This work is supported by the Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica and the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan, the Republic of China (Contract No. 104-2119-M-001-014).

참고 :이 프로토콜은 건조-방울 방법으로 제조 된 말 토트 리오스와 브라 디 키닌 단편 (1-7)의 공간적 이질성을 줄이기 위해 개발되고있다. 프로토콜은 준비 및 전처리 샘플 증착 및 건조하고, 질량 분석 데이터 분석을 포함하여 세 개의 주요 단계로 구성된다. 절차를 요약하고 아래에보다 상세히 설명된다 : 1. 준비 및 전처리 <ol><li> 샘플 플레이트 청소 <ol><li> 니트릴 장갑을 착용하고 세제와 증류수 - 탈 이온수 (DDW)으로 가볍게 샘플 판을 손 씻는다. </li><li> 메탄올 (메탄올)과 DDW와 샘플 판을 씻어. </li><li> 600 ml의 비이커에 샘플 플레이트를 삽입하고 DDW로 입력합니다. </li><li> 초음파 조 (200 W, 40 KHZ)에서 15 분 동안 DDW의 샘플 플레이트를 초음파 처리. </li><li> 비커에서 DDW를 제거하고 메탄올로 비커를 입력합니다. </li><li> 초음파 욕 (200 W, 40 KHZ)에서 15 분 동안 메탄올에있는 샘플 플레이트 초음파 처리. </li><li> 질소 가스와 함께 접시에 용매 방울을 불어 샘플 증착하기 전에 건조 샘플 플레이트를 유지합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 규제 건조 챔버 온도 참고 :. 건조 챔버는 35 X 20 X 45cm 3 (가로 x 세로 x 높이) 아크릴 챔버 그림 1은 이러한 건조 시스템의 그림을 보여줍니다. 챔버는 건조실 내부에 설치된 보정 습도계 의해 모니터링 낮은 습도 조건을 유지하기 위해 일정한 유량으로 가스 유량계를 통해 실내 온도를 질소 가스로 치환된다. 프로그래밍 항온 순환 장치를 구비 한 건조 챔버에서의 구리베이스 블록 스테인리스 샘플 판을 수용하기 위해 사용된다. 구리베이스 블록은 25 ° C에서 5 샘플 플레이트 온도를 조절 할 수있다. 공기, 구리베이스 블록 및 샘플 플레이트의 온도를 K 형 열전대에 의해 모니터링된다. <ol><li> 문을 열고 빠르게 구리에 샘플 판을 넣어베이스 블록은 문을 닫습니다. </li><li> 수동 10 시간당 표준 입방 피트 (SCFH) 내지 질소 유량을 설정하는 가스 유량계를 조정한다. </li><li> 상대 습도는 항상 25 % 이하로되도록하여, 습도계와 미세 조정 가스 유량계에 의해 건조 챔버 내의 상대 습도를 모니터링. </li><li> K 형 열전대에 의해 샘플 플레이트의 온도를 모니터링하고 샘플 플레이트는 실험 또는 제어 상온 (25 ° C)에 대한 5 ° C에 도달 할 때까지 수동으로 물 순환 장치의 온도를 조정한다. 주 : 설계된 온도에서 샘플 판을 안정화시키기 위해서, 물 순환 온도는 일반적으로 설계된 시료보다 낮은 5 ° C를 0으로 설정된다. 예를 들어, 샘플 플레이트에서 5 ° C를 유지하는 물 순환 장치의 설정 온도는 35 ° C 0의 범위이다; 25 ° C에서 샘플 플레이트를 유지하는 물 순환 장치의 설정 온도는 23-25 ​​℃의 범위이다. </li><li> 필요한 온도 및 상대 습도가 샘플 증착 이전 (표 1)에 도달되도록. 주의 : 다른 샘플 플레이트 온도가 건조 공정의 모든 매개 변수뿐만 아니라 설정 값을 표 1에 나타내었다. 참고 : 챔버 문이 오랜 시간 동안 열려있는 경우 낮은 샘플 플레이트 온도에서 시료 접시에 물 응축이 발생할 수 있습니다. 물 결로가 발생하는 경우, 문을 닫고 물 응축 밖으로 건조 될 때까지 어떠한 샘플을 입금하지 마십시오. </li></ol></li><li> 매트릭스와 분석 대상 솔루션의 준비 <ol><li> 기질 용액의 제조 <ol><li> 50 % DDW 수용액 : 50 % 아세토 니트릴 (ACN)와 0.1 M THAP 솔루션을 준비합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 분석의 준비 <ol><li> DDW 10 -4 M 말 토트 리오스 솔루션을 준비합니다. </li><li> 50 % 아세토 니트릴에 10-5 M의 브라 디 키닌 단편을 제조 (1-7) 용액(ACN) : 50 % DDW 수용액. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 2. 샘플 증착 및 건조 <ol><li> 프리믹스 0.1 M의 THAP 용액 0.25 μL 및 10-4 M의 말 토트 리오스 또는 10-5 M의 브라 디 키닌 단편 (1-7) 미세 원심 튜브 용액 0.25 μL. </li><li> 3 초 동안 혼합 용액을 소용돌이. </li><li> 원심 관의 바닥에 상기 용액을 수집하기 위해 2 초 (2,000 XG)에 혼합액을 원심 분리기. </li><li> 조심스럽게, 건조실의 문을 열고 피펫으로 시료 접시에 솔루션의 0.1 μl를 입금 즉시 문을 닫습니다. </li><li> 샘플 물방울이 건조 할 때까지 기다립니다. .