The authors thank Drs. Bobby J. Presley, Robert Tayloy, Paul Boothe, Mr. Bryan Brattin, and Mr. Mike Metcalf for their assistance during the laborious field sampling and lab work for the practical development and application of "clean techniques".

1. 샘플러 준비 <ol><li> 샘플러 <ol><li> 샘플러의 조립 <ol><li> 1.5 m 화학성 실리콘 펌핑 튜브 (OD 0.635 cm)에 4 m 길이 플루오르 에틸렌 프로필렌 (FEP) 튜브 (ID 0.635 cm, OD 0.95 cm 또는 유사한)를 연결합니다. </li><li> 펌핑 튜브에 폴리 프로필렌 Y 커넥터를 삽입하고, 다른 하나의 콘센트 및 (20 cm 펌핑 튜브에 의해) 0.45 μm의 캡슐 필터에 50 cm 펌핑 튜브를 연결합니다. </li><li> 클린 룸 (벤치)에서 호스 그들이 청소 후 (아래 참조)를 조립, 폴리에틸렌 가방 두 레이어의 조립을 저장합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 샘플러 청소 <ol><li> 실험실 세제와 튜브 세트 (연동 펌프에 1.5 m 펌핑 튜브를 부착하여)를 입력하고 24 시간 동안 담가. 다음 10 % (v / v)의 염산 (시약 등급)으로 채우고 48 시간 동안 담가, 탈 이온수로 설정 튜브를 플래시합니다. </li><li> 철저 w 탈 이온화 설정 튜브를 플러시여러 번 ater에, 그리고 비닐 봉투의 조립을 저장합니다. 24 시간 동안 50 % (v / v)의 HNO 3 (시약 등급) 솔루션을 몸으로하여 Y-커넥터와 짧은 펌핑 튜브를 청소합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 캡슐 필터 <ol><li> 먼저 탈 이온수로 48 시간의 침지 단계 후 10 % (v / v)의 염산 용액을 세척하여 캡슐 필터를 청소한다. </li><li> 산 침지 한 후, 탈 이온수와 필터를 세척하고 산을 중화하기 위해 각각의 필터에 21 % (무게) NH 4 OH (서브 삶은) 액 1ml를 추가합니다. </li><li> 폴리에틸렌 지퍼 가방의 입구와 출구 및 저장소를 연결하는 30 cm 청소 - 펌핑 튜브의 루프와 개별 필터를 밀봉합니다. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 샘플 용기 <ol><li> 폴리에틸렌 (PE, 1,000 ㎖) 및 FEP (500 mL 및 1000 ㎖) 미량 금속 결정을위한 컨테이​​너 병을 사용합니다. <ol><li> 50 %의 다음, 세제 (1 %)에서 첫 번째 (v / v)의 HNO 3을 담가 병을 청소(시약 등급), 24, 48, 24 시간 동안 10 % (v / v)의 염산 (시약 등급) 솔루션은 각각 두 침지 단계와 탈 이온수로 병을 헹군다. </li><li> 최종 염산 침지 한 후, 철저하게 탈 이온수 (DIW)으로 병을 씻어 클린 룸 또는 클래스 100 클린 벤치 (밀봉 캡) 병을 건조. </li><li> 폴리에틸렌 지퍼가 달린 가방 및 수송 용 폴리에틸렌 봉투에 두 번 가방 그들에 인감 청소 병입니다. </li></ol></li><li> 용존 유기 탄소 (DOC) 결정을위한 청소 유리 병 <ol><li> 48 시간 10 % HCl에 용해 된 유기 탄소 (DOC)의 분석을 위해, 황색 붕규산 유리 병 (40 ml)에 담근다. 탈 이온수로 세척 유리 병을 씻어하고, 사용하기 전에 2 시간 동안 480 ° C에서 그들을 연소. 수송 용 지퍼 폴리에틸렌 봉투에 개별적으로 병을 밀봉합니다. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 2. 샘플링 <ol><li> 물 샘플 수집 <ol><li> 우포N 개의 샘플링 위치에 도착 외측 가방 마크 샘플 식별 번호, 원래 가방 병을 유지한다. </li><li> 강둑이나 보트에서, 한 사람이 샘플러와 가방을 열고 (청소) 3 m 폴리 프로필렌 극에 4 m의 FEP 튜브를 연결합니다. 가급적 뱅크로부터 자극을 연장하고 약 30cm 펌프가 온되기 전에 강 유수의 표면 아래 FEP 튜브의 입구를 유지한다. </li><li> 다른 사람이 연동 펌프 (내부 배터리 샘플링 펌프)의 펌프 헤드에 펌핑 튜브를 연결해야합니다. 펌프가 시작하고, 물 (하류 측)의 전체 부피 샘플러의 적어도 3 회 배출. 파우더 프리 장갑을 착용하고 샘플 병을 채우기 시작하는 병 뚜껑의 가방을 엽니 다. <ol><li> 다른 사람이 사용할 수있는 경우 또는, 상기 제삼자가 내측 백 샘플 캡을 개방하고, (B)에 샘플을 빼낸 샘플링 튜브를 들고 담당해야ottle. </li></ol></li><li> 현장에서 전도도, 온도 및 pH를 측정을위한 125 ml의 플라스틱 병에 필터링되지 않은 샘플을 수집합니다. </li><li> (1 (a 필터없이 출구를 통해) 제 (500㎖ 용량 또는 미립자 샘플 수집 1000 ml)에 필터링되지 않은 샘플을 수집 한 다음, 여과 물 샘플을 수집 한 캡슐 형 필터를 통과하는 물의 강제로 플라스틱 클램프 출구를 닫고 -L) 용해 된 미량 금속 결정합니다. </li><li> 필터링 된 샘플을 수집 DOC와 EDTA 측정을위한 40 ml의 호박 유리 병 (필터와 출구를 통해). </li><li> 1,000 ml / 분으로 대략 500 ml / 분의 유속으로 물을 채취. 압력 (필터 &#39;사양에 따라) 구축을 시작할 때 캡슐 필터를 교체합니다. 시료의 종류마다, 품질 관리 분취 역할을 선택된 위치에서 추가 샘플뿐만 아니라 필드 블랭크를 수집한다. </li><li> 드라이 아이스 저장 i에서 40 ml의 유리 병 배치얼음 상자, 얼음 가슴에 폴리에틸렌 병 N. </li></ol></li><li> 부유 입자상 물질의 컬렉션 (SPM) <ol><li> 플라스틱 여과 깔대기 및 용기를 사용하는 진공 여과에 의해 0.4 ㎛의 폴리 카보네이트 (PC) 막 필터에 대한 SPM을 (산 세척 및 미리 칭량) 모은다. </li><li> SPM 농도를 수득 미립자 미량 금속 결정 입자를위한 샘플을 제공하기 위해 실험실에서 건조 막 필터를 고정. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. 샘플 전처리 (추적 금속 용해) <ol><li> 용해 된 미량 금속 결정의 경우, 샘플 병에 2 ml의 농축 서브 삶은 HNO 3 (1-L 당 샘플)를 추가합니다. FEP 병에 전송 용해 된 미량 금속 샘플 (산성화). 대안 적으로, 샘플은 FEP 병에 직접 수집 할 수있다. 24 시간 (8 ~ 15 와트 UV 램프)에 대한 FEP 병에 샘플을 UV는-조사. </li></ol> 추적 금속 분석을위한 4. 