Name: characterization of multi-subunit protein complexes of human mxa using non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis
Uploaded: 2016-10-28T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 55 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization of Multi-subunit Protein Complexes of Human MxA Using Non-denaturing Polyacrylamide Gel-electrophoresis at JoVE.com

This work was funded by a Grant from the Swiss National Science foundation (Grant nr. 31003A_143834) to JP.

주 :이 프로토콜은 이전에 발행 된 비 - 변성 PAGE 프로토콜 (12)에 기초한다. 이 연구에서, MXA 단백질 올리고머 상태 내인성 MXA 표현 MXA 과발현 베로 세포 또는 IFN-α 자극 A549 세포를 사용하여 평가 하였다. 후술되는 프로토콜 MXA 이외에 어떤 단백질 올리고머 상태를 분석하는데 사용될 수있다. 그러나, 더 최적화가 필요할 수 있습니다. 비 변성 페이지에 대한 세포 용 해물 1. 준비 주 : 하나 또는 베로 A549 세포에서 인간 MXA 단백질 올리고머 상태를 분석하기 위해, 1.0 × 106 세포를 수확 하였다. 세포 유형 또는 분석하는 단백질 풍부에 따라, 세포 수를 조정해야한다. 이는 곧 감광 요오도 아세트 아미드를 첨가 한, 노광에서 용해 완충액을 보호하는 것이 중요하다. <ol><li> 잘 당 종자 0.3 × 10 6 A549 또는 베로 세포에서6 잘 요리한다. 웰 당 2 ml의 성장 배지에서 세포를 유지하고 (표 1 참조). 세포 배양 인큐베이터에서 하룻밤 동안 세포 인큐베이션 (37 ℃, 5 % CO 2). </li><li> 인산염 완충 식염수 (PBS) 1 ㎖로 세척하여 세포를 수확하고, 0.5 ml의 0.25 % 트립신 - 에틸렌 디아민 테트라 아세트산 (EDTA)을 실온에서 약 5 분 동안 1X 용액을 첨가하여 분리. </li><li> 즉시 세포가 접시에서 분리로, 0.5 ml의 성장 매체를 추가하고 조심스럽게 피펫 팅 아래로 섞는다. </li><li> 잘 한 2 ML 튜브에 각각의 세포를 전송하고 테이블 톱 원심 분리기 (5,000 XG, 4 ° C, 5 분)를 사용하여 펠렛. </li><li> 조심스럽게 세포 펠렛을 방해하지 않고 피펫으로 상층 액을 제거합니다. </li><li> 심하게 상하 세포 현탁액을 피펫 팅에 의해 1 ml의 빙냉 PBS로 세포를 세척 하였다. </li><li> 테이블 위에 원심 분리기에서 펠렛 세포 (5,000 XG, 4 ° C, 5 분). </li><li> 조심스럽게 위스콘신 피펫 팅하여 상층 액을 제거세포 펠렛을 분리 사전 통 보없이. </li><li> 로 pipetting 아래 얼음에 넣어 200 ㎕의 빙냉 용해 완충액 (표 1 참조)에 재현 탁 된 세포. </li><li> 즉시 주석 호일을 사용하여 얼음에 30 분 동안 품어 튜브를 덮어 빛 해물를 보호합니다. 참고 : 무료 티올 그룹의 보호를 되돌릴 수 있기 때문에 얼음에 30 분 동안 배양 한 후에는 더 이상 빛에 노출에서 해물을 보호하기 위해 필수적이다. </li><li> 미리 냉장 테이블 탑 원심 분리기 (13,000 XG, 4 ° C, 20 분)에서 원심 분리하여 세포 파편을 제거합니다. </li><li> 원심 분리 단계에서 20 분 동안 4 ℃에서 냉각 실의 투석 완충액 (표 1)에서 투석 열 평형. 10,000 잘라 분자량 열을 사용합니다. <ol><li> 플로트 부표에 열을 연결하고 투석 버퍼 가득 비커에 넣어. 부드러운 교반을 보장하기 위해, 자석 교반기를 사용합니다. 멤브레인을 만지지 마십시오. 참고 : Dialys열은 구입 또는 FIALA 및 동료 (19)에 의해 기술 된 프로토콜에 따라 1.5 ml의 튜브로부터 제조 될 수있다. </li></ol></li><li> 투석 버퍼와 플로트 부표에서 열을 제거합니다. 멤브레인을 건드리지 않고 피펫 팅에 의해 제조 된 투석 열로 삭제 해물을 전송합니다. 플로트 부표에 열을 연결하고 투석 버퍼로 가득 비커에 다시 넣어. </li><li> 신중 자기 교반기를 사용하여 교반하면서 4 ℃에서 적어도 4 시간 (바람직 밤새) 미국 빙냉 투석 완충액 (표 1)을 함유하는 비이커에 해물을 투석. 200 μl의 용 해물 적어도 100 ㎖ 투석 버퍼를 사용합니다. </li><li> 1.5 ML 튜브로 투석 샘플을 전송합니다. 