주의 : 다른 샘플 플레이트 온도가 전형적으로 관찰 건조 시간은 표 1에 나열된 5 ° C의 시료 판 온도, 평균 건조 시간은 800 초이다 1000; 25 ° C의 샘플 플레이트 온도의 평균 건조 시간은 100 내지 150 S이고EC. </li><li> 건조 후에, 건조 챔버의 문을 연다. </li><li> 실내 온도 (25 °에 C)에 물 순환 온도를 설정합니다. 참고 : 샘플 플레이트는 건조 과정에서 실온 (25 ℃로)에서 지속적으로 유지되는 경우이 단계를 건너 뜁니다. </li><li> 상온 (25 ° C) 내지 샘플 플레이트 온도 복귀 후, 건조 챔버에서 샘플 판을 제거한다. </li><li> 5 배의 실체 현미경에서 샘플 형태를 검사하고 스냅 샷 밝은 필드 이미지를 촬영. 주 : 액정 모폴로지 같이 예상되지 않는 경우에는 같은 방법으로 새로운 샘플을 준비 할 필요가있다. 일반적인 액정 모폴로지는도 2의 상부 패널에 나타낸다. 참고 예 5 ° C 낮은 샘플 플레이트 온도와 경우에 따라서는 건조 챔버로부터 복용 ​​전 실온으로 샘플 플레이트를 예열하는 것이 중요하다. 샘플을 증착 할 때, 예 혼합 solutio을 유지하지 마십시오n은 10 초 이상 피펫의 끝에서입니다. 샘플을 증착 한 후 다시 예 혼합 용액을 사용하지 마십시오. 도 2의 상부 패널은 다양한 샘플 플레이트의 온도로 제조 된 샘플의 시야 화상을 나타낸다. </li></ol> 3. 질량 분석 데이터 분석 <ol><li> 질량 분석 데이터 수집 참고 제조 한 후, 샘플을 영상화 질량 분석법을 이용하여 분석 될 수있다. 현재 연구에서, 촬상 MS 실험은 실험실 내장 동기화 이중 극성 TOF를 이용하여 수행된다 (DP-TOF) 촬상 질량 분석계. 촬상 기능 15 상용 MALDI-TOF 질량 분석기는 또한 실험에 적합하다. 질량 분석기는 선형 추출 최적화 추출 지연을 갖는 양 이온 모드에서 동작된다. 이온의 운동 에너지는 20 kV로한다. 레이저 빔 크기는 시료 표면에 직경이 35㎛이며, 각 스폿의 스펙트럼은 AVE이고5 레이저 샷의 분노. <ol><li> MALDI 질량 분석기에 샘플 플레이트를 삽입합니다. </li><li> 단계 2.1-2.9에서 조제한 시료 질량 분광 분석 이미징 수행한다. </li><li> 결과 창에 표시된 질량 목록에서 특성 질량 피크를 선택하고 두 차원 이온 이미지를 플롯 &quot;2D&quot;을 클릭합니다. 참고 : THAP 혼합 말 토트 리오스를 들어, 특성 피크는 말 토트 리오스, 양성자 THAP을 sodiated 및 THAP을 sodiated 있습니다. THAP 혼합 키닌 단편 (1-7)의 경우, 특징적인 피크는 브라 디 키닌 단편 (1-7), 양성자 THAP를 양성자와 THAP sodiated를 포함한다. </li><li> 신호 강도의 상한 및 하한을 결정하는 팝업 창 조절 버튼을 클릭하고 &quot;사진 저장 &#39;을 클릭. 이 설정은 이온의 이미지의 콘트라스트를 정의한다. 참고 : 데이터의 모든 개인 설정에서 금이 지역과 낮은 밝기를 나타내는 널 명소가 제거된다. </li><li> 관찰하고 이온을 비교단계 2.9에서 찍은 밝은 필드 이미지와 이미지. 주 : 질량 분석, 특히 이온의 이미지 구성을 이미징 상업적기구와 함께 달성 될 수있다. 때문에 데이터 수집 및 분석 소프트웨어의 다양한, 사용자는 높은 품질의 이미지를 얻기 위해 장비 공급 업체에서 제공하는 소프트웨어의 지시를 따라야합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 데이터 분석 참고 : 샘플의 이질성이 정량적으로 분석된다. 이 데모에서는, 모든 샘플은 이온의 공간 분포를 분석하기 위해 자체 개발 한 소프트웨어에 의해 다수의 동심 영역으로 분할된다. 분석은 또한 독립형 데이터 분석 소프트웨어를 사용하여 수행 될 수있다. <ol><li> 중요하지 않은 부분을 제거하는 결과 창에 표시된 이온 이미지에서 널 명소와 금이 영역을 클릭합니다. 주 :이 절차는 이온 이미지의 필수 영역을 정의합니다. </li><li> 이온 이미지의 최 층을 찾기 위해 버튼 &quot;가장자리를 찾아&quot;을 클릭합니다. </li><li> 데이터베이스에 최 층의 이온 풍부한 정보를 저장하고 동시에 이온 이미지에서이 층을 제거하기 위해 &quot;공제&quot;를 클릭합니다. 이 최 층을 나타내는 확인란 결과 윈도우의 &quot;출력 데이터&quot;목록에 표시됩니다. </li><li> 이온 이미지의 중심이 정의 될 때까지 반복 3.2.2와 3.2.3 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> 클릭하고 &quot;출력 데이터&quot;목록에있는 모든 확인란을 선택하고 데이터를 내보낼 &quot;내보내기&quot;를 클릭합니다. </li><li> 이온의 공간 분포 정보를 획득하기 위해 각 층의 평균 이온 풍부 계산 스프레드 시트 소프트웨어를 사용하여 보낸 데이터를 연다. </li></ol></li></ol>