예비 농도 및 치료 <ol><l난&gt; 예비 농축 수지 <ol><li> 작은 (10 ~ 30 ㎖의 용량) 플라스틱 컵에 양이온 교환 수지 2 g을 계량하여 컵이 N HNO 3 용액을 소량의 추가. 10 ml의 용량을 크로마토 그래피 칼럼에 수지를 부어. 5 ml의 2 N HNO 3 열을 세척하여 수지를 청소 두 번 (서브 삶은), 및 초순수 (HPW) 3 회 씻어. </li><li> NH 4 + 형에 수지를 변환하는 컬럼에 (서브 삶은) 1 M NH 4 OH 10 ML을 추가합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 완충 용액 (1 M 아세트산 암모늄) <ol><li> HPW 약 800 ml의 (서브 삶은) 빙초산 57 ML을 추가합니다. 수산화 암모늄 ~ 60ml를 추가 (21 %, 비등-SUB) 및 아세트산과 혼합한다. 5.5 최종 pH 및 1,000 ml의에 최종 볼륨을 조정합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 농축 과정 (미량 금속을 용해) <ol><li> 30 ml의 1 M의 암모늄 아세트을 추가하여 5.5 ± 0.3로 산성화시키고, UV 조사 된 시료의 pH를 조절완충 용액 일부 (~ 2.8 ㎖) NH 4 OH를 먹었다 샘플로 (서브 삶은). </li><li> ~ 30 양이온 교환 수지 (4.1 절)로 포장 열 위의 cm와는 ~ 60cm의 FEP 관 크로마토 그래피 모자 및 커넥터 (암 루어)하여 샘플 병 농축 컬럼을 연결하는 샘플 병을 배치합니다. </li><li> 컬럼 위에 연결된 두 방향 스톱 콕을 사용하여 3-5 ml / 분의 유속을 제어한다. 시료는 농축 컬럼을 통과 할 수 있습니다. 샘플이 컬럼을 통과 한 후, 열에서 튜브와 캡을 분리합니다. </li><li> 2 × 5 ml의 HPW 1 M 암모늄 아세테이트 (산도 5.5)의 4 × 5 ml의 및 기타 미량 금속의 주요 양이온을 분리하는 HPW의 2 × 5 ml의 열을 처리합니다. </li><li> 바로 열 아래에 30 ml의 산 세척 PE 병을 놓고 7 × 1 ml의 2 N HNO 3 열을 씻어 PE 병에 (서브 삶은). </li><li> 중량 A를 구함으로써이 N HNO 3 유출 물 (~ 8.0 ㎖)의 양을 결정차 2 N HNO 3 폐수의 비중. </li></ol></li><li> 입자상 부유물 소화 <ol><li> SPM 샘플로 건조 PC 필터를 동결 건조 후에 무게. 장소 SPM 샘플, 미리 무게 퍼플 루오로 알칸에 필터와 (PFA) 선박 (60 ml의 용량), 그리고 혈관에 집중 HNO 3의 3 ㎖를 추가합니다. </li><li> 2.5 kg-m의 일정한 토크로 혈관을 강화하고, 12 시간 동안 130 ° C에서 기존의 오븐에서 소화. 냉각 한 후, 용기를 열어 용기에 HF 2 ㎖를 추가한다. </li><li> 2.5 kg-m의 일정한 토크로 혈관을 강화하고, 12 시간 동안 130 ° C에서 기존의 오븐에서 소화. 냉각 한 후, 용기를 열어 용기에 4.5 % 붕산 용액 16 ml를 추가. </li><li> 2.5 kg-m의 일정한 토크로 혈관을 강화하고, 12 시간 동안 130 ° C에서 기존의 오븐에서 소화. 각 용기의 무게를 측정하고, 각 다이제스트 용액의 비중을 결정최종 다이제스트 볼륨을 얻었다. </li><li> (최종 필터에 샘플 무게로 나눈 볼륨을 소화) 각각의 필터에 SPM의 최종 부피와 무게에서 소화에 대한 희석 계수를 계산합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. 샘플 분석 <ol><li> 미량 금속 <ol><li> 예비 농축 샘플 불꽃 원자 흡광 분석, 흑연로 원자 흡수 분광법을 사용하는 미립자의 용액에 용해 및 / 또는 유도 결합 플라즈마에 미량 금속 (CD, CO, 구리, 철, 망간, 니켈, 납 및 아연) 농도를 결정 질량 분석기. </li><li> 유도 결합 플라즈마 - 원자 발광 분석법에 의해 농축 전에 그린 서브 샘플 입자상 부유물의 다이제스트, 주요 이온 농도 일부 미량 금속을 결정. </li></ol></li><li> 보조 매개 변수 <ol><li> 휴대용 장치를 이용하여, 현장에서의 샘플 온도, pH, 염분 및 전도성을 결정한다. </li><li> 결정 용해 또는적외선 분광법 (21)에 의해 이산화탄소 감지와 습식 산화에 따라 ganic 탄소 (DOC)는 총 유기 탄소 분석기에 의해 농도. 수립 된 절차 (22, 23) 아래의 (a SPD-M10AV Diodearray 검출기) 고성능 액체 크로마토 그래피 총 EDTA 농도를 결정한다. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+low+contamination+Chelex-100+technique+for+shipboard+pre-concentration+of+heavy+metals+in+seawater.">A low contamination Chelex-100 technique for shipboard pre-concentration of heavy metals in seawater.</a> Marine Chemistry. 29, 295-306 (1990).</li><li>Pai, S. -. C., Whung, P. -. Y., Lai, R. -. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pre-concentration+efficiency+of+Chelex-100+resin+for+heavy+metals+in+seawater.+Part+1.+Effects+of+pH+and+salts+on+the+distribution+ratios+of+heavy+metals.">Pre-concentration efficiency of Chelex-100 resin for heavy metals in seawater. Part 1. Effects of pH and salts on the distribution ratios of heavy metals.</a> Analytica Chimica Acta. 211, 257-270 (1988).</li><li>Salbu, B., Oughton, D. H., Salbu, B., Steinnes, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Trace Elements in Natural Waters. , 41-69 (1995).</li><li>. