This study received supported from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (2011-0012728). A poster presenting this study was awarded the Best Poster Award by the Korean Society of Applied Biological Sciences (KSABC).

1. 초기 설정 <ol><li> 농업 식물 종 <ol><li> 사용 정원 봉숭아 (봉선화), 미즈나 (브라 시카 라파 VAR. 자포니카), Komatsuna (브라 시카 라파 var에. perviridis), 및 Mescluns (다닥 냉이 속 sativum) 씨. 참고 : 봉선화 balsamina (정원 봉선화 또는 로즈 봉선화)는 인도 네이티브 종입니다; 몇 회원은 미얀마에 있습니다. Komatsuna (브라 시카 라파 var에. perviridis 또는 komatsuna)는 일반적인 순무와 같은 종의 변종이다. 정원 유채과 야채 (다닥 냉이 속 sativum)은 분류 학적 물냉이와 겨자 관련이 허브의 일종입니다. 그들은 상업적으로 5,7를 사용하는 비슷한 맛과 향기를 가지고있다. </li></ol></li><li> 플랜트 문화 <ol><li> 문화 정원 봉숭아 (봉선화), 미즈나 (브라 시카 라파 var에. 자포니카), Komatsuna (브라 시카 라파 var에. perviridis), 및 Mesclun100 mm 직경 (100 파이) 페트리 접시에서의 (다닥 냉이 속 sativum) 씨. 하나의 플레이트는 종의 하나의 유형이 포함되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 배양 조건의 경우, 셀룰로오스 수건에 씨앗을 배치합니다. 트리플 증류수에 수건과 씨앗을 담가. 측정하고 65-75%에 이르기까지 습도, 실내 실험실 RT가 18 ~ 25 °의 C인지 확인합니다 (섹션 3.1.2를 확인하시기 바랍니다). </li><li> 씨앗의 수, 문화, 정원 봉선화 10 ± 1 씨앗, 미즈나의 50 ± 10 씨, Komatsuna 330 ± 20 씨, 그리고 Mescluns의 380 ± 20 씨앗하십시오. 65-75%에 이르기까지 습도 18 ~ 25 °의 C로 측정 동일한 조건을 사용하여 (섹션 2.1.1를 확인하시기 바랍니다). 참고 : 모든 실험은 실험실에서 규정 된 습도 및 온도 범위에서 실내 조건에서 수행 하였다. 습도와 온도가 정적 않았지만 자석 투여군 및 제어를 위해 동일한 조건을 제공 하였다. </li></ol></li></ol> 네 농업 식물 (2) 문화<ol><li> 실험 절차 <ol><li> 제어 및 자석 적용 그룹의 공장과 문화 조건 종의 섹션 1.2.3)을 따릅니다. </li><li> 정원 봉선화의 100 파이 요리의 하단에 1,750 ± 350 가우스 (10,000 가우스 = 1 테슬라)의 세 개의 자석을 적용합니다. 프로그램하는 동안, 세 개의 자석은 종자와 직접 접촉하지 않고, 페트리 접시의 플라스틱 하부로 분리되도록. 씨와 자석 사이의 직접 거리 2-4mm해야합니다. 네 농업 식물 168 시간 (7 일)에 대한 자석을 적용합니다. </li><li> ) 동일 2.1.2의 모든 단계에 이어, 정원 봉선화 문화 판의 하단에 상단과 다른 자석 (마주 S의 측면에 두 개의 자석, 위로 하나 (향 N 측) 상향)을 적용한다. 주 : 기둥 정원 봉선화에서 다르게 적용됩니다. 모든 환경이 방향을 제외하고 동일하지만, 극 방향은 성장 변화에 대한 연구에 중요한 요인으로 간주되지 않습니다자속. 정원 봉선화에 대한 N과 S 극 응용 프로그램의 목적은 극 방향이 관리하기 어려울 수 필드에서 사용하기에 실용적인 능력을 볼 수 있었다. </li></ol></li></ol> 정원 봉선화 3. 