This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23700412, 25122707 and 26670090 to S.Y.).

동물 주제와 관련된 절차는 의학의 하마 마츠 대학에서 기관 애니멀 케어 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인되었습니다. 행렬의 1. 준비 <ol><li> 전자 레인지에 5 분 동안 핫 플레이트에 4-8 실리콘 매트릭스를 삶아 그들을 층류 (줄무늬면이 위로)에서 1 시간 동안 완전히 건조 할 수 있습니다. 참고 : 다음 절차는 층류에서 수행되어야한다. </li><li> 압축 공기를 불어 또는 행렬의 스트라이프 측면에서 먼지를 제거하기 위해 투명 접착 테이프를 사용합니다. 깨끗한 스트라이프면을 유지 그래서 단단히 플레이트 표면에 부착 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 조심스럽게 손가락 (; 스트라이프면이 아래 접시 당 하나의 매트릭스)으로 눌러 6 cm 플라스틱 요리 상에 매트릭스를 배치합니다. 매트릭스와 요리 사이에 기포가 들어 가지 않도록. 배양 접시의 바닥면에 줄무늬의 위치를​​ 표시한다. </li><li> 매트릭스 첨부 실패하면, 단계 1.2에서 반복합니다. </li></ol>신경 문화 2. 스트라이프 생성 및 라미닌 코팅 <ol><li> 형광 표지 된 재조합 단백질 준비은 FC-태그 단백질 (10 ~ 50 μg의 / ㎖) 및 형광 염료 -을 혼합하여 (25 μl를 주입 [단계 2.2] 100 ㎕의 배치 방법 [단계 2.2.1]에 대한 각 각) 공액 항 - 인간 항체의 Fc (1 비율 3 : 30-150 μg의 / ㎖) 인산염 완충 식염수 (PBS)이다. 그 후, RT에서 30 분 동안 혼합물을 배양한다. </li><li> 22-G 주사기를 이용하여, 매트릭스의 측면에 작은 구멍을 통해 이전 단계 (2.1)에서 제조 한 재조합 단백질의 25 μl를 주입 (도 1A, 1C에서의 화살표 및 1E). <ol><li> 대안 적으로, 매트릭스의 상단 슬릿으로 재조합 단백질 100 μl를 넣고 있도록 작은 구멍으로부터 액의 흡 약 절반 (도 1A, 1C 및 1E의 화살표), 재조합 단백질은 스트라이프 영역에서 유지된다. </li></ol></li><li> 30 마일의 접시를 품어세포 배양 인큐베이터에서 37 ℃에서 N. </li><li> 행렬의 측면에있는 작은 구멍에서 상단 슬릿 (그림 1B) 및 흡인에 PBS 300 μl를 놓습니다 (그림 1A, C 및 E의 화살표) 부착 재조합 단백질을 제거합니다. 단백질은 건조하기 때문에, 완전히 PBS를 대기음하지 마십시오. 두 번이 단계를 반복합니다. (총 3 회) </li><li> 다른 코팅을 만드는 전체 스트라이프 영역을 덮도록, FC (10 내지 50 μg의 / ㎖)를 조심스럽게 조절 단백질 ~ 100 μL를 배치 즉시 매트릭스를 제거. 그 후, 세포 배양 인큐베이터에서 37 ° C에서 30 분 동안 요리를 배양한다. </li><li> PBS에서 ~로 접시면 20 μg의 / ㎖ 라미닌 100 μl를 PBS로 3 회 코트를 세척 한 후. 주 : 라미닌 응고를 방지하는 얼음에 해동되어야한다. </li><li> 세포 배양 인큐베이터에서 37 ° C에서 1 시간 동안 접시를 부화. </li><li> PBS와 함께 접시 표면을 세 번 씻고 문화 메디칼 추가음. 사용할 때까지 37 ° C에서 5 % CO 2 배양기에서 배양 배지와 코팅 접시를 놓습니다. </li></ol> E15.5 마우스 배아 3. 배양 해마 신경 세포 <ol><li> 자궁 경부 전위를 통해 어머니를 안락사 세 E15.5 배아를 분리. </li><li> sagittally 가위로 머리의 중간 선에 피부와 두개골을 잘라 작은 스푼을 사용하여 뇌를 제거합니다. 