테이블 탑 원심 분리기 (13,000 XG, 4 ° C, 20 분)에서 원심 분리하여 침전물을 제거합니다. 단지 바로 투석 후 프로토콜 (섹션 2) 계속 올리고머 단백질의 분해를 방지합니다. 냉동하지 마십시오준비된 해물. </li></ol> 2. 전기 영동 참고 : 일부 수정 (22) 전술 한 바와 같이 전기 영동을 실시 하였다. 후술 프로토콜, 프리 캐스트 구배 겔 (4 % -15 % 구배)을 사용 하였다. 대안 적으로, 겔은 실험실에서 제조 될 수있다. 이는 SDS는 올리고머 단백질 복합체의 해리를 방지하는 등의 임의의 변성제를 배제하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 전기 영동시 인간 MXA 단백질의 상이한 올리고머 상태에 대해 최적화되었다. 그러나, 올리고머 복합체의 크기뿐만 아니라 복잡한 분석을 달성 할 것으로 예상되는 분리의 범위에 따라, 다른 단백질에 대해 변할 수있다. 따라서, 전기의 최적 시간은 경험적으로 결정되어야한다. 올리고머의 최적 해상도를 분석하기 위해서는 전류가 25mA를 초과 할 수 없습니다. <ol><li> 겔 챔버 내의 비 - 변성 PAGE 겔을 조립한다. t 채우기미리 냉각 주행 완충액 (표 1)와 그 내부 및 외부 챔버. </li><li> 4 ℃에서 추운 방에서 15 분 동안 젤 당 25mA에서 미리 냉장 실행 버퍼 젤을 미리 실행합니다. </li><li> 4X 샘플 버퍼 5 μl를 (표 1)를 상기 제조 된 용 해물 15 μL를 혼합한다. 샘플을 끓여하지 마십시오. </li><li> 15 샘플의 μL 겔에 선택의 천연 단백질 표준을 넣습니다. 4 ℃에서 추운 방에서 4 시간 동안 25mA에서 젤을 실행합니다. 주 : 반 정량 분석을 위해, 단백질 정량화 프로토콜 (예를 Bradford 단백질 분석 23) 레인 당 총 단백질의 동일한 양의 부하를 보장하기 위해 수행 될 수있다. </li></ol> 3. 서양 얼룩 참고 : 아래 설명은 젖은 웨스턴 블롯 시스템의 프로토콜입니다. 상관 블 롯팅 막을 사용할 수있다. 버피 블 롯팅으로 평형화 전에 100 % 메탄올, 폴리 불화 비닐 리덴 (PVDF) 멤브레인 활성화FER. 반 건조 웨스턴 블랏 기술은 대안 적으로 사용될 수 있지만, 큰 올리고머 성 복합체에 대해 최적화되어야한다. <ol><li> 젤을 분해 조심스럽게 SDS 버퍼 (표 1)로 전송합니다. </li><li> 부드럽게 진탕하면서 실온에서 10 분 동안 인큐베이션. </li><li> 이 스폰지 4 셀룰로오스 필터 종이 시트 당 겔 블롯 막을 제조. 버퍼 (표 1) 모래 바닥에서 그들을 만끽 해보세요. </li><li> 한 스폰지,이 셀룰로스 여과지 시트, 막, 겔,이 셀룰로오스 필터 종이 시트 일 스폰지 (상하로)를 다음과 같이 샌드위치를 ​​조립한다. </li><li> 블로 팅 탱크에 샌드위치를 ​​넣습니다. 젤은 마이너스 극에 직면하면서 막 플러스 극에 직면 해 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 사전 냉장 블로 팅 버퍼로 블로 팅 탱크를 채우십시오. </li><li> 최고의 단백질 전송 결과를 4 ℃에서 하룻밤 90mA에서시킨다. </li><li> 샌드위치를 ​​분해 Ponc의 막을 배양함으로써 단백질 표준을 시각화실온에서 5 분 동안 오 S 용액. </li><li> 명확 단백질 표준의 밴드를 볼 수있을 때까지 조심스럽게 탈 이온수 폰소 s를 세정 막 Destain. </li><li> 펜을 사용하여 단백질 표준의 밴드를 표시한다. 참고 : 잔류 폰소 s는 면역 염색을 방해 할 수 있습니다. 이를 방지하기 위해 상기 멤브레인은 탈 이온수로 1 분 이후의 세정에 0.1 M NaOH로 인큐베이션하여 상기 탈색 될 수있다. </li><li> 버퍼 블로킹 멤브레인을 차단하고 실온에서 적어도 1 시간 또는 밤새 39 ° C에 대해 (표 1 참조). </li><li> 분석하고자하는 단백질에 대한 항체를 이용한 면역 염색으로 관심 단백질 (들)을 가시화. 주 : 완충액 (표 1)은 블록 1000 : 인간 MXA 단백질이 인간 MX1 특정 토끼 폴리 클로 날 항체를 사용하여 시각화 하였다 (1) 희석 하였다. 항체 용액을 4 ℃에서 밤새 인큐베이션 하였다. 대안 적으로, 단일 클론NTI-MXA 항체 (클론 143) (24) (데이터는 도시하지 않음)이 사용될 수있다. </li></ol>