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Method 1669. Sampling ambient water for trace metals at EPA Water Quality criteria levels Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www3.epa.gov/caddis/pdf/Metals_Sampling_EPA_method_1669.pdf">https://www3.epa.gov/caddis/pdf/Metals_Sampling_EPA_method_1669.pdf</a> (1996)</li><li>Horowitz, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Problems+associated+with+using+filtration+to+define+dissolved+trace+metal+concentrations+in+natural+water+samples.">Problems associated with using filtration to define dissolved trace metal concentrations in natural water samples.</a> Environmental Science and Technology. 30, 954-963 (1996).</li><li>Cortecci, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Geochemistry+of+trace+elements+in+surface+waters+of+the+Arno+River+Basin,+northern+Tuscany,+Italy.">Geochemistry of trace elements in surface waters of the Arno River Basin, northern Tuscany, Italy.</a> Applied Geochemistry. 24 (5), 1005-1022 (2009).</li><li>Markich, S. J., Brown, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relative+importance+of+natural+and+anthropogenic+influences+on+the+fresh+surface+water+chemistry+of+the+Hawkesbury-Nepean+River,+south-eastern+Australia.">Relative importance of natural and anthropogenic influences on the fresh surface water chemistry of the Hawkesbury-Nepean River, south-eastern Australia.</a> The Science of the Total Environment. 217, 201-230 (1998).</li><li>Shafer, M. M., Overdier, J. T., Hurley, J. P., Armstrong, D., Webb, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+dissolved+organic+carbon,+suspended+particles,+and+hydrology+on+the+concentration,+partitioning+and+variability+of+trace+metals+in+two+contrasting+Wisconsin+watersheds+(U.S.A.).">The influence of dissolved organic carbon, suspended particles, and hydrology on the concentration, partitioning and variability of trace metals in two contrasting Wisconsin watersheds (U.S.A.).</a> Chemical Geology. 136, 71-97 (1997).</li><li>Warren, L. A., Haack, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biogeochemical+controls+on+metal+behaviour+in+freshwater+environments.">Biogeochemical controls on metal behaviour in freshwater environments.</a> Earth-Science Reviews. 54, 261-320 (2001).</li><li>Jiann, K. -. T., Santschi, P. H., Presley, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationships+between+geochemical+parameters+(pH,+DOC,+SPM,+EDTA+Concentrations)+and+trace+metal+(Cd,+Co,+Cu,+Fe,+Mn,+Ni,+Pb,+Zn)+concentrations+in+river+waters+of+Texas+(USA).">Relationships between geochemical parameters (pH, DOC, SPM, EDTA Concentrations) and trace metal (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) concentrations in river waters of Texas (USA).</a> Aquatic Geochemistry. 19 (2), 173-193 (2013).</li><li>Peltzer, E. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+methods+for+the+measurement+of+dissolved+organic+carbon+in+natural+waters.">A comparison of methods for the measurement of dissolved organic carbon in natural waters.</a> Marine Chemistry. 54, 85-96 (1996).</li><li>Nowack, B., Kari, F., Hilger, S. U., Sigg, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+dissolved+and+adsorbed+EDTA+species+in+water+and+sediments+by+HPLC.">Determination of dissolved and adsorbed EDTA species in water and sediments by HPLC.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 68 (3), 561-566 (1996).</li><li>Bergers, P. J. M., de Groot, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+analysis+of+EDTA+in+water+by+HPLC.">The analysis of EDTA in water by HPLC.</a> Water Research. 28 (3), 639-642 (1994).</li></ol>