행크의 균형 소금 솔루션 (HBSS) 3 ㎖를 포함하는 60 mm 페트리 접시에 조심스럽게 뇌를 전송합니다. </li><li> 메스를 사용하여, 피질, 해마 및 선조체 (그림 2A)를 포함하여 반구를 잘라. 그리고, 신중 수막을 제거하여 해마 영역을 해부하고, 얼음 (도 2B-C)에서, HBSS 용액 2 ㎖를 함유하는 15 mL의 원심 분리 튜브에 해부 해마 조직을 옮긴다. 8 요리 뉴런을 배양하기위한 충분한 튜브 3 배아에서 6 해마를 수집합니다. </li><li> 수소를 교체트립신 / EDTA 용액 (2 mL) 및 수조에서 15 분 동안 37 ° C에서 튜브를 부화와 BSS 용액. 대기음 HBSS 원심 분리하지 않고 튜브를 기울여 HBSS 솔루션을 가만히 따르다하지 않습니다 있습니다. </li><li> 소 태아 혈청 (FBS) 500 μL를 첨가함으로써 트립신의 활성을 중화. </li><li> 5 분 동안 100 XG에서 혼합물을 원심 분리기. 상층 액을 제거하고 배지 2 ㎖로 펠렛을 씻는다. 다시 한 번이 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> 피펫은 큰 구멍이 1,000 ㎕의 팁을 사용하여 배지에서 상하 해마 10 배 조직을 해리 (팁을 잘라). </li><li> 단일 세포 현탁액을 얻기 위해 아래 일반 (포경) 1,000 μL 팁으로 변경하고 해리 조직을 위로 피펫합니다. </li><li> 80 ~ 100 μm의 메쉬 셀 스트레이너를 통해 전달하여 단일 세포를 분리합니다. </li><li> 5 분 동안 150 XG에서 필터링 된 단일 세포 현탁액을 원심 분리기. </li><li> 흡입하여 상층 액을 제거하고 펠를 재현 탁등 배지 2 ㎖에 (뉴런). </li><li> 밀도와 생존을 결정 트리 판 블루 염색에 혈구 세포를 사용하여 계산. stripes.The 현탁액의 각 세트는 신중 전체 스트라이프 영역을 커버하는 배치해야합니다 위해 다음, 배양액 150 ㎕를 10,000 신경 세포를 접시. </li></ol> 안티 Tau1 항체를 이용하여 세포 기관 및 면역 형광 염색법에 의한 축삭 4. 시각화 <ol><li> 배양 24 시간 후, 부착 세포를 방해하지 않고 매체를 흡인하고, 예열 된 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드 (PFA) / 4 % 슈 크로스에서 15 분 동안 RT에서 / PBS로 뉴런을 고정한다. </li><li> PBS로 플레이트 표면을 3 회 반복한다. 원하는 경우, 필요한 항체의 양을 감소시키기 위해 스트라이프 영역 주위에 원을 그리 발수 펜을 사용한다. </li><li> 5 분 동안 0.3 % 트리톤 X-100 / PBS로 뉴런 Permeabilize 하시려면. </li><li> 3 % 당나귀 혈청과 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100을 포함 차단 솔루션 뉴런을 품어4 ° C에서 1 % 당나귀 혈청 / 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100 / PBS O / N : 안티 Tau1 항체 (200 일)로 배양 한 다음 30 분. </li><li> PBS로 플레이트 표면을 3 회 반복한다. 1 % 소 혈청 알부민 (BSA) /0.1% 트리톤 X-100 / PBS 30 분에 형광 접합 된 항 - 마우스 IgG 항체와 함께 인큐베이션 뉴런. </li><li> PBS로 플레이트 표면을 3 회 반복한다. antifade 용액 50 μl를 사용하여 18mm X 18mm 커버 유리와 스트라이프 영역을 커버. 이미징을 방해 공기 방울을 피하십시오. </li><li> GFP 및 RFP, 1,000 밀리 초 노출 시간 (그림 3)에 대한 예를 들어, 해당 시스템을 사용하여 형광 현미경, 10 배 대물 렌즈, 필터 세트와 형광 이미지를 얻습니다. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

