This project was funded, in part, by ConAgra Foods (Omaha, NE, USA), the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, the Hatch Program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Virginia Tech Water INTERface Interdisciplinary Graduate Education Program.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

음식 및 음료에 관한 문헌에서 AFEA 응용 프로그램은 1-11 매우 제한되어있다. 음식이 응용 프로그램은 방법론과 데이터 해석을 설정하기위한 기회를 만드는 새로운 기능입니다. Arnade는 (2013) 7 초콜릿 우유와 곡선 분석 및 분산 분석에 따라 영역을 사용하여 흰 우유에 개인의 감정적 반응 중 높은 개인의 다양성을 발견했다. 슬프고 화나게 짧은 시간 응답 7 있었을 때 그러나...

자동 얼굴 표정 분석 (AFEA)는 음료 및 음식에 대한 감정적 인 반응을 특성화하기위한 전향 적 분석 도구입니다. 기존의 감각 과학 방법론, 식품 평가 사례 및 쾌락 규모의 평가에 여분의 차원을 추가 할 수 있습니다 감정적 인 분석은 일반적으로 연구 및 산업 설정에서 모두 사용했다. 감정 분석은 식품 및 음료에 대한 더 정확한 응답을 알 추가적인 측정을 제공 할 수있다. 반응 1을 기록 오류로 인해 쾌락 점수는 참가자 바이어스를 포함 할 수있다. AFEA 연구는 컴퓨터 게임, 사용자 행동, 교육 / 교육학과 공감과기만에 심리학 연구 등 많은 연구 응용 프로그램에서 사용되어왔다. 대부분의 식품 관련 연구는 식품의 품질과 음식 인간 행동에 대한 감정적 반응의 특성에 초점을 맞추고있다. 음식의 행동에 대한 통찰력을 얻고있는 최근의 추세, 문학 보고서의 성장 몸은 AFEA의 사용식품, 음료 및 냄새 물질 1-12과 관련된 인간의 감정적 반응의 특성을합니다. AFEA는 얼굴 액션 코딩 시스템 (FACS)에서 파생됩니다. 얼굴 동작 코딩 시스템 (FACS)를 5 점 강도 스케일 (13) 상에 작용 유닛 (AUS)을 특징으로 얼굴의 움직임을 구별한다. FACS 접근 방식은 훈련 된 리뷰 전문가, 수동 코딩, 중요한 평가 시간을 필요로하며, 제한된 데이터 분석 옵션을 제공합니다. AFEA 감정을 결정하기 위해 빠른 평가 방법으로 개발되었다. AFEA 소프트웨어는 감정적 반응 14-18의 특성을 얼굴 근육의 움직임, 얼굴 데이터베이스, 알고리즘에 의존합니다. 본 연구에 사용 된 AFEA 소프트웨어는 감정적 인 표정 사진의 바르샤바 세트 (WSEFEP)과 0.70의 표준 계약에 가까운 (ADFES) 설정 암스테르담 동적 얼굴 표정, 모두에서 평균 0.67 합의의 &quot;FACS 지수에 도달 수동 코딩 &quot;19 </sup&gt;. 분석에 포함 보편적 인 감정은 1-0의 별도의 규모 (각 행복 (​​긍정적), (음) 슬픔, 혐오 (음), 놀란 (양 또는 음), 화가 (음), 무서워 (음) 및 중립 0 발현되지 = 1 = 완전) 20 표명했다. 또한, 심리학 문헌은 무서워하고, (멀리 혐오 자극에서) 21 &quot;철수&quot;감정으로 혐오, 행복 놀라게하고 화가 &quot;접근&quot;감정 등 (자극 방향)과 슬픈이 포함되어 있습니다. 식품과 관련된 감정을 특성화에 대한 현재 AFEA 소프트웨어 중 하나 제한은 씹는과 삼키는뿐만 아니라 극단적 인 머리의 움직임과 같은 다른 총 모터 동작과 관련된 안면 운동의 간섭이다. 이 소프트웨어는 얼굴 16, 17에 500 개 이상의 근육 포인트를 기준으로 작은 얼굴 근육의 움직임, 관련 위치 및 운동의 정도를 목표로하고있다. 씹는 운동 식의 분류를 방해합니다. 이 제한ATION은 액상 식품을 사용하여 해결 될 수있다. 그러나, 다른 방법의 어려움은 또한 데이터 수집 환경 기술 연구원 설명서, 참가자 행동 및 참가자 속성을 포함한 비디오 감도 AFEA 분석을 감소시킬 수있다. 표준 방법론을 개발하고 최적의 비디오 캡처 및 관능 평가 실험실 환경에서 음식과 음료에 대한 감정적 반응에 대한 AFEA를 사용하여 데이터 분석을 위해 확인되지 않았습니다. 여러 측면 조명 참가자 방향 참가자 동작 참가자 높이이며, 또한, 카메라 높이 카메라, 낚시 및 장치 설정으로 인한 그림자 조명을 포함하는 비디오 캡쳐 환경에 영향을 미칠 수있다. 또한, 데이터 분석 방법론은 상충하는 감정적 반응을 평가하는 표준 방법이 부족하다. 여기, 우리는 (음료를 사용하여 의미있는 결과로 감정적 인 데이터 처리 데이터를 캡처에 대한 우리의 표준 운영 절차를 시연 할 예정이다맛 우유, 평가 향이 우유와 향이 물). 우리의 지식 하나의 피어 검토 출판에, 우리의 실험실 그룹에서, 감정 분석 8 데이터 해석에 대한 시계열을 이용하고있다; 그러나,이 방법은 우리의 표시 방법에 대해 업데이트되었습니다. 우리의 목표는 관능 평가 실험실 설정에서 재현성을 돕는 개선 된 일관된 방법을 개발하는 것이다. 데모를 들어, 연구 모델의 목적은 AFEA는 맛 우유, 향이 우유와 향이 물 기존의 쾌락 수용 평가를 보완 할 수 있는지 평가하는 것입니다. 동영상 프로토콜의 목적은, AFEA 방법론을 확립 도와 관능 평가 실험실에서 비디오 캡쳐 조건 (감각 부스 설정) 표준화, 및 모집단의 시간적 감정 데이터 분석을위한 방법을 도시한다.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">2% Reduced Fat Milk</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">Kroger Brand, Cincinnati, OH or DZA Brands, LLC, Salisbury, NC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">for solutions</td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Drinking Water</td>