The authors have no conflict of interests to disclose.

자연의 바다에서 신뢰할 수있는 미량 금속의 데이터를 얻기 오염을 감소하는 것을 목표로 샘플 수집, 처리, 전처리 및 분석 중에 강조로 큰 관심을 필요로한다. 농도가 이전에보고 된 것보다 낮은 크기의 주문이 될 수 있다는 것을 발견 지난 20 년에 &quot;깨끗한 기술&quot;을 사용하여 얻은 천연 바다에서 금속 농도를 추적합니다. 미량 금속의 수준을 정확하게 인간과 고등 생물에 유해한 영향을 더 ...

일반적으로 자연수 얻은 몇 가지 미량 금속 결과 샘플 수집, 처리 및 결정 1, 2 중에 적용 부적절한 기술에서 발생하는 이슈로 인해 부정확 할 수 있음을 인식하고있다. 용해 된 미량 금속의 (지표수 3 nM의 범위 서브 나노 미터 단위) 진정한 농도는 이전에 발행 된 값보다 작은 크기의 지금 2 주문이다. 같은 상황은 해양 바다에서 허용 용해 된 미량 금속 농도는 지난 40 년 동안 규모의 수주 감소했다 정도 개선 된 샘플링과 분석 방법이 도입되었습니다로 해양 화학에서 발견되었다. 노력 미량 금속 분석 4-8의 모든 단계에 걸쳐 환원 또는 미량 금속 오염의 제거를 목표로 &quot;클린 기술 &#39;의 개발을 통해 데이터 품질을 향상시키기 위해 이루어지고있다. 주변의 미량 금속의 농도를 결정하기위한수준, 농축 종종 필요합니다. 이온 교환 기술은 일반적으로 8-12 효율적인 농축 적용되었다. 오염이 컨테이너의 벽에서 발생할 수, 용기, 샘플러, 시료 처리 및 저장 및 샘플 보존 및 분석 7,13의 청소. 최근 실시 청소 방법을 사용하는 모든 연구는 자연수에서 미량 금속의 농도는 일반적으로 잘 일상적인 방법 (7)의 검출 한계 이하 나타냅니다. 1990 년대 초 용의자 추적 금속의 데이터를 인식하기 때문에, 깨끗한 방법은 미량 금속 결정 (14)에 대한 미국 EPA (환경 보호국) 가이드 라인에 통합되었습니다 미국 지질 조사국은 15 프로젝트들이 수질 모니터링을 위해 깨끗한 방법을 채택했다. 미량 금속 연구 면도 방법은 견고하고 정확한 데이터베이스를 생성하기 위하여 모든 프로젝트에 이용 될 필요가있다. <p원칙적으로 클래스 = &quot;jove_content은&quot;&gt;, 미량 금속의 결정에 사용되는 물 샘플은 특정 재료와 구성, 기기 분석을 진행하기 전에, 제대로 적절한 용기 및 장치를 사용하여 저장 및 치료의 적절한 샘플링 기어와 수집되어야한다. 입자상 부유물 (SPM)은 샘플 저장 기간 동안 변화를 겪게 물 조성, 물 샘플의 SPM의 신속한 분리를 변경할 수 있기 때문에, 수중 환경에서의 미량 금속 연구하는 것이 일반적이다. 자연수 용존 미량 금속의 농도를 결정하기위한 여과가 필요하고, 인 - 라인 여과 기술이 적절하고 효율적이다. 분포 및 표면 분쇄 물 등의 수계의 미량 금속의 동작은 자연 (예컨대, 풍)와 인위적으로 영향을받을 수있다 (예를 들어, 폐수 폐수) 재 등과 같은 요소뿐만 아니라 다른 환경 조건지역적 지질 학적, 형태, 토지 이용 및 식생, 기후 16-19. 이것은 그러한 부유 입자상 물질의 농도 (SPM), 용해 된 유기 탄소 (DOC), 인위적 리간드 (예, 에틸렌 디아민 테트라 아세트산, EDTA), 염, 산화 환원 전위와 pH가 17-20 등 물리 파라미터의 차이가 발생할 수있다. 따라서, 정확하고 관련 미량 금속 연구는 적절한 미량 금속 분석을위한 시료의 수집뿐만 아니라에 대한 관련 요인 및 매개 변수의 결정을 필요로한다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Nitric Acid</td><td>Seastar Chemicals</td><td></td><td>Baseline grade</td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium hydroxide</td><td>Seastar Chemicals</td><td></td><td>Baseline grade</td></tr><tr><td>Acetic Acid</td><td>Seastar Chemicals</td><td></td><td>Baseline grade</td></tr><tr><td>Nitric Acid</td><td>J. T. Baker</td><td>9601-05</td><td>Reagent grade</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid</td><td>J. T. Baker</td><td>9530-33</td><td>Reagent grade</td></tr><tr><td>Chromatographic columns</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>7311550&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Poly-Prep</td></tr><tr><td>Column stack caps</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>7311555</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cap connectors (female Luers)</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>7318223</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-way stopcocks</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>7328102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cation exchange resin</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>1422832&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Chelex-100</td></tr><tr><td>Portable sampler (sampling pump)</td><td>Cole Palmer</td><td>EW-07571-00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FEP tube</td><td>Cole Palmer</td><td>EW-06450-07</td><td>6.4 mm I.D., 9.5 mm O.D.