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F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Surface Tension. in Physicochemical Hydrodynamics : An Introduction. , 305-361 (1994).</li><li>Lai, Y. -. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reducing+Spatial+Heterogeneity+of+MALDI+Samples+with+Marangoni+Flows+During+Sample+Preparation.">Reducing Spatial Heterogeneity of MALDI Samples with Marangoni Flows During Sample Preparation.</a> J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 27, 1314-1321 (2016).</li><li>Hsiao, C. -. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+Molecular+Imaging+of+Photolabile+Surface+Samples+with+Synchronized+Dual-Polarity+Time-of-Flight+Mass+Spectrometry.">Comprehensive Molecular Imaging of Photolabile Surface Samples with Synchronized Dual-Polarity Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry.</a> Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 25, 834-842 (2011).</li><li>Vorm, O., Roepstorff, P., Mann, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+Resolution+and+Very+High-Sensitivity+in+MALDI+TOF+of+Matrix+Surfaces+Made+by+Fast+Evaporation.">Improved Resolution and Very High-Sensitivity in MALDI TOF of Matrix Surfaces Made by Fast Evaporation.</a> Anal. Chem. 66, 3281-3287 (1994).</li><li>Gabriel, S. J., Schwarzinger, C., Schwarzinger, B., Panne, U., Weidner, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Matrix+Segregation+as+the+Major+Cause+for+Sample+Inhomogeneity+in+MALDI+Dried+Droplet+Spots.">Matrix Segregation as the Major Cause for Sample Inhomogeneity in MALDI Dried Droplet Spots.</a> J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 25, 1356-1363 (2014).</li><li>Mampallil, D., Eral, H. B., van den Ende, D., Mugele, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+Evaporating+Complex+Fluids+through+Electrowetting.">Control of Evaporating Complex Fluids through Electrowetting.</a> Soft Matter. 8, 10614-10617 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

이전 이론적 예측에 기초하여, 방울 내에서의 온도 - 유도 된 유체 역학적 흐름이 외측으로 용매 증발에 의한 모세관 흐름을 극복 할 수있다. 온도가 증가 액적 내에 그라디언트 때 분자의 내부 재순환 등의 효율이 향상된다. 주위 온도에서 주변을 유지하면서 5 ℃ 하에서 샘플 플레이트의 온도를 유지하는 경우, 예측 결과에 따라, 상기 액적 내의 재순환 흐름의 평균 속도는 외측 모세관 흐름보다 ...

Mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the most important analytical techniques for analyzing the molecular compositions of complex samples. Among all the ionization methods used in MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is the most sensitive and widely used method in bioanalytical applications.1 In comparison to other ionization techniques, MALDI has the highest sensitivity and high tolerance to salt contaminants. Such analytical properties make MALDI the first choice for carbohydrate analysis and many proteomics applications. However, sample preparation is a crucial step for obtaining high quality data in MALDI-MS.
The most commonly used sample preparation method for MALDI-MS is the dried-droplet method, in which sample droplets are deposited on a surface and dried under ambient conditions. This drying method is simple and generally effective.2-5 However, a common problem in the dried-droplet method is that the resultant analyte/matrix crystals normally distribute irregularly. In many cases, the crystals aggregate at the periphery of sample areas, resulting in the so-called ring-stain formation.6-8 The heterogeneous crystal morphologies affect the spatial distribution of analyte molecules, which results in severe fluctuation in ion signal over sample areas. Such severe signal fluctuations and poor data reproducibility are known as the "sweet spot" problem in MALDI-MS.9 Thus, there is a great need for reducing spatial heterogeneities in MALDI-MS dried droplet applications.
Hydrodynamic flows in the sample droplet play an important role in determining the spatial distribution of samples prepared with the dried-droplet method.10-12 It was found that the evaporation of solvent induces outward capillary flows within droplets, which are responsible for the ring-stain formation.7,10 In contrast, recirculation flows induced by tangential surface-tension gradients may counterbalance the outward capillary flows.13 If the recirculation flow speeds are higher than that of the outward capillary flows, the samples can be efficiently redistributed to reduce the heterogeneity problem.14
In this work, we demonstrate a detailed protocol for preparing samples with a simple drying chamber to induce efficient recirculation flows during droplet drying processes. Droplet drying conditions are precisely controlled, including the temperatures of the sample plate and its surroundings, and the relative humidity within the chamber. The model analytes include maltotriose and bradykinin chain (1-7). The matrix used for the demonstration is 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP). The samples are examined with time-of-flight (TOF) MS, and the data are analyzed quantitatively to show the reduction of heterogeneity.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="787">
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		<col />
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Name of Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Detergent powder</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Alconox</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">242985</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">106009</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Acetonitrile</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">100003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP)</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">T64602&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Bradykinin fragment (1-7)</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">B1651</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Maltotriose</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">47884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Pipette tips</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">17005091</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Microcentrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Axygen</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">MCT-150-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Name of Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Milli-Q water purification system</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">ZMQS6VFT1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Powder-free nitrile gloves</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Microflex</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">SU-690</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">600 mL beaker</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Duran</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">2110648</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Ultrasonic cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Delta</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">DC300H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Hygrometer</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Wisewind</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">5330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Nitrogen gas flowmeter</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Dwyer</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">RMA-6-SSV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">K-type thermocouples</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Digitron</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">311-1670</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Select BioProducts</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Force Mini&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Pipette</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Rainin</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">pipet-lite XLS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">SZX16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Temperature controllable drying chamber</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">this lab</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">Synchronized dual-polarity time-of-flight imaging mass spectrometer (DP-TOF IMS)</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">this lab</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">MALDI-TOF stainless steel sample target</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">this lab</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of homogeneous maldi samples for quantitative applications

This protocol demonstrates a simple sample preparation to reduce spatial heterogeneity in ion signals during matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. The heterogeneity of ion signals is a severe problem in MALDI, which results in poor data reproducibility and makes MALDI unsuitable for quantitative analysis. By regulating sample plate temperature during sample preparation, thermal-induced hydrodynamic flows inside droplets of sample solution are able to reduce the heterogeneity problem. A room-temperature sample preparation chamber equipped with a temperature-regulated copper base block that holds MALDI sample plates facilitates precise control of the sample drying condition. After drying of sample droplets, the temperature of sample plates is returned to room temperature and removed from the chamber for subsequent mass spectrometric analysis. The areas of samples are examined with MALDI-imaging mass spectrometry to obtain the spatial distribution of all components in the sample. In comparison with the conventional dried-droplet method that prepares samples under ambient conditions without temperature control, the samples prepared with the method demonstrated herein show significantly better spatial distribution and signal intensity. According to observations using carbohydrate and peptide samples, decreasing substrate temperature while maintaining the surroundings at ambient temperature during the drying process can effectively reduce the heterogeneity of ion signals. This method is generally applicable to various combinations of samples and matrices.