튜 불린 염색 <ol><li> 규제 빛 조건과 자석 응용 프로그램 <ol><li> 48 시간 동안 100 밀리미터 판의 바닥 (N 극이 위를 향하도록) 단계 1.2.2에서 조건을 사용하여 두 개의 자석을 배치합니다. 주 : 빛의 수정 내용은 문화 요리는 인큐베이터에서 플라스틱 선반에 배치했다. 인큐베이터는 어두운 곳에서 48 시간 동안 25 ° C에서 빛을 차단하고 유지 온도를 사용 하였다. 결국,이 조건으로 인해 성장 길이의 높은 변형이 실험에서 사용되지 않았다. </li></ol></li><li> 식물 염색 <ol><li> 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드 0.1 M의 단계 3.1.2)와 동일한 조건에서 재배 (줄기와 뿌리 포함) 전체 봉선화 SPP 두 번 꽃 식물을 수정인산염 완충액 (pH 7.4) 15 분. </li><li> 봉선화 시료를 제거하고 완충액 (PBS 2 % 말 혈청 / 1 % 소 혈청 알부민 / 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100, pH를 7.5) 차단시에 2 시간 동안 담가. 15 분 동안 PBS에 침지하여 봉선화 샘플을 씻으십시오. </li><li> 이중 면역 염색의 경우, 함께 샘플을 품어 차 항체, 안티 - 알파 튜 불린 (1 : 1,000), O / N 4 ° C에서. </li><li> 샘플을 제거하고 씻어 10 분 동안 한 번 PBS로 샘플을 담그지. 사용 안티 - 마우스 IgG (1 : 400) FITC 공액 25 ° C에서 2 시간 동안 배양 이차 항체와. </li><li> PBS에서 샘플을 담그고 24 웰 플레이트의 하단에 전체 샘플을 슬립 커버. 튜 불린 방향을 관찰하기 위해 기존의 형광 현미경을 사용하여 이미지를 얻습니다 (λ = 550 nm의, 100X, 200X와 400X로 확대). 주 :이 경우, 상기 자석은 처리 군 (N = 10) 및 제어 (N = 11)만을 비 암 조건에서 배양 정원 발삼 (봉선화)에 대해 확인 하였다. </리&gt; </ol></li></ol> 4. 데이터 수집 방법 <ol><li> 네 농업 식물 성장의 시간 경과 만들기 <ol><li> (이 모든 디지털 카메라에서 수행 될 수있다)에 오토 셔터를 설정하여 10 분 간격으로 식물의 사진. F 3.2 조리개와 400에 ISO 값을 설정합니다. </li><li> 7~10일에 대한 700-900 사진을 수집합니다. 배터리가 소진 될 수 있기 때문에 전선으로 카메라를 연결합니다. </li><li> 클릭 (재료 및 장비 표 참조) 영화 제작 소프트웨어 스트리밍 라인에서 시간적으로 각각의 사진을 놓아 사진을 드래그합니다. 30 ~ 40 초의 영화 전체에 각각 0.045-0.05 초 동일한 기간에 스트리밍 라인에 넣어. 연대 기적 순서대로 각 화상을 선택과 더 어두운 간격이 없도록 확인한다. </li><li> 단계 4.1.3 후, 30 ~ 40 초 시간 경과 비디오 슬라이드로 컴파일 영화를 보장하고 렌더링을 클릭하고 .MPEG 또는 .AVI 형식으로 저장하는 소프트웨어에서 재생 버튼을 클릭합니다. 크기 엄마를위한rkers, 사진의 측면에 캐나다 분기, 미국 페니 및 센티미터자를 사용합니다. </li><li> 통계 분석 (11, 12)에 대한 t의 - 테스트 및 상자의 플롯을 수행합니다. 참고 : 다섯 숫자 요약 그룹이 하한 (L) Q1과 같은 값을 계산하는 데 사용되었다 - Q3 +로 - [1.5 × (Q3 Q1)]와 높은 한도 (H) 값을 [1.5 × (Q3 - Q1) ]. 이 방법은 길이 데이터 컬렉션 11 단계 1.2.2로 통합 하였다. L 및 H 값은이 범위 밖에서 관찰 된 데이터 요소로 간주 될 수있는 특이점 수단 T 분포 플롯의 99 %의 면적을 나타낸다. 묘목 (12)의 높이의 차이를 분석하기 위해 사용되었다 -test 박스 플롯과 학생 t. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The Authors have nothing to disclose.