</td></tr><tr><td>Pumping tube</td><td>Cole Palmer</td><td>EW-06424-24</td><td>6.4 mm I.D. C-Flex</td></tr><tr><td>Capsule filter (0.4 mm)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>WP4HY410F0</td><td>polypropylene casing</td></tr><tr><td>1 L low density polyethylene bottle</td><td>NALGE NUNC INTERNATIONAL</td><td>312088-0032</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 L (or 500 ml) FEP bottle</td><td>NALGE NUNC INTERNATIONAL</td><td>381600-0032</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

clean sampling and analysis of river and estuarine waters for trace metal studies

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple of decades have resulted in concentrations reported now being orders of magnitude lower than those in the past. These low concentrations often necessitate preconcentration of water samples prior to instrumental analysis of samples. Since contamination can appear in all phases of trace metal analyses, including sample collection (and during preparation of sampling containers), storage and handling, pretreatments, and instrumental analysis, specific care needs to be taken in order to reduce contamination levels at all steps. The effort to develop and utilize "clean techniques" in trace metal studies allows scientists to investigate trace metal distributions and chemical and biological behavior in greater details. This advancement also provides the required accuracy and precision of trace metal data allowing for environmental conditions to be related to trace metal concentrations in aquatic environments.
This protocol that is presented here details needed materials for sample preparation, sample collection, sample pretreatment including preconcentration, and instrumental analysis. By reducing contamination throughout all phases mentioned above for trace metal analysis, much lower detection limits and thus accuracy can be achieved. The effectiveness of "clean techniques" is further demonstrated using low field blanks and good recoveries for standard reference material. The data quality that can be obtained thus enables the assessment of trace metal distributions and their relationships to environmental parameters.

개발 및 &quot;클린 기술&quot;의 사용과, 이제 잘 주변 바다에서 정확한 미량 금속의 농도를 얻기 위해, 물 샘플의 미량 금속이 농축 것이 일반적임을 인식한다. 자연수에서 미량 금속에 대한 대부분의 수질 기준이 낮은 μg의 / L 범위에있는 동안, 낮은 검출 한계는 수생 환경에서의 대기 농도에서 미량 금속에 화학적 및 생물학적 영향을 조사하기 위해 필요하다. <p class="jo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies at JoVE.com

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Special care using "clean techniques" is required to properly collect and process water samples for trace metal studies in aquatic environments. A protocol for sampling, processing, and analytical procedures with the aim of obtaining reliable environmental monitoring data and results with high sensitivity for detailed trace metal studies is presented.