밝은 필드 화상과 시료 판 (5)의 온도가 25 ° C로 제조 토트 리오스 및 브라 디 키닌 단편 (1-7)의 MS 이미지는도 1에 도시되어있다. sodiated 말 토트 리오스, 이온 신호를 중심으로 채워의 경우 샘플 영역의 주변에이를 25 ° C의 샘플 플레이트의 온도로 제조되는 경우. 5 ° C에 샘플 플레이트의 온도를 감소시킴으로써, 신호는 균일하게 전체 샘플 면적에 걸쳐 채워. 5 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Homogeneous MALDI Samples for Quantitative Applications at JoVE.com

Preparation of Homogeneous MALDI Samples for Quantitative Applications

샘플 건조 공정 중에 기판의 온도를 조절하여 MALDI 질량 분석기에서 이온 이질성 신호 공간을 감소시키는 프로토콜이 설명된다.

양적 응용 프로그램에 대한 균일 MALDI 시료의 제조

This protocol demonstrates a simple sample preparation to reduce spatial heterogeneity in ion signals during matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ...

preparation-of-homogeneous-maldi-samples-for-quantitative-applications

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

8.7K 조회수.  Academia Sinica.  샘플 건조 공정 중에 기판의 온도를 조절하여 MALDI 질량 분석기에서 이온 이질성 신호 공간을 감소시키는 프로토콜이 설명된다. 

비디오: Preparation of Homogeneous MALDI Samples for Quantitative Applications

Isolation of High-density Lipoproteins for Non-coding Small RNA Quantification

The diversity of small non-coding RNAs (sRNA) is rapidly expanding and their roles in biological processes, including gene regulation, are emerging. Most interestingly, sRNAs are also found outside of cells and are stably present in all biological fluids. As such, extracellular sRNAs represent a novel class of disease biomarkers and are likely involved in cell signaling and intercellular communication networks. To assess their potential as biomarkers, sRNAs can be quantified in plasma, urine, and other fluids. Nevertheless, to fully understand the impact of extracellular sRNAs as endocrine signals, it is important to determine which carriers are transporting and protecting them in biological fluids (e.g., plasma), which cells and tissues contribute to extracellular sRNA pools, and cells and tissues capable of accepting and utilizing extracellular sRNA. To accomplish these goals, it is critical to isolate highly pure populations of extracellular carriers for sRNA profiling and quantification. We have previously demonstrated that lipoproteins, particularly high-density lipoproteins (HDL), transport functional microRNAs (miRNA) between cells and HDL-miRNAs are significantly altered in disease. Here, we detail a new protocol that utilizes tandem HDL isolation with density-gradient ultracentrifugation (DGUC) and fast-protein-liquid chromatography (FPLC) to obtain highly pure HDL for downstream profiling and quantification of all sRNAs, including miRNAs, using both high-throughput sequencing and real-time PCR approaches. This protocol will be a valuable resource for the investigation of sRNAs on HDL.

This protocol describes the isolation and quantification of high-density lipoprotein small RNAs.

작은 RNA 정량 비는 코딩을위한 고밀도 지방 단백질의 분리

The diversity of small non-coding RNAs (sRNA) is rapidly expanding and their roles in biological processes, including gene regulation, are emerging. Most ...

연구

생화학

Sheathless Capillary Electrophoresis&#8211;Mass Spectrometry for Metabolic Profiling of Biological Samples

In metabolomics, a wide range of analytical techniques is used for the global profiling of (endogenous) metabolites in complex samples. In this paper, a protocol is presented for the analysis of anionic and cationic metabolites in biological samples by capillary electrophoresis&#8211;mass spectrometry (CE-MS). CE is well-suited for the analysis of highly polar and charged metabolites as compounds are separated on the basis of their charge-to-size ratio. A recently developed sheathless interfacing design, i.e., a porous tip interface, is used for coupling CE to electrospray ionization (ESI) MS. This interfacing approach allows the effective use of the intrinsically low-flow property of CE in combination with MS, resulting in nanomolar detection limits for a broad range of polar metabolite classes. The protocol presented here is based on employing a bare fused-silica capillary with a porous tip emitter at low-pH separation conditions for the analysis of a broad array of metabolite classes in biological samples. It is demonstrated that the same sheathless CE-MS method can be used for the profiling of cationic metabolites, including amino acids, nucleosides and small peptides, or anionic metabolites, including sugar phosphates, nucleotides and organic acids, by only switching the MS detection and separation voltage polarity. Highly information-rich metabolic profiles in various biological samples, such as urine, cerebrospinal fluid and extracts of the glioblastoma cell line, can be obtained by this protocol in less than 1 hr of CE-MS analysis.