이 프로토콜은 E15.5 마우스의 해마에서 재조합 단백질과 해리 신경 세포를 사용하는 스트라이프 분석에 대해 설명합니다. 이 분석은 스트라이프 패턴으로 배치 관심 재조합 단백질에 신경 세포의 반발 매력, 또는 중립적 인 반응을 효율적으로 관찰 할 수 있습니다. 이 프로토콜의 주요 이점은 특별한 행렬 진공 장치를 필요로하는 기존의 방법에 비해 단백질이 직접 플라스틱 접시의 표면에 인쇄?...

축삭지도는 새로 형성된 신경 세포는 신경계의 1, 2의 개발 기간 동안 자신의 목표에 축삭를 전송하는 과정입니다. 개발 축삭의 성장 원추라는 자신의 끝에 높은 운동성 구조를 실시하고 있습니다. 성장 콘 축삭의 경로를 탐색하는 세포 외 신호를 감지한다. 안내 등의 슬릿, semaphorin 같은 분자 및 ephrins는, 유치 또는 축삭 1,3,4에 적합한 수용체와 공동 수용체와의 상호 작용에 따라 축삭을 물리 칠 수 있습니다. 활성화 된 수용체는 축삭 성장 콘의 움직임에 대한 골격 조직에 영향을 미치는 성장 콘에 신호를 전송합니다. 다양한 방법이 유인 및 반발 성 분자의 작용을 평가하기 위해 개발되어왔다. 화학 - 유인 및 방충제는 그라데이션 농도 성장 / 문화 매체에 투여 될 수있다 (예., 던의 챔버 또는 μ-슬라이드) 마이크로-P에 의해 고농도의 자리에 5, 6,ipette (예., 전환 분석) 7 또는 목욕 응용 프로그램 (예., 성장 원뿔 붕괴 분석) 8,9에 의해 균일 한 농도. 다른 방법은 화학 - 유인 또는 반발은 기판 10-12으로서 판 표면에 도포되어있는 스트라이프 분석 또는 마이크로 콘택트 프린팅 (μCP)를 포함한다. Thestripe 분석은 원래 병아리 레티노 - tectal 시스템 (13)의 지형 매핑을 분석하기 위해 1987 년 본회퍼와 동료에 의해 ​​개발되었다. 원래 방법은 스트라이프와 메쉬 행렬을 사용하여 폴리 카보네이트 nucleopore 막에 코트 단백질에 진공 시스템이 필요합니다. 이상에서, 재조합 단백질을 직접적으로 좁은 슬릿 실리콘 매트릭스 (14, 15)를 사용하여, 스트라이프 패턴으로 배양 용기의 표면에 인쇄했다. 최근 여러 연구 그룹이 성공적으로 축삭지도 분자 활동 16-21의 분석이 스트라이프 분석을 적용했습니다. <p claSS = &quot;jove_content은&quot;&gt; 여기, 우리는 해리 해마 신경 세포에 대한 축삭지도 분자의 인력이나 반발력을 측정하는 스트라이프 분석에 대한 자세한 프로토콜을 제시한다. 특히,이 방법은 최소 갖춘 실험실 설정에서 적용될 수있다. 이 분석 들어, 형광 표지 된 기판의 제어 된 단백질의 교번 스트라이프는 90 ㎛의 슬릿 실리콘 매트릭스를 이용한 플라스틱 접시에 생성되고 라미닌 코팅. 우리의 데모에서는, E15.5 마우스의 해마 신경 세포가 피브로넥틴와 류신이 풍부한 막 횡단 단백질 2 (FLRT2)과의 Fc 단백질 (21)를 제어의 재조합 ectodomain의 줄무늬 교대에 배양 하였다 해리. 배양 24 시간 후, 축삭 신경의 세포체는 모두 강하게 FLRT2 줄무늬에서 반발되었다. 항 Tau1 항체로 염색 FLRT2 반발이 강한 것을 나타내는 ~ 뉴런의 90 %가 FLRT2-FC에 ~ 10 %에 비해 된 Fc 피복 영역에 분포 된 것으로 나타났다해마의 뉴런 (21)에 대한 기능.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Violamo&#160;</td>
			<td>1-3500-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>Nacalai</td>
			<td>01954-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 Goat anti-human IgG antibody</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>A11013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 594 Donkey anti-mouse IgG antibody</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>A-21203</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Tau1 antibody</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>MAB3420</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antifade</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>P7481</td>
			<td>Alternative mounting media may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>01-2030-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer 100 um</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifugation machine</td>
			<td>Kubota</td>
			<td>2410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover glass 18mmx18mm</td>
			<td>Matsunami</td>
			<td>18x18 mm No. 1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAKO pen</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>S2002</td>
			<td>Alternative water-repellent pen may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable scalpel</td>
			<td>Feather</td>
			<td>2975#11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>10437-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorecent microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>E600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps No. 5</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11254-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hamilton Syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>805N</td>
			<td>22 gauge, 50 uL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>14170-112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human IgG, Fc Fragment</td>
			<td>Jackson</td>
			<td>009-000-008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminin</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>23017-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>21103-049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal Donkey Serum</td>
			<td>Jackson</td>
			<td>017-000-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Nacalai</td>
			<td>14249-24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>15070-063</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic culture dish, 60 mm</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>150288</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone Matrices</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Available and purchasable from Prof. Martin Bastmeyer (bastmeyer@kit.edu)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>SZ61</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tip, 1000 uL</td>
			<td>Watson</td>
			<td>125-1000S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transparent sticky tape</td>
			<td>Tesa</td>
			<td>57315</td>
			<td>Alternative sticky tape may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue, 0.4%</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>145-0013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>25300-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Neurobasal supplemented with B27, GlutaMAX and Penicillin-Streptomycin.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

stripe assay to study the attractive or repulsive activity of a protein substrate using dissociated hippocampal neurons