클린 샘플링 및 추적 금속 연구 강 하구 바다의 분석

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination ...

clean-sampling-analysis-river-estuarine-waters-for-trace-metal

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JoVE Journal

Environment

11.3K 조회수.  National Sun Yat-sen University. Special care using "clean techniques" is required to properly collect and process water samples for trace metal studies in aquatic environments. A protocol for sampling, processing, and analytical procedures with the aim of obtaining reliable environmental monitoring data and results with high sensitivity for detailed trace metal studies is presented.

비디오: Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Quantification of Heavy Metals and Other Inorganic Contaminants on the Productivity of Microalgae

Increasing demand for renewable fuels has researchers investigating the feasibility of alternative feedstocks, such as microalgae. Inherent advantages include high potential yield, use of non-arable land and integration with waste streams. The nutrient requirements of a large-scale microalgae production system will require the coupling of cultivation systems with industrial waste resources, such as carbon dioxide from flue gas and nutrients from wastewater. Inorganic contaminants present in these wastes can potentially lead to bioaccumulation in microalgal biomass negatively impact productivity and limiting end use. This study focuses on the experimental evaluation of the impact and the fate of 14 inorganic contaminants (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, V and Zn) on Nannochloropsis salina growth. Microalgae were cultivated in photobioreactors illuminated at 984 &#181;mol m-2 sec-1 and maintained at pH 7 in a growth media polluted with inorganic contaminants at levels expected based on the composition found in commercial coal flue gas systems. Contaminants present in the biomass and the medium at the end of a 7 day growth period were analytically quantified through cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry for Hg and through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, V and Zn. Results show N. salina is a sensitive strain to the multi-metal environment with a statistical decrease in biomass yieldwith the introduction of these contaminants. The techniques presented here are adequate for quantifying algal growth and determining the fate of inorganic contaminants.

Integration of microalgal cultivation with industrial flue gas will ultimately introduce heavy metals and other inorganic compounds into the growth media. This study presents a procedure used to determine the end fate and impact of heavy metals and inorganic contaminants on the growth of Nannochloropsis salina grown in photobioreactors.

중금속과 미세 조류의 생산성에 다른 무기 오염 물질의 정량화

Increasing demand for renewable fuels has researchers investigating the feasibility of alternative feedstocks, such as microalgae. Inherent advantages ...

연구

환경과학

Sediment Core Sectioning and Extraction of Pore Waters under Anoxic Conditions

We demonstrate a method for sectioning sediment cores and extracting pore waters while maintaining oxygen-free conditions. A simple, inexpensive system is built and can be transported to a temporary work space close to field sampling site(s) to facilitate rapid analysis. Cores are extruded into a portable glove bag, where they are sectioned and each 1-3 cm thick section (depending on core diameter) is sealed into 50 ml centrifuge tubes. Pore waters are separated with centrifugation outside of the glove bag and then returned to the glove bag for separation from the sediment. These extracted pore water samples can be analyzed immediately. Immediate analyses of redox sensitive species, such as sulfide, iron speciation, and arsenic speciation indicate that oxidation of pore waters is minimal; some samples show approximately 100% of the reduced species, e.g. 100% Fe(II) with no detectable Fe(III). Both sediment and pore water samples can be preserved to maintain chemical species for further analysis upon return to the laboratory.

A protocol for sectioning sediment cores and extracting pore waters under anoxic conditions in order to permit analysis of redox sensitive species in both solids and fluids is presented.

무산소 조건에서 퇴적물 코어 단면과 기공 워터스의 추출

We demonstrate a method for sectioning sediment cores and extracting pore waters while maintaining oxygen-free conditions. A simple, inexpensive system is ...

Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall short as a result of an inability to quantify and predict complex cumulative effects of current and future land use scenarios at relevant spatial scales. The goal of this manuscript is to provide methods for conducting a targeted watershed assessment that enables resource managers to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for use within a scenario analysis management framework. Sites are first selected for inclusion within the watershed assessment by identifying sites that fall along independent gradients and combinations of known stressors. Field and laboratory techniques are then used to obtain data on the physical, chemical, and biological effects of multiple land use activities. Multiple linear regression analysis is then used to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for predicting aquatic conditions. Lastly, methods for incorporating cumulative effects models within a scenario analysis framework for guiding management and regulatory decisions (e.g., permitting and mitigation) within actively developing watersheds are discussed and demonstrated for 2 sub-watersheds within the mountaintop mining region of central Appalachia. The watershed assessment and management approach provided herein enables resource managers to facilitate economic and development activity while protecting aquatic resources and producing opportunity for net ecological benefits through targeted remediation.

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems in the face of uncertain future conditions. We provide methods for conducting a targeted watershed assessment that enables resource managers to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for use within a scenario analysis management framework.