			<td>Kroger Brand, Cincinnati, OH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td>for solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Imitation Clear Vanilla Flavor</td>
			<td>Kroger Brand, Cincinnati, OH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td>for solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Iodized Salt</td>
			<td>Kroger Brand, Cincinnati, OH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td>for solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FaceReader 6</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">Noldus Information Technology, Wageningen, The Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td>For Facial Analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Sensory Information Management System (SIMS) 2000</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">Sensory Computer Systems, Berkeley Heights, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Version 6</td>
			<td>For Sensory Data Capture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Rhapsody</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">Acuity Brands Lighting, Inc., Conyers, GA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For Environment Illumination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">R Version&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">R Core Team 2015</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3.1.1</td>
			<td>For Statistical Analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microsoft Office</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td>For Statistical Analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">JMP</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) Version 9.2, SAS Institute, Cary, NC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td>For Statistical Analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Media Recorder 2.5</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">Noldus Information Technology, Wageningen, The Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td>For capturing participants sensory evaluation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Axis M1054 Camera</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">Axis Communications, Lund, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Beverage</td>
			<td style="width:436px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">na</td>
			<td>Beverage or soft food for evaluation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protocol for data collection and analysis applied to automated facial expression analysis technology and temporal analysis for sensory evaluation