Growing axons develop a highly motile structure at their tip, termed the growth cone. The growth cone contacts extracellular environmental cues to navigate axonal growth. Netrin, slit, semaphorin, and ephrins are known guidance molecules that can attract or repel axons upon binding to receptors and co-receptors on the axon. The activated receptors initiate various signaling molecules in the growth cone that alter the structure and movement of the neuron. Here, we describe the detailed protocol for a stripe assay to assess the ability of a guidance molecule to attract or repel neurons. In this method, dissociated hippocampal neurons from E15.5 mice are cultured on laminin-coated dishes processed with alternating stripes of ectodomain of fibronectin and leucine-rich transmembrane protein-2 (FLRT2) and control immunoglobulin G (IgG) fragment crystallizable region (Fc) protein. Both axons and cell bodies were strongly repelled from the FLRT2-coated stripe regions after 24 h of culture. Immunostaining with tau1 showed that ~90% of the neurons were distributed on the Fc-coated stripes compared to the FLRT2-Fc-coated stripes (~10%). This result indicates that FLRT2 has a strong repulsive effect on these neurons. This powerful method is applicable not only for primary cultured neurons but also for a variety of other cells, such as neuroblasts.

E15.5 마우스 해리 해마 뉴런 도금의 형광 제어을 FC (도 3A-C) 또는 비 - 표지 된 Fc 제어 교대 FLRT2-FC (도 3d-F) 라벨 줄무늬 24 시간 동안 배양 하였다. 두 경우 모두, 뉴런은 집계했고, 번들로 자신의 축삭을 확장했다. 컨트롤을 된 Fc / 된 Fc 줄무늬가 신경이 형광 표지하고 비 표지 된 줄무늬 균일하게 분포하고, 이들은 임의의 방향 (도 3A-C)에서</str...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stripe Assay to Study the Attractive or Repulsive Activity of a Protein Substrate Using Dissociated Hippocampal Neurons at JoVE.com

Stripe Assay to Study the Attractive or Repulsive Activity of a Protein Substrate Using Dissociated Hippocampal Neurons

Axon guidance molecules regulate neuronal migration and targeted growth-cone navigation. We present a powerful method, the stripe assay, to assess the ability of guidance molecules to attract or repulse neurons. In this protocol, we demonstrate the stripe assay by showing FLRT2's ability to repel cultured hippocampal neurons.

스트라이프 분석은 해리 해마 신경 세포를 사용하여 단백질 기판의 매력적인 또는 혐오감 활동을 연구하는

Growing axons develop a highly motile structure at their tip, termed the growth cone. The growth cone contacts extracellular environmental cues to ...

stripe-assay-to-study-attractive-or-repulsive-activity-protein

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

10.5K 조회수.  Hamamatsu University School of Medicine. Axon guidance molecules regulate neuronal migration and targeted growth-cone navigation. We present a powerful method, the stripe assay, to assess the ability of guidance molecules to attract or repulse neurons. In this protocol, we demonstrate the stripe assay by showing FLRT2's ability to repel cultured hippocampal neurons. 

비디오: Stripe Assay to Study the Attractive or Repulsive Activity of a Protein Substrate Using Dissociated Hippocampal Neurons

Laser Capture Microdissection of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons

The dendritic arborization (da) neurons of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide an excellent model system in which to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying class-specific dendrite morphogenesis1,2. To facilitate molecular analyses of class-specific da neuron development, it is vital to obtain these cells in a pure population. Although a range of different cell, and tissue-specific RNA isolation techniques exist for Drosophila cells, including magnetic bead based cell purification3,4, Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)5-8, and RNA binding protein based strategies9, none of these methods can be readily utilized for isolating single or multiple class-specific Drosophila da neurons with a high degree of spatial precision. Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) has emerged as an extremely powerful tool that can be used to isolate specific cell types from tissue sections with a high degree of spatial resolution and accuracy. RNA obtained from isolated cells can then be used for analyses including qRT-PCR and microarray expression profiling within a given cell type10-16. To date, LCM has not been widely applied in the analysis of Drosophila tissues and cells17,18, including da neurons at the third instar larval stage of development. 
Here we present our optimized protocol for isolation of Drosophila da neurons using the infrared (IR) class of LCM. This method allows for the capture of single, class-specific or multiple da neurons with high specificity and spatial resolution. Age-matched third instar larvae expressing a UAS-mCD8::GFP19 transgene under the control of either the class IV da neuron specific ppk-GAL420 driver or the pan-da neuron specific 21-7-GAL421 driver were used for these experiments. RNA obtained from the isolated da neurons is of very high quality and can be directly used for downstream applications, including qRT-PCR or microarray analyses. Furthermore, this LCM protocol can be readily adapted to capture other Drosophila cell types a various stages of development dependent upon the cell type specific, GAL4-driven expression pattern of GFP.