A protocol for metabolic profiling of biological samples by capillary electrophoresis&#8211;mass spectrometry using a sheathless porous tip interface design is presented.

생물 시료의 대사 프로파일 링에 대한 쉬스 모세관 전기 영동 - 질량 분석

In metabolomics, a wide range of analytical techniques is used for the global profiling of (endogenous) metabolites in complex samples. In this paper, a ...

Easy Manipulation of Architectures in Protein-based Hydrogels for Cell Culture Applications

Hydrogels are recognized as promising materials for cell culture applications due to their ability to provide highly hydrated cell environments. The field of 3D templates is rising due to the potential resemblance of those materials to the natural extracellular matrix. Protein-based hydrogels are particularly promising because they can easily be functionalized and can achieve defined structures with adjustable physicochemical properties. However, the production of macroporous 3D templates for cell culture applications using natural materials is often limited by their weaker mechanical properties compared to those of synthetic materials. Here, different methods were evaluated to produce macroporous bovine serum albumin (BSA)-based hydrogel systems, with adjustable pore sizes in the range of 10 to 70 &#181;m in radius. Furthermore, a method to generate channels in this protein-based material that are several hundred microns long was established. The different methods to produce pores, as well as the influence of pore size on material properties such as swelling ratio, pH, temperature stability, and enzymatic degradation behavior, were analyzed. Pore sizes were investigated in the native, swollen state of the hydrogels using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The feasibility for cell culture applications was evaluated using a cell-adhesive RGD peptide modification of the protein system and two model cell lines: human breast cancer cells (A549) and adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (MCF7).

Different methods to manipulate three-dimensional architecture in protein-based hydrogels are evaluated here with respect to material properties. The macroporous networks are functionalized with a cell-adhesive peptide, and their feasibility in cell culture is evaluated using two different model cell lines.

셀 문화 응용 프로그램에 대 한 단백질 기반 Hydrogels 아키텍처의 쉬운 조작

Hydrogels are recognized as promising materials for cell culture applications due to their ability to provide highly hydrated cell environments. The field ...

Optimal Preparation of Formalin Fixed Samples for Peptide Based Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging Workflows

The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) has rapidly expanded, since this technique analyzes a host of biomolecules from drugs and lipids to N-glycans. Although various sample preparation techniques exist, detecting peptides from formaldehyde preserved tissues remains one of the most difficult challenges for this type of mass spectrometric analysis. For this reason, we have created and optimized a robust methodology that preserves the spatial information contained within the sample, while eliciting the greatest number of ionizable peptides. We have also aimed to achieve this in a cost effective and simple way, thereby eliminating potential bias or preparation error, which can occur when using automated instrumentation. The end result is a reproducible and inexpensive protocol.

This protocol describes a reproducible and reliable method for the sublimation-based preparation of formalin fixed tissue destined for imaging mass spectrometry.

펩타이드 기반 매트릭스 샘플을 고정 하는 포 르 말린의 최적의 준비 지원 레이저 탈 착/이온화 질량 분석 이미징 워크플로

The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) has rapidly expanded, since this technique analyzes a host ...

Proofreading and DNA Repair Assay Using Single Nucleotide Extension and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Analysis

The maintenance of the genome and its faithful replication is paramount for conserving genetic information. To assess high fidelity replication, we have developed a simple non-labeled and non-radio-isotopic method using a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization with time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) analysis for a proofreading study. Here, a DNA polymerase [e.g., the Klenow fragment (KF) of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (pol I) in this study] in the presence of all four dideoxyribonucleotide triphosphates is used to process a mismatched primer-template duplex. The mismatched primer is then proofread/extended and subjected to MALDI-TOF MS. The products are distinguished by the mass change of the primer down to single nucleotide variations. Importantly, a proofreading can also be determined for internal single mismatches, albeit at different efficiencies. Mismatches located at 2-4-nucleotides (nt) from the 3' end were efficiently proofread by pol I, and a mismatch at 5 nt from the primer terminus showed only a partial correction. No proofreading occurred for internal mismatches located at 6 - 9 nt from the primer 3' end. This method can also be applied to DNA repair assays (e.g., assessing a base-lesion repair of substrates for the endo V repair pathway). Primers containing 3' penultimate deoxyinosine (dI) lesions could be corrected by pol I. Indeed, penultimate T-I, G-I, and A-I substrates had their last 2 dI-containing nucleotides excised by pol I before adding a correct ddN 5'-monophosphate (ddNMP) while penultimate C-I mismatches were tolerated by pol I, allowing the primer to be extended without repair, demonstrating the sensitivity and resolution of the MS assay to measure DNA repair.