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis (AFEA) software. Additionally, we demonstrate a method for extracting relevant emotional data output and plotting the emotional response of a population over a specified time frame. By time pairing each participant's treatment response to a control stimulus (baseline), the overall emotional response over time and across multiple participants can be quantified. AFEA is a prospective analytical tool for assessing unbiased response to food and beverages. At present, most research has mainly focused on beverages. Methodologies and analyses have not yet been standardized for the application of AFEA to beverages and foods; however, a consistent standard methodology is needed. Optimizing video capture procedures and resulting video quality aids in a successful collection of emotional response to foods. Furthermore, the methodology of data analysis is novel for extracting the pertinent data relevant to the emotional response. The combinations of video capture optimization and data analysis will aid in standardizing the protocol for automated facial expression analysis and interpretation of emotional response data.

이 방법은 AFEA 데이터 수집을위한 표준 프로토콜을 제안한다. 제안 된 프로토콜 단계를 따라하는 경우, 사용할 수없는 감정 데이터 출력 가난한 데이터 수집의 결과 (그림 1) (그림 2 :; 왼쪽 사진)은 제한 될 수 있습니다. 이 잘못된 데이터 (그림 1)와 같이 로그 파일 (.txt 인)은 주로 &quot;FIND_FAILED&quot; &quot;FIT_FAILED&quot;등을 포함하는 경우...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation at JoVE.com

Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

자동화 표정 분석 소프트웨어를 사용하여 관능 평가 실험실에서 음료 및 액상 식품에 인구의 감정적 반응을 캡처 및 통계적 분석을위한 프로토콜을 설명한다.

관능 평가를위한 데이터 수집 및 자동화 표정 분석 기술에 대한 분석 응용 및 시간적 분석을위한 프로토콜

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial ...

protocol-for-data-collection-analysis-applied-to-automated-facial

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.3K 조회수.  Virginia Tech.  자동화 표정 분석 소프트웨어를 사용하여 관능 평가 실험실에서 음료 및 액상 식품에 인구의 감정적 반응을 캡처 및 통계적 분석을위한 프로토콜을 설명한다. 

비디오: Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

마우스에서 비디오 분석 시스템을 사용하여 콘텐츠 및 시작됨 공포 컨디셔닝 테스트

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

연구

행동분석학

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

정신 분열증에 대한 가족 성 위험이 높은 아동의 정서적 괴짜 작업을 사용하여 이마 관자 - 변연계의 활동의 측정

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Recording Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalizations to Evaluate Social Communication

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations in different contexts throughout development and in adulthood. These vocal signals are now currently used as proxies for modeling the genetic bases of vocal communication deficits. Characterizing the vocal behavior of mouse models carrying mutations in genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders will help to understand the mechanisms leading to social communication deficits. We provide here protocols to reliably elicit ultrasonic vocalizations in pups and in adult mice. This standardization will help reduce inter-study variability due to the experimental settings. Pup isolation calls are recorded throughout development from individual pups isolated from dam and littermates. In adulthood, vocalizations are recorded during same-sex interactions (without a sexual component) by exposing socially motivated males or females to an unknown same-sex conspecific. We also provide a protocol to record vocalizations from adult males exposed to an estrus female. In this context, there is a sexual component in the interaction. These protocols are established to elicit a large amount of ultrasonic vocalizations in laboratory mice. However, we point out the important inter-individual variability in the vocal behavior of mice, which should be taken into account by recording a minimal number of individuals (at least 12 in each condition). These recordings of ultrasonic vocalizations are used to evaluate the call rate, the vocal repertoire and the acoustic structure of the calls. Data are combined with the analysis of synchronous video recordings to provide a more complete view on social communication in mice. These protocols are used to characterize the vocal communication deficits in mice lacking ProSAP1/Shank2, a gene associated with autism spectrum disorders. More ultrasonic vocalizations recordings can also be found on the mouseTube database, developed to favor the exchange of such data.

Mouse ultrasonic vocalizations are used as proxies to model the genetic bases of vocal communication deficits in mouse models for neuropsychiatric disorders. The present protocol describes three experimental contexts that reliably elicit ultrasonic vocalizations from pups (throughout development) and adult mice (same-sex interactions, male-estrus female interactions).