Laser Capture Microdissection of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons

In this video-article we present a method for isolating single or multiple Drosophila da neurons from third instar larvae using the infrared capture (IR) class of Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM). RNA obtained from the isolated neurons can be readily used for downstream applications including qRT-PCR or microarray analyses.

의 레이저 캡처 Microdissection Drosophila 주변 뉴런

The dendritic arborization (da) neurons of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide an excellent model system in which to investigate the ...

연구

신경과학

Neuromodulation and Mitochondrial Transport: Live Imaging in Hippocampal Neurons over Long Durations

To understand the relationship between mitochondrial transport and neuronal function, it is critical to observe mitochondrial behavior in live cultured neurons for extended durations1-3. This is now possible through the use of vital dyes and fluorescent proteins with which cytoskeletal components, organelles, and other structures in living cells can be labeled and then visualized via dynamic fluorescence microscopy. For example, in embryonic chicken sympathetic neurons, mitochondrial movement was characterized using the vital dye rhodamine 1234. In another study, mitochondria were visualized in rat forebrain neurons by transfection of mitochondrially targeted eYFP5. However, imaging of primary neurons over minutes, hours, or even days presents a number of issues. Foremost among these are: 1) maintenance of culture conditions such as temperature, humidity, and pH during long imaging sessions; 2) a strong, stable fluorescent signal to assure both the quality of acquired images and accurate measurement of signal intensity during image analysis; and 3) limiting exposure times during image acquisition to minimize photobleaching and avoid phototoxicity.
Here, we describe a protocol that permits the observation, visualization, and analysis of mitochondrial movement in cultured hippocampal neurons with high temporal resolution and under optimal life support conditions. We have constructed an affordable stage-top incubator that provides good temperature regulation and atmospheric gas flow, and also limits the degree of media evaporation, assuring stable pH and osmolarity. This incubator is connected, via inlet and outlet hoses, to a standard tissue culture incubator, which provides constant humidity levels and an atmosphere of 5-10% CO2/air. This design offers a cost-effective alternative to significantly more expensive microscope incubators that don't necessarily assure the viability of cells over many hours or even days. To visualize mitochondria, we infect cells with a lentivirus encoding a red fluorescent protein that is targeted to the mitochondrion. This assures a strong and persistent signal, which, in conjunction with the use of a stable xenon light source, allows us to limit exposure times during image acquisition and all but precludes photobleaching and phototoxicity. Two injection ports on the top of the stage-top incubator allow the acute administration of neurotransmitters and other reagents intended to modulate mitochondrial movement. In sum, lentivirus-mediated expression of an organelle-targeted red fluorescent protein and the combination of our stage-top incubator, a conventional inverted fluorescence microscope, CCD camera, and xenon light source allow us to acquire time-lapse images of mitochondrial transport in living neurons over longer durations than those possible in studies deploying conventional vital dyes and off-the-shelf life support systems.

We describe a protocol that allows imaging of mitochondria in living neurons via fluorescence microscopy over long durations. Imaging over extended periods is accomplished through lentivirus-mediated expression of a mitochondrially targeted fluorescent protein and use of an inexpensive stage-top incubator that was designed and built in our laboratory.

Neuromodulation 및 Mitochondrial 교통 : 긴 기간이 이상 Hippocampal 뉴런의 라이브 영상

To understand the relationship between mitochondrial transport and neuronal function, it is critical to observe mitochondrial behavior in live cultured ...

Sequential Photo-bleaching to Delineate Single Schwann Cells at the Neuromuscular Junction