모든 조건에서, 자석은 배양 접시에서 적용되어야한다. 본 연구는 농작물의 대표 정원 발삼에 초점 여러 농업 종 씨앗 성장률 자계의 영향을 조사했다. 예를 들면, 튜 불린 염색 루트에 분자 수준의 변화를 평가 길이 증식의 자계의 영향을 제시 골격 마이크로 구조 정원 줄기 발삼에 대해 수행 하였다. 모두, 자석의 N 극과 S 극이 장기 (7-10 d)를 이용하여 정원 봉선화 후속 연구에 적용 하였다. 세 가...

발아는 모 (1)의 형성을 초래 식물의 성장이다. 특정 조건에서 종자 발아가 시작되고 배아 조직 성장을 재개. 그것은 발아 효소를 활성화하기 위해 씨앗을 수화로 시작합니다. 종자 1,2- (페트리 접시 나 시험관) 시험 관내에서 발아 유도 될 수있다. 정적 자기장은 로렌츠 힘 3,4의 방법으로 이온 전하와 분자의 움직임을 일으킬 특수 부대입니다. 로렌츠 힘이 형성 될 때 자기장 하에서 이온화 또는 청구 대상 이동한다. 모든 재료는 양자와 전자로 구성되어 원자로 형성된다. 자기장이 존재하게되면, 정적 또는 교류 여부는 충전 재료의 이동에 영향을 미친다. 이것은 또한 식물 세포 내 분자 상태에 영향을 미치는 물 분자에 적용됩니다. 이전 연구에서, 전자기 코일을 사용했다펄스 자기장을 생성하고 &#39;Komatsuna&#39;식물 과목 5로 선정되었다. 본 연구에서는 자석은 정적 자기장이 로렌츠 힘의 확장 연구와 유사한하지만 다른 효과를 제공하는 데 사용되었다 생성. 상기 자기장의 주파수보다는 극성 식물 발아를위한 중요한 요소이다. 자기장의 주파수가 약 10 Hz의 때 이전 연구 최대 발아 속도 제어에 비해 20 % 이상이라고 제안했다. 필드가 역행 방식으로 분리 할 때, 성장 속도가 5를 손상시켰다. 정자기장은 주로 6 발아 및 뿌리 성장 7 초기 성장 6-8에 상당한 효과를 갖는다. 본 연구에서 우리는 자기장을 사용함으로써 농작물의 생장을 조절하는 가능성을 조사하는 고정 자석을 사용했다. 특히, D보고자자계인가의 특정 조건이 문헌에 언급 된 것보다 더 높은 수준으로 성장 속도를 높일 수 있는지 etermine. 식물의 발아 초기 성공적으로 자기장을 이용하여 증가 될 수있는 경우 또한, 화학 비료의 사용을 피할 수있다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="646">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Static magnets</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">JIM</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">2000Gauss</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">2% horse serum/1% bovine serum albumin/0.1% Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Merged with 55514</td>
			<td>Blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Primary antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">sc-8035</td>
			<td>a-Tubulin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Secondary antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">sc-2010</td>
			<td>FITC-conjugated anti-mouse IgG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">time lapse photographic techniques</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Manually controlled</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>ISO value 400 &#38; aperture F 3.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sony Vegas Pro 13.0</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Sony</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

enhancement of the initial growth rate of agricultural plants by using static magnetic fields

전자 디바이스 및 고전압 전선은 자기장을 유도한다. 1,300-2,500 가우스 (0.2 테슬라)의 자기장 (. 브라 시카 라파 var에 perviridis를) 정원 봉선화 (봉선화), 미즈나 (브라 시카 라파 VAR. 자포니카), Komatsuna의 씨앗을 포함하는 배양 접시에 적용하고, Mescluns되었다 (다닥 냉이 속 sativum ). 우리는 배양 접시에서 자석을 적용했다. 응용 프로그램의 4 일 동안, 우리는 줄기와 뿌리 길이가 증가하는 것이 관찰했다. 자기장 치료 (N = 10)를 실시한 그룹 팔일 (p &lt;0.0005)의 합계 대조군 (N = 11)와 비교하여 성장의 1.4 배 빠른 속도를 보였다. 이 비율은 이전 연구에서보고 된 것보다 20 % 높은 수준이다. 튜 불린 복잡한 선은 점을 연결하지 않았지만, 연결 지점은 자석의 응용 프로그램에 발생합니다. 이것은 비정상적인 배열을 제어 수단에서 완전한 차이점을 보여줍니다. 그러나 정확한 원인은 확실하지 않다. 이 입술자석을 적용 성장 증강 ULTS는, 성장 속도 향상과 생산성을 향상하거나, 정적 자기장을인가함으로써 식물의 발아 속도를 제어 할 수 있음을 시사한다. 또한, 자기장은 식물 세포의 생리적 변화를 일으킬 수 성장을 유도 할 수 있습니다. 따라서, 자기장 자극은 비료의 사용을 회피 할 수 있다는 것을 의미 화학 비료와 마찬가지이다 가능한 효과를 가질 수있다.