마우스 초음파 발성을 녹화 사회 커뮤니케이션을 평가하는

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations in different contexts throughout development and in adulthood. These vocal signals are now currently used as proxies ...

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The proposed method is based on a new and synergistic combination of three components: the temporal-order judgments (TOJ) paradigm, Bundesen&#39;s Theory of Visual Attention (TVA), and a hierarchical Bayesian estimation framework. The method provides readily interpretable parameters, which are supported by the theoretical and neurophysiological underpinnings of TVA. Using TOJs, TVA-based estimates can be obtained for a broad range of stimuli, whereas traditional paradigms used with TVA are mainly limited to letters and digits. Finally, the meaningful parameters of the proposed model allow for the establishment of a hierarchical Bayesian model. Such a statistical model allows assessing results in one coherent analysis both on the subject and the group level.
To demonstrate the feasibility and versatility of this new approach, three experiments are reported with attention manipulations in synthetic pop-out displays, natural images, and a cued letter-report paradigm.

Temporal-order judgments can be used to estimate processing speed parameters and attentional weights and thereby to infer the mechanisms of attentional processing. This methodology can be applied to a wide range of visual stimuli and works with many attention manipulations.

시간적 순서 심판의 모델 기반 분석에 의해주의 및 Visual 처리 속도를 측정

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The ...

Automated Analysis of a Nematode Population-based Chemosensory Preference Assay

The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans' compact nervous system of only 302 neurons underlies a diverse repertoire of behaviors. To facilitate the dissection of the neural circuits underlying these behaviors, the development of robust and reproducible behavioral assays is necessary. Previous C. elegans behavioral studies have used variations of a "drop test", a "chemotaxis assay", and a "retention assay" to investigate the response of C. elegans to soluble compounds. The method described in this article seeks to combine the complementary strengths of the three aforementioned assays. Briefly, a small circle in the middle of each assay plate is divided into four quadrants with the control and experimental solutions alternately placed. After the addition of the worms, the assay plates are loaded into a behavior chamber where microscope cameras record the worms' encounters with the treated regions. Automated video analysis is then performed and a preference index (PI) value for each video is generated. The video acquisition and automated analysis features of this method minimizes the experimenter's involvement and any associated errors. Furthermore, minute amounts of the experimental compound are used per assay and the behavior chamber's multi-camera setup increases experimental throughput. This method is particularly useful for conducting behavioral screens of genetic mutants and novel chemical compounds. However, this method is not appropriate for studying stimulus gradient navigation due to the close proximity of the control and experimental solution regions. It should also not be used when only a small population of worms is available. While suitable for assaying responses only to soluble compounds in its current form, this method can be easily modified to accommodate multimodal sensory interaction and optogenetic studies. This method can also be adapted to assay the chemosensory responses of other nematode species.

We present a behavior recording setup and protocol that enables automated analysis of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans' preference for soluble compounds in a population-based assay. This article describes the construction of a behavior chamber, the behavioral assay protocol, and video analysis software usage.

선충 집단에 기반한 화학 감응도 선호 분석의 자동화 된 분석

The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans' compact nervous system of only 302 neurons underlies a diverse repertoire of behaviors. To facilitate the dissection ...

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and laboratory experiments, respectively. VR is especially useful for geographic visualizations and investigations of spatial behavior. In spatial behavior research, VR provides a platform for studying the relationship between navigation and physiological measures (e.g., skin conductance, heart rate, blood pressure). Specifically, physiological measures allow researchers to address novel questions and constrain previous theories of spatial abilities, strategies, and performance. For example, individual differences in navigation performance may be explained by the extent to which changes in arousal mediate the effects of task difficulty. However, the complexities in the design and implementation of VR experiments can distract experimenters from their primary research goals and introduce irregularities in data collection and analysis. To address these challenges, the Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework includes standardized modules such as participant training with the control interface, data collection using questionnaires, the synchronization of physiological measurements, and data storage. EVE also provides the necessary infrastructure for data management, visualization, and evaluation. The present paper describes a protocol that employs the EVE framework to conduct navigation experiments in VR with physiological sensors. The protocol lists the steps necessary for recruiting participants, attaching the physiological sensors, administering the experiment using EVE, and assessing the collected data with EVE evaluation tools. Overall, this protocol will facilitate future research by streamlining the design and implementation of VR experiments with physiological sensors.