Sequential photo-bleaching provides a non-invasive way to label individual SCs at the NMJ. The NMJ is the largest synapse of the mammalian nervous system and has served as guiding model to study synaptic structure and function. In mouse NMJs motor axon terminals form pretzel-like contact sites with muscle fibers. The motor axon and its terminal are sheathed by SCs. Over the past decades, several transgenic mice have been generated to visualize motor neurons and SCs, for example Thy1-XFP1 and Plp-GFP mice2, respectively.
Along motor axons, myelinating axonal SCs are arranged in non-overlapping internodes, separated by nodes of Ranvier, to enable saltatory action potential propagation. In contrast, terminal SCs at the synapse are specialized glial cells, which monitor and promote neurotransmission, digest debris and guide regenerating axons. NMJs are tightly covered by up to half a dozen non-myelinating terminal SCs - these, however, cannot be individually resolved by light microscopy, as they are in direct membrane contact3.
Several approaches exist to individually visualize terminal SCs. None of these are flawless, though. For instance, dye filling, where single cells are impaled with a dye-filled microelectrode, requires destroying a labelled cell before filling a second one. This is not compatible with subsequent time-lapse recordings3. Multi-spectral "Brainbow" labeling of SCs has been achieved by using combinatorial expression of fluorescent proteins4. However, this technique requires combining several transgenes and is limited by the expression pattern of the promoters used. In the future, expression of "photo-switchable" proteins in SCs might be yet another alternative5. Here we present sequential photo-bleaching, where single cells are bleached, and their image obtained by subtraction. We believe that this approach - due to its ease and versatility - represents a lasting addition to the neuroscientist's technology palette, especially as it can be used in vivo and transferred to others cell types, anatomical sites or species6.
In the following protocol, we detail the application of sequential bleaching and subsequent confocal time-lapse microscopy to terminal SCs in triangularis sterni muscle explants. This thin, superficial and easily dissected nerve-muscle preparation7,8 has proven useful for studies of NMJ development, physiology and pathology9. Finally, we explain how the triangularis sterni muscle is prepared after fixation to perform correlated high-resolution confocal imaging, immunohistochemistry or ultrastructural examinations.

Visualizing individual cells in densely packed tissues, such as terminal Schwann cells (SCs) at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), is challenging. "Sequential photo-bleaching" allows delineating single terminal SCs, for instance in the triangularis sterni muscle explant, a convenient nerve-muscle preparation, where sequential bleaching can be combined with time-lapse imaging and post-hoc immunostainings.

연속 신경 근육 분기점에서 싱글 Schwann 세포를 윤곽을 그리다하는 사진 표백

Sequential photo-bleaching provides a non-invasive way to label individual SCs at the NMJ. The NMJ is the largest synapse of the mammalian nervous system ...

Assaying DNA Damage in Hippocampal Neurons Using the Comet Assay

A number of drugs target the DNA repair pathways and induce cell kill by creating DNA damage. Thus, processes to directly measure DNA damage have been extensively evaluated. Traditional methods are time consuming, expensive, resource intensive and require replicating cells. In contrast, the comet assay, a single cell gel electrophoresis assay, is a faster, non-invasive, inexpensive, direct and sensitive measure of DNA damage and repair. All forms of DNA damage as well as DNA repair can be visualized at the single cell level using this powerful technique.
	The principle underlying the comet assay is that intact DNA is highly ordered whereas DNA damage disrupts this organization. The damaged DNA seeps into the agarose matrix and when subjected to an electric field, the negatively charged DNA migrates towards the cathode which is positively charged. The large undamaged DNA strands are not able to migrate far from the nucleus. DNA damage creates smaller DNA fragments which travel farther than the intact DNA. Comet Assay, an image analysis software, measures and compares the overall fluorescent intensity of the DNA in the nucleus with DNA that has migrated out of the nucleus. Fluorescent signal from the migrated DNA is proportional to DNA damage. Longer brighter DNA tail signifies increased DNA damage. Some of the parameters that are measured are tail moment which is a measure of both the amount of DNA and distribution of DNA in the tail, tail length and percentage of DNA in the tail. This assay allows to measure DNA repair as well since resolution of DNA damage signifies repair has taken place. The limit of sensitivity is approximately 50 strand breaks per diploid mammalian cell 1,2. Cells treated with any DNA damaging agents, such as etoposide, may be used as a positive control. Thus the comet assay is a quick and effective procedure to measure DNA damage.

The comet assay is an efficient way of detecting single- and double-strand breaks, including alkali-labile sites and DNA-DNA/DNA-protein cross-links on the DNA in all cells including hippocampal neurons. The method takes advantage of the differential migration of DNA in an electric field due to differences in amount of DNA damage.

혜성 분석을 사용하여 Hippocampal 뉴런의 DNA 손상을 시금

A number of drugs target the DNA repair pathways and induce cell kill by creating DNA damage. Thus, processes to directly measure DNA damage have been ...

Calcium Phosphate Transfection of Primary Hippocampal Neurons

Calcium phosphate precipitation is a convenient and economical method for transfection of cultured cells. With optimization, it is possible to use this method on hard-to-transfect cells like primary neurons. Here we describe our detailed protocol for calcium phosphate transfection of hippocampal neurons cocultured with astroglial cells.

차 해마 신경 세포의 칼슘 인산염 형질

Calcium phosphate precipitation is a convenient and economical method for transfection of cultured cells. With optimization, it is possible to use this ...