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A., von Jagow, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+molecular+masses+and+oligomeric+states+of+protein+complexes+by+blue+native+electrophoresis+and+isolation+of+membrane+protein+complexes+by+two-dimensional+native+electrophoresis.">Analysis of molecular masses and oligomeric states of protein complexes by blue native electrophoresis and isolation of membrane protein complexes by two-dimensional native electrophoresis.</a> Anal Biochem. 217, 220-230 (1994).</li><li>Walker, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nondenaturing+polyacrylamide+gel+electrophoresis+of+proteins.">Nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 32, 17-22 (1994).</li><li>Stoscheck, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitation+of+protein.">Quantitation of protein.</a> Methods Enzymol. 182, 50-68 (1990).</li><li>Wisskirchen, C., Ludersdorfer, T. H., Muller, D. A., Moritz, E., Pavlovic, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interferon-induced+antiviral+protein+MxA+interacts+with+the+cellular+RNA+helicases+UAP56+and+URH49.">Interferon-induced antiviral protein MxA interacts with the cellular RNA helicases UAP56 and URH49.</a> J Biol Chem. 286, 34743-34751 (2011).</li><li>Stertz, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interferon-induced,+antiviral+human+MxA+protein+localizes+to+a+distinct+subcompartment+of+the+smooth+endoplasmic+reticulum.">Interferon-induced, antiviral human MxA protein localizes to a distinct subcompartment of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.</a> J Interferon Cytokine Res. 26, 650-660 (2006).</li><li>Seddon, A. M., Curnow, P., Booth, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+proteins,+lipids+and+detergents:+not+just+a+soap+opera.">Membrane proteins, lipids and detergents: not just a soap opera.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1666, 105-117 (2004).</li><li>Kochs, G., Haener, M., Aebi, U., Haller, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-assembly+of+human+MxA+GTPase+into+highly+ordered+dynamin-like+oligomers.">Self-assembly of human MxA GTPase into highly ordered dynamin-like oligomers.</a> J Biol Chem. 277, 14172-14176 (2002).