튜 불린 염색은 분산 또는 제어 (도 2)에 비해 자석의 존재하에 성장한 식물 구조를 얇게했다. 또한, Komatsuna (브라 시카 라파 var에. perviridis) 및 Mescluns (다닥 냉이 속 sativum)를 포함하여 농업 식물 칠일 시간 경과 연구는 자석이 식물의 초기 성장 (그림 3) 정적 자기장을 증가 파생 된 것으로 나타났다. <p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.wi...

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Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the acceleration of the initial growth rate of plants by applying static magnetic fields with no external energy.

정적 자기장을 사용하여 농업 식물의 초기 성장 속도의 향상

Electronic devices and high-voltage wires induce magnetic fields. A magnetic field of 1,300-2,500 Gauss (0.2 Tesla) was applied to Petri dishes containing ...

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13.1K 조회수.  Yonsei University. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the acceleration of the initial growth rate of plants by applying static magnetic fields with no external energy.

비디오: Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the biogeochemical drivers of climate change and to the development and evaluation of GHG mitigation strategies based on modulation of landscape management practices. The static chamber-based method described here is based on trapping gases emitted from the soil surface within a chamber and collecting samples from the chamber headspace at regular intervals for analysis by gas chromatography. Change in gas concentration over time is used to calculate flux. This method can be utilized to measure landscape-based flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, and to estimate differences between treatments or explore system dynamics over seasons or years. Infrastructure requirements are modest, but a comprehensive experimental design is essential. This method is easily deployed in the field, conforms to established guidelines, and produces data suitable to large-scale GHG emissions studies.

This article showcases the static chamber-based method for measurement of greenhouse gas flux from soil systems. With relatively modest infrastructure investments, measurements may be obtained from multiple treatments/locations and over timeframes ranging from hours to years.

정적 챔버를 사용하여 농업 토양에서 온실 가스 유출 측정

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

연구

환경과학

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Freezing events that occur when plants are actively growing can be a lethal event, particularly if the plant has no freezing tolerance. Such frost events often have devastating effects on agricultural production and can also play an important role in shaping community structure in natural populations of plants, especially in alpine, sub-arctic, and arctic ecosystems. Therefore, a better understanding of the freezing process in plants can play an important role in the development of methods of frost protection and understanding mechanisms of freeze avoidance. Here, we describe a protocol to visualize the freezing process in plants using high-resolution infrared thermography (HRIT). The use of this technology allows one to determine the primary sites of ice formation in plants, how ice propagates, and the presence of ice barriers. Furthermore, it allows one to examine the role of extrinsic and intrinsic nucleators in determining the temperature at which plants freeze and evaluate the ability of various compounds to either affect the freezing process or increase freezing tolerance. The use of HRIT allows one to visualize the many adaptations that have evolved in plants, which directly or indirectly impact the freezing process and ultimately enables plants to survive frost events.

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Here we present a protocol that allows one to visualize sites of ice formation and avenues of ice propagation in plants utilizing high resolution infrared thermography (HRIT).

식물의 얼음 핵 얼음 전파의 연구에 대한 고해상도 적외선 체열 (HRIT)의 사용

Freezing events that occur when plants are actively growing can be a lethal event, particularly if the plant has no freezing tolerance. Such frost events ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) &#62; 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log KOW &#60; 0.70).

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

물에 농약의 모니터링을위한 특성화 및 패시브 샘플러의 응용 프로그램

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

연속 Instream 영양분과 농업 Watersheds에 앙금의 모니터링

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Methodology for Developing Life Tables for Sessile Insects in the Field Using the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in Cotton As a Model System

Life tables provide a means of measuring the schedules of birth and death from populations over time. They also can be used to quantify the sources and rates of mortality in populations, which has a variety of applications in ecology, including agricultural ecosystems. Horizontal, or cohort-based, life tables provide for the most direct and accurate method of quantifying vital population rates because they follow a group of individuals in a population from birth to death. Here, protocols are presented for conducting and analyzing cohort-based life tables in the field that takes advantage of the sessile nature of the immature life stages of a global insect pest, Bemisia tabaci. Individual insects are located on the underside of cotton leaves and are marked by drawing a small circle around the insect with a non-toxic pen. This insect can then be observed repeatedly over time with the aid of hand lenses to measure development from one stage to the next and to identify stage-specific causes of death associated with natural and introduced mortality forces. Analyses explain how to correctly measure multiple mortality forces that act contemporaneously within each stage and how to use such data to provide meaningful population dynamic metrics. The method does not directly account for adult survival and reproduction, which limits inference to dynamics of immature stages. An example is presented that focused on measuring the impact of bottom-up (plant quality) and top-down (natural enemies) effects on the mortality dynamics of B. tabaci in the cotton system.