Virtual reality (VR) experiments can be difficult to implement and require meticulous planning. This protocol describes a method for the design and implementation of VR experiments that collect physiological data from human participants. The Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework is employed to accelerate this process.

가상 현실 생리 측정 실험

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and ...

Biomechanical Analysis Methods to Assess Professional Badminton Players' Lunge Performance

Under the condition of simulating a badminton court in the laboratory, this study used the injury mechanism model to analyze the maximal right lunge movements of eight professional badminton players and eight amateur players. The purpose of this protocol is to study the differences in kinematics and joint moment of the right knee and ankle. A motion capture system and force plate were used to capture data of the joint movements of the lower extremity and the vertical ground reaction force (vGRF). Sixteen young men who did not have any sports injuries in the past 6 months took part in the study. The subjects performed a maximal right lunge from the start position with their right foot, stepping on and fully contacting with the force plate, hit the shuttlecock with an underhand stroke to the designated position in the backcourt, and then returned to the start/end position. All subjects wore the same badminton shoes to avoid a difference in impact from different badminton shoes. The amateur players showed a greater range of ankle movement and reverse joint moment on the frontal plane, and a larger internal joint rotation moment on the horizontal plane. The professional badminton players exhibited greater knee moment on the sagittal and frontal planes. Therefore, these factors should be considered in the development of the training program to reduce the risk of sports injuries in knee and ankle joints. This study simulates the real badminton court and calibrates the range of activities of each movement of the subjects so that the subjects complete the experimental action in a natural state with high quality. A limitation of this study is that it does not combine joint load and muscle activity. Another limitation is that the sample size is small and should be expanded in future studies. This research method can be applied to the lower limb biomechanical research of other footwork in the badminton project.

Here, we present a protocol to evaluate the differences in injury mechanisms between professional and amateur players when performing a badminton maximal right lunge movement by analyzing lower limb kinematics.

전문 배드민턴 선수의 런지 성능을 평가하는 생체 역학 분석 방법

Under the condition of simulating a badminton court in the laboratory, this study used the injury mechanism model to analyze the maximal right lunge ...

Low-cost Protocol of Footprint Analysis and Hanging Box Test for Mice Applied the Chronic Restraint Stress

Gait disturbance is frequently observed in patients with movement disorders. In mouse models used for movement disorders, gait analysis is important behavioral test to determine whether the mice mimic the symptoms of patients. Motor deficits are often induced by stress when no spontaneous motor phenotype is observed in the mouse models. Therefore, gait analysis followed by stress loading would be a sensitive method for evaluating the motor phenotype in mouse models. However, researchers face the requirement of an expensive apparatus to obtain quantitative results automatically from gait analysis. For stress, stress loading by simple methods without expensive apparatuses required for electric shock and forced running is desirable. Therefore, we introduce a simple and low-cost protocol consisting of footprint analysis with paper and ink, hanging box test to evaluate motor function, and stress loading defined by restraint with a conical tube. The motor deficits of mice were successfully detected by this protocol.

The low-cost protocol consisting of footprint analysis and hanging box test after restraint stress is useful for evaluating the movement disorders of mouse model.

공간 분석 및 쥐 상자 테스트 매달려의 저가 프로토콜 적용 구속 만성 스트레스

Gait disturbance is frequently observed in patients with movement disorders. In mouse models used for movement disorders, gait analysis is important ...

