DAB staining reacts with hydrogen peroxide to produce a brown stain on the leaf tissue4. ROS has a regulatory role of the cellular redox environment, which can change the redox status of certain proteins5. Cysteine is an important amino acid sensitive to redox changes. Under mild oxidation, reversible oxidation of cysteine sulfhydryl groups serves as redox sensors and signal transducers that regulate a variety of physiological processes6,7. Tandem mass tag (TMT) reagents enable concurrent identification and multiplexed quantitation of proteins in different samples using tandem mass spectrometry8,9. The cysteine-reactive TMT (cysTMT) reagents enable selective labeling and relative quantitation of cysteine-containing peptides from up to six biological samples. Each isobaric cysTMT tag has the same nominal parent mass and is composed of a sulfhydryl-reactive group, a MS-neutral spacer arm and an MS/MS reporter10. After labeling, the samples were subject to protease digestion. The cysteine-labeled peptides were enriched using a resin containing anti-TMT antibody. During MS/MS analysis, a series of reporter ions (i.e., 126-131 Da) emerge in the low mass region, providing information on relative quantitation. The workflow is effective for reducing sample complexity, improving dynamic range and studying cysteine modifications. Here we present redox proteomic analysis of the Pst DC3000 treated tomato (Rio Grande) leaves using cysTMT technology. This high-throughput method has the potential to be applied to studying other redox-regulated physiological processes.

Reactive oxygen species level is elevated when cells encounter stress conditions. Here we show the example of 3'-3' diaminobenzidine staining as well as cysTMT labeling and mass spectrometry to profile the redox proteome in Pseudomonas syringae treated tomato leaves.

동위 원소 태그 질량 분광법을 사용하여 Thiol 산화 환원 프로테옴 프로 파일링

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 not only causes bacterial speck disease in Solanum lycopersicum but also on Brassica species, as well as on ...

Identification of Protein Complexes in Escherichia coli using Sequential Peptide Affinity Purification in Combination with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Since most cellular processes are mediated by macromolecular assemblies, the systematic identification of protein-protein interactions (PPI) and the identification of the subunit composition of multi-protein complexes can provide insight into gene function and enhance understanding of biological systems1, 2. Physical interactions can be mapped with high confidence vialarge-scale isolation and characterization of endogenous protein complexes under near-physiological conditions based on affinity purification of chromosomally-tagged proteins in combination with mass spectrometry (APMS). This approach has been successfully applied in evolutionarily diverse organisms, including yeast, flies, worms, mammalian cells, and bacteria1-6. In particular, we have generated a carboxy-terminal Sequential Peptide Affinity (SPA) dual tagging system for affinity-purifying native protein complexes from cultured gram-negative Escherichia coli, using genetically-tractable host laboratory strains that are well-suited for genome-wide investigations of the fundamental biology and conserved processes of prokaryotes1, 2, 7. Our SPA-tagging system is analogous to the tandem affinity purification method developed originally for yeast8, 9, and consists of a calmodulin binding peptide (CBP) followed by the cleavage site for the highly specific tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease and three copies of the FLAG epitope (3X FLAG), allowing for two consecutive rounds of affinity enrichment. After cassette amplification, sequence-specific linear PCR products encoding the SPA-tag and a selectable marker are integrated and expressed in frame as carboxy-terminal fusions in a DY330 background that is induced to transiently express a highly efficient heterologous bacteriophage lambda recombination system10. Subsequent dual-step purification using calmodulin and anti-FLAG affinity beads enables the highly selective and efficient recovery of even low abundance protein complexes from large-scale cultures. Tandem mass spectrometry is then used to identify the stably co-purifying proteins with high sensitivity (low nanogram detection limits).
Here, we describe detailed step-by-step procedures we commonly use for systematic protein tagging, purification and mass spectrometry-based analysis of soluble protein complexes from E. coli, which can be scaled up and potentially tailored to other bacterial species, including certain opportunistic pathogens that are amenable to recombineering. The resulting physical interactions can often reveal interesting unexpected components and connections suggesting novel mechanistic links. Integration of the PPI data with alternate molecular association data such as genetic (gene-gene) interactions and genomic-context (GC) predictions can facilitate elucidation of the global molecular organization of multi-protein complexes within biological pathways. The networks generated for E. coli can be used to gain insight into the functional architecture of orthologous gene products in other microbes for which functional annotations are currently lacking.

Identification of Protein Complexes in Escherichia coli using Sequential Peptide Affinity Purification in Combination with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Affinity purification of tagged proteins in combination with mass spectrometry (APMS) is a powerful method for the systematic mapping of protein interaction networks and for investigating the mechanistic basis of biological processes. Here, we describe an optimized sequential peptide affinity (SPA) APMS procedure developed for the bacterium Escherichia coli that can be used to isolate and characterize stable multi-protein complexes to near homogeneity even starting from low copy numbers per cell.

의 단백질 단지의 식별<em&gt; 대장균</em&gt; 직렬 질량 분석법과 함께 순차적 펩타이드의 동질 정화를 사용하여

Since most cellular processes are mediated by macromolecular assemblies, the systematic identification of protein-protein interactions (PPI) and the ...