Methodology for Developing Life Tables for Sessile Insects in the Field Using the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in Cotton As a Model System

Life tables allow quantification of the sources and rates of mortality in insect populations and contribute to understanding, predicting and manipulating population dynamics in agroecosystems. Methods for conducting and analyzing cohort-based life tables in the field for an insect with sessile immature life stages are presented.

Life tables provide a means of measuring the schedules of birth and death from populations over time. They also can be used to quantify the sources and ...

Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and estimating fish abundance. We developed and implemented a rotating stereo-video camera tool that covers a full 360 degrees of sampling, which maximizes sampling effort compared to stationary camera tools. A variety of studies have detailed the ability of static, stereo-camera systems to obtain highly accurate and precise measurements of fish; the focus here was on the development of methodological approaches to quantify fish density using rotating camera systems. The first approach was to develop a modification of the metric MaxN, which typically is a conservative count of the minimum number of fish observed on a given camera survey. We redefine MaxN to be the maximum number of fish observed in any given rotation of the camera system. When precautions are taken to avoid double counting, this method for MaxN may more accurately reflect true abundance than that obtained from a fixed camera. Secondly, because stereo-video allows fish to be mapped in three-dimensional space, precise estimates of the distance-from-camera can be obtained for each fish. By using the 95% percentile of the observed distance from camera to establish species-specific areas surveyed, we account for differences in detectability among species while avoiding diluting density estimates by using the maximum distance a species was observed. Accounting for this range of detectability is critical to accurately estimate fish abundances. This methodology will facilitate the integration of rotating stereo-video tools in both applied science and management contexts.

We describe a new method for counting fishes, and estimating relative abundance (MaxN) and fish density using rotating stereo-video camera systems. We also demonstrate how to use distance from camera (Z distance) to estimate species-specific detectability.

수 중 스테레오 비디오 도구를 사용 하 여 물고기 밀도 측정을 위한 새로운 방법의 개발

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and ...

Assessment of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Paddy Field by Means of Static Closed Chambers Maintaining Plants Within Headspace

This protocol describes the measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy soils using the static closed chamber technique. This method is based on the diffusion theory. A known volume of air overlaying a defined soil area is enclosed within a parallelepiped cover (named &#34;chamber&#34;), for a defined period of time. During this enclosure period, gases (methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)) move from soil pore air near their microbial source (i.e., methanogens, nitrifiers, denitrifiers) to the chamber headspace, following a natural concentration gradient. Fluxes are then estimated from chamber headspace concentration variations sampled at regular intervals throughout the enclosure and then analyzed with gas chromatography. Among the techniques available for GHG measurement, the static closed chamber method is suitable for plot experiments, as it does not require large homogenously treated soil areas. Furthermore, it is manageable with limited resources and can identify relationships among ecosystem properties, processes, and fluxes, especially when combined with GHG driving force measurements. Nevertheless, with respect to the micrometeorological method, it causes a minimal but still unavoidable soil disturbance, and allows a minor temporal resolution. Several phases are key to the method implementation: i) chamber design and deployment, ii) sample handling and analyses, and iii) flux estimation. Technique implementation success in paddy fields demands adjustments for field flooding during much of the cropping cycle, and for rice plant maintenance within the chamber headspace during measurements. Therefore, the additional elements to be considered with respect to the usual application of non-flooded agricultural soils consist of devices for: i) avoiding any unintended water disturbance that could overestimate fluxes, and ii) including rice plants within the chamber headspace to fully consider gases emitted through aerenchyma transportation.

The overall goal of this protocol is to measure greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields using the static closed chamber technique. The measurement system needs specific adjustments due to the presence of both a permanent water layer in the field and of the plants within the chamber headspace.

메탄과 아산화 질소 용 정전기에 의하여 벼 분야에서의 평가 폐쇄 챔버 Headspace 내 식물 유지

This protocol describes the measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy soils using the static closed chamber technique. This method is based ...