정량적 인 시나리오 분석 프레임 워크 내에서 계획을 유역

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

연속 Instream 영양분과 농업 Watersheds에 앙금의 모니터링

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

An Ultra-clean Multilayer Apparatus for Collecting Size Fractionated Marine Plankton and Suspended Particles

The distributions of many trace elements in the ocean are strongly associated with the growth, death, and re-mineralization of marine plankton and those of suspended/sinking particles. Here, we present an all plastic (Polypropylene and Polycarbonate), multi-layer filtration system for collection of suspended particulate matter (SPM) at sea. This ultra-clean sampling device has been designed and developed specifically for trace element studies. Meticulous selection of all non-metallic materials and utilization of an in-line flow-through procedure minimizes any possible metal contamination during sampling. This system has been successfully tested and tweaked for determining trace metals (e.g., Fe, Al, Mn, Cd, Cu, Ni) on particles of varying size in coastal and open ocean waters. Results from the South China Sea at the South East Asia Time-Series (SEATS) station indicate that diurnal variations and spatial distribution of plankton in the euphotic zone can be easily resolved and recognized. Chemical analysis of size-fractionated particles in surface waters of the Taiwan Strait suggests that the larger particles (&#62;153 &#181;m) were mostly biologically derived, while the smaller particles (10 - 63 &#181;m) were mostly composed of inorganic matter. Apart from Cd, the concentrations of metals (Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, Ni) decreased with increasing size.

Plankton and suspended particles play a major role in the biogeochemical cycles in the ocean. Here, we provide an ultra-clean, low stress method for the collection of various sizes of particles and plankton at sea with the capability of handling large volumes of seawater.

크기 분류 한 해양 플랑크톤과 중단된 한 입자를 수집 하기 위해 매우 깨끗 한 다층 기구

The distributions of many trace elements in the ocean are strongly associated with the growth, death, and re-mineralization of marine plankton and those ...

Seawater Sampling and Collection

This video documents methods for collecting coastal marine water samples and processing them for various downstream applications including biomass concentration, nucleic acid purification, cell abundance, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For today's demonstration samples were collected from the deck of the HMS John Strickland operating in Saanich Inlet. An A-frame derrick, with a multi-purpose winch and cable system, is used in combination with Niskin or Go-Flo water sampling bottles. Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) sensors are also used to sample the underlying water mass. To minimize outgassing, trace gas samples are collected first.  Then, nutrients, water chemistry, and cell counts are determined. Finally, waters are collected for biomass filtration. The set-up and collection time for a single cast is ~1.5 hours at a maximum depth of 215 meters. Therefore, a total of 6 hours is generally needed to complete the collection series described here.

This video documents methods for collecting coastal marine water samples and processing them for various downstream applications including biomass concentration, nucleic acid purification, cell abundance, nutrient and trace gas analyses.

해수 샘플링 및 수집

This video documents methods for collecting coastal marine water samples and processing them for various downstream applications including biomass ...

생물학

Two-Dimensional Visualization and Quantification of Labile, Inorganic Plant Nutrients and Contaminants in Soil

We describe a method for two-dimensional (2D) visualization and quantification of the distribution of labile (i.e., reversibly adsorbed) inorganic nutrient (e.g., P, Fe, Mn) and contaminant (e.g., As, Cd, Pb) solute species in the soil adjacent to plant roots (the &#8216;rhizosphere&#8217;) at sub-millimeter (~100 &#181;m) spatial resolution. The method combines sink-based solute sampling by the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique with spatially resolved chemical analysis by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The DGT technique is based on thin hydrogels with homogeneously distributed analyte-selective binding phases. The variety of available binding phases allows for the preparation of different DGT gel types following simple gel fabrication procedures. For DGT gel deployment in the rhizosphere, plants are grown in flat, transparent growth containers (rhizotrons), which enable minimal invasive access to a soil-grown root system. After a pre-growth period, DGT gels are applied to selected regions of interest for in situ solute sampling in the rhizosphere. Afterwards, DGT gels are retrieved and prepared for subsequent chemical analysis of the bound solutes using LA-ICP-MS line-scan imaging. Application of internal normalization using 13C and external calibration using matrix-matched gel standards further allows for the quantification of the 2D solute fluxes. This method is unique in its capability to generate quantitative, sub-mm scale 2D images of multi-element solute fluxes in soil-plant environments, exceeding the achievable spatial resolution of other methods for measuring solute gradients in the rhizosphere substantially. We present the application and evaluation of the method for imaging multiple cationic and anionic solute species in the rhizosphere of terrestrial plants and highlight the possibility of combining this method with complementary solute imaging techniques.

This protocol presents a workflow for sub-mm 2D visualization of multiple labile inorganic nutrient and contaminant solute species using diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) combined with mass spectrometry imaging. Solute sampling and high-resolution chemical analysis are described in detail for quantitative mapping of solutes in the rhizosphere of terrestrial plants.