Imaging Dendritic Spines of Rat Primary Hippocampal Neurons using Structured Illumination Microscopy

Dendritic spines are protrusions emerging from the dendrite of a neuron and represent the primary postsynaptic targets of excitatory inputs in the brain. Technological advances have identified these structures as key elements in neuron connectivity and synaptic plasticity. The quantitative analysis of spine morphology using light microscopy remains an essential problem due to technical limitations associated with light's intrinsic refraction limit. Dendritic spines can be readily identified by confocal laser-scanning fluorescence microscopy. However, measuring subtle changes in the shape and size of spines is difficult because spine dimensions other than length are usually smaller than conventional optical resolution fixed by light microscopy's theoretical resolution limit of 200 nm.
Several recently developed super resolution techniques have been used to image cellular structures smaller than the 200 nm, including dendritic spines. These techniques are based on classical far-field operations and therefore allow the use of existing sample preparation methods and to image beyond the surface of a specimen. Described here is a working protocol to apply super resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) to the imaging of dendritic spines in primary hippocampal neuron cultures. Possible applications of SIM overlap with those of confocal microscopy. However, the two techniques present different applicability. SIM offers higher effective lateral resolution, while confocal microscopy, due to the usage of a physical pinhole, achieves resolution improvement at the expense of removal of out of focus light. In this protocol, primary neurons are cultured on glass coverslips using a standard protocol, transfected with DNA plasmids encoding fluorescent proteins and imaged using SIM. The whole protocol described herein takes approximately 2 weeks, because dendritic spines are imaged after 16-17 days in vitro, when dendritic development is optimal. After completion of the protocol, dendritic spines can be reconstructed in 3D from series of SIM image stacks using specialized software.

This article describes a working protocol to image dendritic spines from hippocampal neurons in vitro using Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM). Super-resolution microscopy using SIM provides image resolution significantly beyond the light diffraction limit in all three spatial dimensions, allowing the imaging of individual dendritic spines with improved detail.

구조적 조명 현미경을 사용하여 쥐 차 해마 신경 세포의 돌기 쪽 이미징

Dendritic spines are protrusions emerging from the dendrite of a neuron and represent the primary postsynaptic targets of excitatory inputs in the brain. ...

Isolation of CA1 Nuclear Enriched Fractions from Hippocampal Slices to Study Activity-dependent Nuclear Import of Synapto-nuclear Messenger Proteins

Studying activity dependent protein expression, subcellular translocation, or phosphorylation is essential to understand the underlying cellular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) induced in acute hippocampal slices are widely accepted as cellular models of learning and memory. There are numerous studies that use live cell imaging or immunohistochemistry approaches to visualize activity dependent protein dynamics. However these methods rely on the suitability of antibodies for immunocytochemistry or overexpression of fluorescence-tagged proteins in single neurons. Immunoblotting of proteins is an alternative method providing independent confirmation of the findings.&#160;The first limiting factor in preparation of subcellular fractions from individual tetanized hippocampal slices is the low amount of material. Second, the handling procedure is crucial because even very short and minor manipulations of living slices might induce activation of certain signaling cascades. Here we describe an optimized workflow in order to obtain sufficient quantity of nuclear enriched fraction of sufficient purity from the CA1 region of acute hippocampal slices from rat brain. As a representative example we show that the ERK1/2 phosphorylated form of the synapto-nuclear protein messenger Jacob actively translocates to the nucleus upon induction of LTP and can be detected in a nuclear enriched fraction from CA1 neurons.

We provide a detailed protocol for induction of long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and the subsequent isolation of nuclear enriched fractions from the tetanized area of the slice. This approach can be used to determine activity dependent nuclear protein import in cellular models of learning and memory.

해마 조각에서 CA1 핵 농축 분획의 분리는 Synapto 핵 메신저 단백질의 활동에 의존하는 핵 가져 오기를 공부합니다

Studying activity dependent protein expression, subcellular translocation, or phosphorylation is essential to understand the underlying cellular ...

Isolation and Culture of Dissociated Sensory Neurons From Chick Embryos

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. Studying neurons in vivo can be challenging due to their complexity, their varied and dynamic environments, and technical limitations. For these reasons, studying neurons in vitro can prove beneficial to unravel the complex mysteries of neurons. The well-defined nature of cell culture models provides detailed control over environmental conditions and variables. Here we describe how to isolate, dissociate, and culture primary neurons from chick embryos. This technique is rapid, inexpensive, and generates robustly growing sensory neurons. The procedure consistently produces cultures that are highly enriched for neurons and has very few non-neuronal cells (less than 5%). Primary neurons do not adhere well to untreated glass or tissue culture plastic, therefore detailed procedures to create two distinct, well-defined laminin-containing substrata for neuronal plating are described. Cultured neurons are highly amenable to multiple cellular and molecular techniques, including co-immunoprecipitation, live cell imagining, RNAi, and immunocytochemistry. Procedures for double immunocytochemistry on these cultured neurons have been optimized and described here.