Determination of the Settling Rate of Clay/Cyanobacterial Floccules

The mechanisms underpinning the deposition of fine-grained, organic-rich sediments are still largely debated. Specifically, the impact of the interaction of clay particles with reactive, planktonic cyanobacterial cells to the sedimentary record is under studied. This interaction is a potentially major contributor to shale depositional models. Within a lab setting, the flocculation and sedimentation rates of these materials can be examined and measured in a controlled environment. Here, we detail a protocol for measuring the sedimentation rate of cyanobacterial/clay mixtures. This methodology is demonstrated through the description of two sample experiments: the first uses kaolin (a dehydrated form of kaolinite) and Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 (a marine coccoid cyanobacteria), and the second uses kaolin and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (a freshwater coccoid cyanobacteria). Cyanobacterial cultures are mixed with varying amounts of clay within a specially designed tank apparatus optimized to allow continuous, real-time video and photographic recording. The sampling procedures are detailed as well as a post-collection protocol for precise measurement of chlorophyll a from which the concentration of cyanobacterial cells remaining in suspension can be determined. Through experimental replication, a profile is constructed that displays sedimentation rate.

The interaction and sedimentation of the clay and bacterial cells within the marine realm, observed in natural environments, can be best investigated in a controlled lab environment. Here, we describe a detailed protocol, which outlines a novel method for measuring the sedimentation rate of clay and cyanobacterial floccules.

클레이/Cyanobacterial Floccules의 정착 률의 결정

The mechanisms underpinning the deposition of fine-grained, organic-rich sediments are still largely debated. Specifically, the impact of the interaction ...

Choice and No-Choice Bioassays to Study the Pupation Preference and Emergence Success of Ectropis grisescens

Many insects live above the ground as larvae and adults and as pupate below the ground. Compared to the above-ground stages of their life cycles, less attention has been paid on how environmental factors affect these insects when they pupate within the soil. The tea looper, Ectropis grisescens Warren (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), is a severe pest of tea plants and has caused huge economic losses in South China. The protocols described here aim to investigate, through multiple-choice bioassays, whether mature last-instar E. grisescens larvae can discriminate soil variables such as the substrate type and moisture content, and determine, through no-choice bioassays, the impact of the substrate type and moisture content on pupation behaviors and the emergence success of E. grisescens. The results would enhance the understanding of the pupation ecology of E. grisescens and may bring insights into soil-management tactics for suppressing E. grisescens populations. In addition, these bioassays can be modified to study the influences of various factors on the pupation behaviors and survivorship of soil-pupating pests.

Choice and No-Choice Bioassays to Study the Pupation Preference and Emergence Success of Ectropis grisescens

Here, we present a protocol to investigate the pupation preference of mature larvae of Ectropis grisescens in response to soil factors (e.g., substrate type and moisture content) using choice bioassays. We also present a protocol of no-choice bioassays to determine the factors that affect the pupation behaviors and survivorship of E. grisescens.

선택 및 아니오 선택 생물 검정 Pupation 환경과 Ectropis grisescens 의 출현 성공 공부

Many insects live above the ground as larvae and adults and as pupate below the ground. Compared to the above-ground stages of their life cycles, less ...

Generating Homo- and Heterografts Between Watermelon and Bottle Gourd for the Study of Cold-responsive MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs of about 20 - 24 nt, known to play important roles in plant development and adaptation. There is an accumulating evidence showing that the expressions of certain miRNAs are altered when grafting, an agricultural practice commonly used by farmers to improve crop tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Bottle gourd is an inherently climate-resilient crop compared to many other major cucurbits, including watermelon, rendering it one of the most widely used rootstocks for the latter. The recent advancement of high-throughput sequencing technologies has provided great opportunities to investigate cold-responsive miRNAs and their contributions to heterograft advantages; yet, adequate experimental procedures are a prerequisite for this purpose. Here, we present a detailed protocol for efficiently generating homo- and heterografts between the cold-susceptible watermelon and the cold-tolerant bottle gourd, in addition to methods of tissue sampling, data generation, and data analysis. The presented methods are also useful for other plant-grafting systems, to interrogate miRNA regulations under various environmental stresses, such as heat, drought, and salinity.

Here we present a detailed protocol for efficiently making homo- and heterografts between watermelon and bottle gourd, in addition to methods of tissue sampling, data generation, and data analysis, for the investigation of cold-responsive microRNAs.

감기 응답 MicroRNAs의 연구에 대 한 호모-그리고 수 박 및 호리병박 사이 Heterografts를 생성

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs of about 20 - 24 nt, known to play important roles in plant development and adaptation. There is ...