토양의 2차원 시각화 및 래빌, 무기 식물 영양소 및 오염 물질의 정량화

We describe a method for two-dimensional (2D) visualization and quantification of the distribution of labile (i.e., reversibly adsorbed) inorganic ...

Dissolved Solute Sampling Across an Oxic-Anoxic Soil-Water Interface Using Microdialysis Profilers

Biogeochemical processes shift rapidly in both spatial (millimeter scale) and temporal (hour scale to day scale) dimensions at the oxic-anoxic interface in response to disturbances. Deciphering the rapid biogeochemical changes requires in situ, minimally invasive tools with high spatial and temporal sampling resolution. However, the available passive sampling devices are not very useful in many cases either due to their disposable nature or the complexity and extensive workload for sample preparation.
To address this problem, a microdialysis profiler with 33 individual polyethersulfone nanomembrane tubes (semipermeable, &#60;20 nm pore size) integrated into the one-dimensional skeleton (60 mm) was established to iteratively sample the dissolved compounds in porewater across the soil-water interface at a high resolution of 1.8 mm (outer diameter plus one spacing, i.e., 0.1 mm between probes). The sampling mechanism is based on the principle of concentration gradient diffusion. The automatic loading of degassed water allows minimal disturbance to the chemical species across the oxic-anoxic interface.
This paper describes the procedures of device setup and continuous porewater sampling across the soil-water interface on a daily basis. Concentration-depth profiles were selectively measured before (on Day 6) and after (on Day 7) disturbances induced by irrigation. The results showed that concentration-depth profiles were undergoing rapid changes, especially for redox-sensitive elements (i.e., iron and arsenic). These protocols can help investigate the biogeochemical responses across the soil-water interface under various disturbances caused by physical, chemical, and biological factors. The paper thoroughly discusses the advantages and disadvantages of this method for potential use in the environmental sciences.

A microdialysis profiler is described to sample dissolved porewater solutes across an oxic-anoxic soil-water interface in situ with minimal disturbance. This device is designed to capture rapid changes in concentration-depth profiles induced by disturbances at the soil-water interface and beyond.

Microdialysis Profilers를 사용한 Oxic-Anoxic 토양-물 계면에서의 용존 용질 샘플링

Biogeochemical processes shift rapidly in both spatial (millimeter scale) and temporal (hour scale to day scale) dimensions at the oxic-anoxic interface ...

Hellgrammite as a Non-Conventional Biomonitor for Surface Water and Environmental Health Assessment

The larvae of dobsonflies from the genus Corydalus, commonly known as Hellgrammites, are characterized by their notable size, extensive range of occurrence, and extended period of immaturity, which can last up to one year. Hellgrammites are clearly known to exhibit sensitivity to pollution and habitat structure impacts. Given these unique features, using Corydalus texanus larvae is highly suitable as reliable biomonitoring agents to assess the ecological integrity of aquatic ecosystems. This protocol aims to provide the necessary tools for C. texanus assessment and demonstrate their efficacy through a case study. Research findings have practical implications, indicating that C. texanus larvae exhibit early-warning responses to mining pollution, bioaccumulating high amounts of heavy metals such as Zn, Fe, and Al. The presence or absence of C. texanus populations may serve as a helpful indicator for identifying potential issues related to ecosystem health. The unconventional approach has shown early warnings of pollution in mining-impacted sites, highlighting the need for timely action to protect the environment. Given their unique traits, the use of C. texanus larvae is highly suggested as a reliable non-conventional bioindicator.

This protocol describes the use of biomarkers for the early detection of deleterious impacts in aquatic ecosystems. The biomarkers are closely related to sentinel traits, and their changes aid in detecting early-warning damages.

The larvae of dobsonflies from the genus Corydalus, commonly known as Hellgrammites, are characterized by their notable size, extensive range of ...

Fabrication of a Dipole-assisted Solid Phase Extraction Microchip for Trace Metal Analysis in Water Samples

This paper describes a fabrication protocol for a dipole-assisted solid phase extraction (SPE) microchip available for trace metal analysis in water samples. A brief overview of the evolution of chip-based SPE techniques is provided. This is followed by an introduction to specific polymeric materials and their role in SPE. To develop an innovative dipole-assisted SPE technique, a chlorine (Cl)-containing SPE functionality was implanted into a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microchip. Herein, diverse analytical techniques including contact angle analysis, Raman spectroscopic analysis, and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis were employed to validate the utility of the implantation protocol of the C-Cl moieties on the PMMA. The analytical results of the X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis also demonstrated the feasibility of the Cl-containing PMMA used as an extraction medium by virtue of the dipole-ion interactions between the highly electronegative C-Cl moieties and the positively charged metal ions.

The fabrication protocol of a dipole-assisted solid phase extraction microchip for the trace metal analysis is presented.

물 샘플에서 추적 금속 분석을위한 쌍극자를 이용한 고체 단계 추출 마이크로 칩의 제작

This paper describes a fabrication protocol for a dipole-assisted solid phase extraction (SPE) microchip available for trace metal analysis in water ...