Modified Blood Collection from Tail Veins of Non-anesthetized Mice with a Vacuum Blood Collection System and Eyeglass Magnifier

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. The tail veins of mice are small, and it is sometimes difficult to obtain the required blood volume by conventional puncture methods. This study investigates the superiority of repeated blood sample collection from tail veins of mice through use of a vacuum blood collection system and eyeglass magnifier (experimental group) compared to conventional blood sampling methods (conventional group), performed by beginners and experts, respectively. With the help of an eyeglass magnifier, a butterfly needle tip is inserted into the tail vein of each mouse in the experimental group. When the vein is penetrated successfully, a blood sample is collected in the vacuum collection tube by insertion of the rubber end of a butterfly needle into the vacuum blood collection tube. The plunger is then used to collect blood without the help of the eyeglass magnifier in the conventional group. Success rates of blood sample collection by the beginners and experts were shown to be 70% vs. 100% (p &#60; 0.01) in the experimental group and 35% vs. 85% (p &#60; 0.01) in the conventional group. For both beginners and experts, puncture times required for obtaining required blood sample were significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the conventional group (2.40 &#177; 0.75 vs. 2.90 &#177; 0.31, p &#60; 0.05; 1.15 &#177; 0.37 vs. 1.55 &#177; 0.76, p &#60; 0.05). In conclusion, the presented blood sampling technique is feasible and easy to practice and enables frequent sampling of adequate blood volumes from non-anesthetized mice.&#160;

This study reports blood sampling from tail vein in mice using a vacuum extraction tube system with eyeglass magnifier. Our method is easy to practice and could be used for repeat blood sampling in mice.

진공 혈액 수집 시스템 및 안경 돋보기와 비 취 쥐의 꼬리 정 맥에서 혈 수정된

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. ...

Paw-Print Analysis of Contrast-Enhanced Recordings (PrAnCER): A Low-Cost, Open-Access Automated Gait Analysis System for Assessing Motor Deficits

Gait analysis is used to quantify changes in motor function in many rodent models of disease. Despite the importance of assessing gait and motor function in many areas of research, the available commercial options have several limitations such as high cost and lack of accessible, open code. To address these issues, we developed PrAnCER, Paw-Print Analysis of Contrast-Enhanced Recordings, for automated quantification of gait. The contrast-enhanced recordings are produced by using a translucent floor that obscures objects not in contact with the surface, effectively isolating the rat&#8217;s paw prints as it walks. Using these videos, our simple software program reliably measures a variety of spatiotemporal gait parameters. To demonstrate that PrAnCER can accurately detect changes in motor function, we employed a haloperidol model of Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD). We tested rats at two doses of haloperidol: high dose (0.30 mg/kg) and low dose (0.15 mg/kg). Haloperidol significantly increased stance duration and hind paw contact area in the low dose condition, as might be expected in a PD model. In the high dose condition, we found a similar increase in contact area but also an unexpected increase in stride length. With further research, we found that this increased stride length is consistent with the bracing-escape phenomenon commonly observed at higher doses of haloperidol. Thus, PrAnCER was able to detect both expected and unexpected changes in rodent gait patterns. Additionally, we confirmed that PrAnCER is consistent and accurate when compared with manual scoring of gait parameters.

Paw-Print Analysis of Contrast-Enhanced Recordings PrAnCER: A Low-Cost, Open-Access Automated Gait Analysis System for Assessing Motor Deficits

We describe a novel gait analysis system, Paw-Print Analysis of Contrast-Enhanced Recordings (PrAnCER), an open-access automated system for the quantification of gait characteristics in rats that utilizes a novel semitransparent floor to automatically quantify gait. This system was validated using the haloperidol model of Parkinson&#8217;s Disease.

대비 강화 된 기록 (PrAnCER)의 발 인쇄 분석 : 모터 적자를 평가하기위한 저비용 개방형 자동 걸음걸이 분석 시스템

Gait analysis is used to quantify changes in motor function in many rodent models of disease. Despite the importance of assessing gait and motor function ...