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for many biological processes in the cell. Therefore, their characterization plays an important role in current research and a plethora of methods for their investigation is available1. Protein-protein interactions often are highly dynamic and may depend on subcellular localization, post-translational modifications and the local protein environment2. Therefore, they should be investigated in their natural environment, for which co-immunoprecipitation approaches are the method of choice3. Co-precipitated interaction partners are identified either by immunoblotting in a targeted approach, or by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in an untargeted way. The latter strategy often is adversely affected by a large number of false positive discoveries, mainly derived from the high sensitivity of modern mass spectrometers that confidently detect traces of unspecifically precipitating proteins. A recent approach to overcome this problem is based on the idea that reduced amounts of specific interaction partners will co-precipitate with a given target protein whose cellular concentration is reduced by RNAi, while the amounts of unspecifically precipitating proteins should be unaffected. This approach, termed QUICK for QUantitative Immunoprecipitation Combined with Knockdown4, employs Stable Isotope Labeling of Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC)5 and MS to quantify the amounts of proteins immunoprecipitated from wild-type and knock-down strains. Proteins found in a 1:1 ratio can be considered as contaminants, those enriched in precipitates from the wild type as specific interaction partners of the target protein. Although innovative, QUICK bears some limitations: first, SILAC is cost-intensive and limited to organisms that ideally are auxotrophic for arginine and/or lysine. Moreover, when heavy arginine is fed, arginine-to-proline interconversion results in additional mass shifts for each proline in a peptide and slightly dilutes heavy with light arginine, which makes quantification more tedious and less accurate5,6. Second, QUICK requires that antibodies are titrated such that they do not become saturated with target protein in extracts from knock-down mutants.
Here we introduce a modified QUICK protocol which overcomes the abovementioned limitations of QUICK by replacing SILAC for 15N metabolic labeling and by replacing RNAi-mediated knock-down for affinity modulation of protein-protein interactions. We demonstrate the applicability of this protocol using the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as model organism and the chloroplast HSP70B chaperone as target protein7 (Figure 1). HSP70s are known to interact with specific co-chaperones and substrates only in the ADP state8. We exploit this property as a means to verify the specific interaction of HSP70B with its nucleotide exchange factor CGE19.

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

We present a variation of the QUICK (QUantitative Immunoprecipitation Combined with Knockdown) approach that was introduced previously to distinguish between true and false protein-protein interactions. Our approach is based on 15N metabolic labeling, the modulation of affinities of protein-protein interactions by the presence/absence of ATP, immunoprecipitation, and quantitative mass spectrometry.

을 바탕으로 단백질 - 단백질 상호 작용의 확인에 프로토콜<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt; N 신진 대사 라벨링, Immunoprecipitation, 수량 질량 분석법 및 선호도 변조

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for many biological processes in the cell. Therefore, their characterization plays an important role in ...

High-throughput Purification of Affinity-tagged Recombinant Proteins

X-ray crystallography is the method of choice for obtaining a detailed view of the structure of proteins. Such studies need to be complemented by further biochemical analyses to obtain detailed insights into structure/function relationships. Advances in oligonucleotide- and gene synthesis technology make large-scale mutagenesis strategies increasingly feasible, including the substitution of target residues by all 19 other amino acids. Gain- or loss-of-function phenotypes then allow systematic conclusions to be drawn, such as the contribution of particular residues to catalytic activity, protein stability and/or protein-protein interaction specificity.
In order to attribute the different phenotypes to the nature of the mutation - rather than to fluctuating experimental conditions - it is vital to purify and analyse the proteins in a controlled and reproducible manner. High-throughput strategies and the automation of manual protocols on robotic liquid-handling platforms have created opportunities to perform such complex molecular biological procedures with little human intervention and minimal error rates1-5.
Here, we present a general method for the purification of His-tagged recombinant proteins in a high-throughput manner. In a recent study, we applied this method to a detailed structure-function investigation of TFIIB, a component of the basal transcription machinery. TFIIB is indispensable for promoter-directed transcription in vitro and is essential for the recruitment of RNA polymerase into a preinitiation complex6-8. TFIIB contains a flexible linker domain that penetrates the active site cleft of RNA polymerase9-11. This linker domain confers two biochemically quantifiable activities on TFIIB, namely (i) the stimulation of the catalytic activity during the 'abortive' stage of transcript initiation, and (ii) an additional contribution to the specific recruitment of RNA polymerase into the preinitiation complex4,5,12 . We exploited the high-throughput purification method to generate single, double and triple substitution and deletions mutations within the TFIIB linker and to subsequently analyse them in functional assays for their stimulation effect on the catalytic activity of RNA polymerase4. Altogether, we generated, purified and analysed 381 mutants - a task which would have been time-consuming and laborious to perform manually. We produced and assayed the proteins in multiplicates which allowed us to appreciate any experimental variations and gave us a clear idea of the reproducibility of our results.
This method serves as a generic protocol for the purification of His-tagged proteins and has been successfully used to purify other recombinant proteins. It is currently optimised for the purification of 24 proteins but can be adapted to purify up to 96 proteins.

We describe a method for the affinity-tagged purification of recombinant proteins using liquid-handling robotics. This method is generally applicable to the small-scale purification of soluble His-tagged proteins in a high-throughput format.

선호도 태그 재조합 단백질의 높은 처리량 정화

X-ray crystallography is the method of choice for obtaining a detailed view of the structure of proteins. Such studies need to be complemented by further ...

탠덤 선호도 정화를 사용하여 MyoD 상호 작용 체의 식별 질량 분석에 결합

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