A non-labeled, non-radio-isotopic method for DNA polymerase proofreading and a DNA repair assay was developed by using high-resolution MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and a single nucleotide extension strategy. The assay proved to be very specific, simple, rapid, and easy to perform for proofreading and repair patches shorter than 9-nucleotides.

교정 및 DNA 복구 분석 결과 단일 뉴클레오티드 확장 및 TOF MALDI 질량 분석 분석을 사용 하 여

The maintenance of the genome and its faithful replication is paramount for conserving genetic information. To assess high fidelity replication, we have ...

Use of Microscale Thermophoresis to Measure Protein-Lipid Interactions

The ability to determine the binding affinity of lipids to proteins is an essential part of understanding protein-lipid interactions in membrane trafficking, signal transduction and cytoskeletal remodeling. Classic tools for measuring such interactions include surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). While powerful tools, these approaches have setbacks. ITC requires large amounts of purified protein as well as lipids, which can be costly and difficult to produce. Furthermore, ITC as well as SPR are very time consuming, which could add significantly to the cost of performing these experiments. One way to bypass these restrictions is to use the relatively new technique of microscale thermophoresis (MST). MST is fast and cost effective using small amounts of sample to obtain a saturation curve for a given binding event. There currently are two types of MST systems available. One type of MST requires labeling with a fluorophore in the blue or red spectrum. The second system relies on the intrinsic fluorescence of aromatic amino acids in the UV range. Both systems detect the movement of molecules in response to localized induction of heat from an infrared laser. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages. Label-free MST can use untagged native proteins; however, many analytes, including pharmaceuticals, fluoresce in the UV range, which can interfere with determination of accurate KD values. In comparison, labeled MST allows for a greater diversity of measurable pairwise interactions utilizing fluorescently labeled probes attached to ligands with measurable absorbances in the visible range as opposed to UV, limiting the potential for interfering signals from analytes.

Microscale thermophoresis obtains binding constants quickly at low material cost. Either labeled or label free microscale thermophoresis is commercially available; however, label free thermophoresis is not capable of the diversity of interaction measurements that can be performed using fluorescent labels. We provide a protocol for labeled thermophoresis measurements.

단백질-지질 상호작용을 측정하기 위한 마이크로스케일 열영동 사용

The ability to determine the binding affinity of lipids to proteins is an essential part of understanding protein-lipid interactions in membrane ...

Quantitative Analysis of the Cellular Lipidome of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Lipids are structurally diverse amphipathic molecules that are insoluble in water. Lipids are essential contributors to the organization and function of biological membranes, energy storage and production, cellular signaling, vesicular transport of proteins, organelle biogenesis, and regulated cell death. Because the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a unicellular eukaryote amenable to thorough molecular analyses, its use as a model organism helped uncover mechanisms linking lipid metabolism and intracellular transport to complex biological processes within eukaryotic cells. The availability of a versatile analytical method for the robust, sensitive, and accurate quantitative assessment of major classes of lipids within a yeast cell is crucial for getting deep insights into these mechanisms. Here we present a protocol to use liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the quantitative analysis of major cellular lipids of S. cerevisiae. The LC-MS/MS method described is versatile and robust. It enables the identification and quantification of numerous species (including different isobaric or isomeric forms) within each of the 10 lipid classes. This method is sensitive and allows identification and quantitation of some lipid species at concentrations as low as 0.2 pmol/&#181;L. The method has been successfully applied to assessing lipidomes of whole yeast cells and their purified organelles. The use of alternative mobile phase additives for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in this method can increase the efficiency of ionization for some lipid species and can be therefore used to improve their identification and quantitation.

Quantitative Analysis of the Cellular Lipidome of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

We present a protocol using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to identify and quantify major cellular lipids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The described method for a quantitative assessment of major lipid classes within a yeast cell is versatile, robust, and sensitive.

탠덤 질량 분석과 결합 된 액체 크로마토그래피를 사용하여 사카로 미세화세세비시아의 세포 지질의 정량분석

Lipids are structurally diverse amphipathic molecules that are insoluble in water. Lipids are essential contributors to the organization and function of ...