Cell culture models provide detailed control over environmental conditions and thus provide a powerful platform to elucidate numerous aspects of neuronal cell biology. We describe a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable method to isolate, dissociate, and culture sensory neurons from chick embryos. Details of substrata preparation and immunocytochemistry are also provided.

병아리 배아에서 분리 및 해리 감각 뉴런의 문화

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. ...

Optical Control of a Neuronal Protein Using a Genetically Encoded Unnatural Amino Acid in Neurons

Photostimulation is a noninvasive way to control biological events with excellent spatial and temporal resolution. New methods are desired to photo-regulate endogenous proteins expressed in their native environment. Here, we present an approach to optically control the function of a neuronal protein directly in neurons using a genetically encoded unnatural amino acid (Uaa). By using an orthogonal tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair to suppress the amber codon, a photo-reactive Uaa 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl-cysteine (Cmn) is site-specifically incorporated in the pore of a neuronal protein Kir2.1, an inwardly rectifying potassium channel. The bulky Cmn physically blocks the channel pore, rendering Kir2.1 non-conducting. Light illumination instantaneously converts Cmn into a smaller natural amino acid Cys, activating Kir2.1 channel function. We express these photo-inducible inwardly rectifying potassium (PIRK) channels in rat hippocampal primary neurons, and demonstrate that light-activation of PIRK ceases the neuronal firing due to the outflux of K+ current through the activated Kir2.1 channels. Using in utero electroporation, we also express PIRK in the embryonic mouse neocortex in vivo, showing the light-activation of PIRK in neocortical neurons. Genetically encoding Uaa imposes no restrictions on target protein type or cellular location, and a family of photoreactive Uaas is available for modulating different natural amino acid residues. This technique thus has the potential to be generally applied to many neuronal proteins to achieve optical regulation of different processes in brains. The current protocol presents an accessible procedure for intricate Uaa incorporation in neurons in vitro and in vivo to achieve photo control of neuronal protein activity on the molecular level.

Here, a procedure to selectively activate a neuronal protein with a short pulse of light by genetically encoding a photo-reactive unnatural amino acid into a target neuronal protein expressed in neurons in culture or in vivo is presented.

뉴런의 유전자 인코딩 된 부 자연스러운 아미노산을 사용하여 신경 세포 단백질의 광 제어

Photostimulation is a noninvasive way to control biological events with excellent spatial and temporal resolution. New methods are desired to ...

An Antibody Feeding Approach to Study Glutamate Receptor Trafficking in Dissociated Primary Hippocampal Cultures

Cellular responses to external stimuli heavily rely on the set of receptors expressed at the cell surface at a given moment. Accordingly, the population of surface-expressed receptors is constantly adapting and subject to strict mechanisms of regulation. The paradigmatic example and one of the most studied trafficking events in biology is the regulated control of the synaptic expression of glutamate receptors (GluRs). GluRs mediate the vast majority of excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system and control physiological activity-dependent functional and structural changes at the synaptic and neuronal levels (e.g., synaptic plasticity). Modifications in the number, location, and subunit composition of surface expressed GluRs deeply affect neuronal function and, in fact, alterations in these factors are associated with different neuropathies. Presented here is a method to study GluR trafficking in dissociated hippocampal primary neurons. An &#34;antibody-feeding&#34; approach is used to differentially visualize GluR populations expressed at the surface and internal membranes. By labeling surface receptors on live cells and fixing them at different times to allow for receptors endocytosis and/or recycling, these trafficking processes can be evaluated and selectively studied. This is a versatile protocol that can be used in combination with pharmacological approaches or overexpression of altered receptors to gain valuable information about stimuli and molecular mechanisms affecting GluR trafficking. Similarly, it can be easily adapted to study other receptors or surface expressed proteins.

This article presents a method to study glutamate receptor (GluR) trafficking in dissociated primary hippocampal cultures. Using an antibody-feeding approach to label endogenous or overexpressed receptors in combination with pharmacological approaches, this method allows for the identification of molecular mechanisms regulating GluR surface expression by modulating internalization or recycling processes.

해리 된 기본 해 마 문화에서 조미료 수용 체 인신 매매를 연구 하는 항 체 먹이 접근

Cellular responses to external stimuli heavily rely on the set of receptors expressed at the cell surface at a given moment. Accordingly, the population ...