Ubiquitin Chain Analysis by Parallel Reaction Monitoring

Assessment of the global profile of ubiquitin chain topologies within a proteome is of interest to answer a wide range of biological questions. The protocol outlined here takes advantage of the di-glycine (-GG) modification left after the tryptic digestion of ubiquitin incorporated in a chain. By quantifying these topology-characteristic peptides the relative abundance of each ubiquitin chain topology can be determined. The steps required to quantify these peptides by a parallel reaction monitoring experiment are reported taking into consideration the stabilization of ubiquitin chains. Preparation of heavy controls, cell lysis, and digestion are described along with the appropriate mass spectrometer setup and data analysis workflow. An example data set with perturbations in ubiquitin topology is presented, accompanied by examples of how optimization of the protocol can affect results. By following the steps outlined, a user will be able to perform a global assessment of the ubiquitin topology landscape within their biological context.

This method describes the assessment of global changes in ubiquitin chain topology. The assessment is performed by the application of a mass spectrometry-based targeted proteomics approach.

병렬 반응 모니터링에 의한 유비퀴틴 연쇄 분석

Assessment of the global profile of ubiquitin chain topologies within a proteome is of interest to answer a wide range of biological questions. The ...

Quantitative Metabolomics of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Metabolomics is a methodology used for the identification and quantification of many low-molecular-weight intermediates and products of metabolism within a cell, tissue, organ, biological fluid, or organism. Metabolomics traditionally focuses on water-soluble metabolites. The water-soluble metabolome is the final product of a complex cellular network that integrates various genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and environmental factors. Hence, the metabolomic analysis directly assesses the outcome of the action for all these factors in a plethora of biological processes within various organisms. One of these organisms is the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a unicellular eukaryote with the fully sequenced genome. Because S. cerevisiae is amenable to comprehensive molecular analyses, it is used as a model for dissecting mechanisms underlying many biological processes within the eukaryotic cell. A versatile analytical method for the robust, sensitive, and accurate quantitative assessment of the water-soluble metabolome would provide the essential methodology for dissecting these mechanisms. Here we present a protocol for the optimized conditions of metabolic activity quenching in and water-soluble metabolite extraction from S. cerevisiae cells. The protocol also describes the use of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the quantitative analysis of the extracted water-soluble metabolites. The LC-MS/MS method of non-targeted metabolomics described here is versatile and robust. It enables the identification and quantification of more than 370 water-soluble metabolites with diverse structural, physical, and chemical properties, including different structural isomers and stereoisomeric forms of these metabolites. These metabolites include various energy carrier molecules, nucleotides, amino acids, monosaccharides, intermediates of glycolysis, and tricarboxylic cycle intermediates. The LC-MS/MS method of non-targeted metabolomics is sensitive and allows the identification and quantitation of some water-soluble metabolites at concentrations as low as 0.05 pmol/&#181;L. The method has been successfully used for assessing water-soluble metabolomes of wild-type and mutant yeast cells cultured under different conditions.

Quantitative Metabolomics of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

We present a protocol for the identification and quantitation of major classes of water-soluble metabolites in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The described method is versatile, robust, and sensitive. It allows the separation of structural isomers and stereoisomeric forms of water-soluble metabolites from each other.

탠덤 질량 분광과 결합 된 액체 크로마토그래피를 사용하여 사카로미세스 Cerevisiae의 정량적 Metabolomics

Metabolomics is a methodology used for the identification and quantification of many low-molecular-weight intermediates and products of metabolism within ...

Single-Molecule Imaging of EWS-FLI1 Condensates Assembling on DNA

The fusion genes resulting from chromosomal translocation have been found in many solid tumors or leukemia. EWS-FLI1, which belongs to the FUS/EWS/TAF15 (FET) family of fusion oncoproteins, is one of the most frequently involved fusion genes in Ewing sarcoma. These FET family fusion proteins typically harbor a low-complexity domain (LCD) of FET protein at their N-terminus and a DNA-binding domain (DBD) at their C-terminus. EWS-FLI1 has been confirmed to form biomolecular condensates at its target binding loci due to LCD-LCD and LCD-DBD interactions, and these condensates can recruit RNA polymerase II to enhance gene transcription. However, how these condensates are assembled at their binding sites remains unclear. Recently, a single-molecule biophysics method-DNA Curtains-was applied to visualize these assembling processes of EWS-FLI1 condensates. Here, the detailed experimental protocol and data analysis approaches are discussed for the application of DNA Curtains in studying the biomolecular condensates assembling on target DNA.

Here, we describe the use of the single-molecule imaging method, DNA Curtains, to study the biophysical mechanism of EWS-FLI1 condensates assembling on DNA.

DNA에 조립되는 EWS-FLI1 응축수의 단일 분자 이미징

The fusion genes resulting from chromosomal translocation have been found in many solid tumors or leukemia. EWS-FLI1, which belongs to the FUS/EWS/TAF15 ...