</li><li>Kochs, G., Haller, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GTP-bound+human+MxA+protein+interacts+with+the+nucleocapsids+of+Thogoto+virus+(Orthomyxoviridae).">GTP-bound human MxA protein interacts with the nucleocapsids of Thogoto virus (Orthomyxoviridae).</a> J Biol Chem. 274, 4370-4376 (1999).</li><li>Reichelt, M., Stertz, S., Krijnse-Locker, J., Haller, O., Kochs, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Missorting+of+LaCrosse+virus+nucleocapsid+protein+by+the+interferon-induced+MxA+GTPase+involves+smooth+ER+membranes.">Missorting of LaCrosse virus nucleocapsid protein by the interferon-induced MxA GTPase involves smooth ER membranes.</a> Traffic. 5, 772-784 (2004).</li><li>Wisskirchen, C., Ludersdorfer, T. H., Muller, D. A., Moritz, E., Pavlovic, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cellular+RNA+helicase+UAP56+is+required+for+prevention+of+double-stranded+RNA+formation+during+influenza+A+virus+infection.">The cellular RNA helicase UAP56 is required for prevention of double-stranded RNA formation during influenza A virus infection.</a> J Virol. 85, 8646-8655 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

여기에서 우리는 웨스턴 블롯 분석 한 다음 비 변성 PAGE에 의해 포유 동물 세포에서 발현 된 단백질의 올리고머 상태의 빠른 결정을 할 수있는 간단한 방법을 설명합니다. 이 방법의 중요한 이점은 주어진 단백질의 올리고머 상태 전에 단백질 정제없이 전체 세포 용 해물로부터 결정될 수 있다는 것이다. 이 올리고머 또는 보조 요인과 관련하여 그 기능을 발휘 단백질 중요 할 수있다. 또한, 단백?...

단백질의 구조는 많은 급 세포 과정에서 중요한 역할을한다. 신호 전달 경로, 유전자 발현, 효소의 활성화 / 비활성화는 모두 단백질 복합체 1-4의 적절한 조립에 의존한다. 또한, 단일 - 또는 헤테로 올리고머라고도이 프로세스는 공유 비가역 또는 가역 정전 소수성 단백질 - 단백질 상호 작용에 기인한다. 올리고머는 게놈 크기를 증가시키지 않고 상이한 세포 과정을 다양 화하지만, 단백질 변성, 열화 (5)을 향해 더 내성 안정한 착물을 구축에도 전략을 제공 아닙니다. 올리고머에 결함이 단백질의 기능에 영향을 미치는 질병의 개발로 이어질 수있다. 예를 들어, 효소 페닐알라닌 수산화이 량체 복합체를 형성한다. 단백질 단지 내 일부 돌연변이는 사량 형성을 약화시키고 질병 페닐 케톤뇨증 (6)으로 이어질 수 있습니다. 7을 유도 된 인터페론 (IFN)입니다. 그것은 dynamin 같은 대형 GTP 아제의 슈퍼 패밀리에 속한다 체외 8 큰 올리고머 구조를 형성 할 수있는 능력을 갖는다. 올리고머는 급속한 저하 9,10에서 MXA을 보호하기 위해 제안되었다. 많은 연구 그룹에 의해 집중적 노력에도 불구하고, 액션의 분자 메커니즘은 크게 어려운 유지 및 바이러스 기능 MXA의 올리고머 화 상태의 역할은 논쟁 9,11,12 중이다. 이와 관련하여, 가오와 동료 MXA 큰 링형 올리고머 구조 (11)의 형태 nucleoproteins 바이러스와의 상호 작용에 의해 항 바이러스 활성을 발휘하는 모델을 제안 하였다. 그러나,보다 최근에는 MXA 이량 체는 항 바이러스 활성을 나타내는 인플루엔자 바이러스 (12)의 핵 단백질과 상호 작용하는 것을 보여 주었다. 비MXA의 결정 구조에 ased 가오 동료는 시험 관내에서의 올리고머 및 바이러스 11,13 기능에 중요한 인터페이스 영역의 몇 아미노산 잔기를 확인 하였다. 따라서, 항 바이러스 활성을 나타낸다 MXA의 올리고머있는 상태 규명하기 위해, 우리는 급속 내인성 MXA는 IFNα 자극 후 발현뿐만 아니라 인간 세포에서 발현 MXA 인터페이스 돌연변이 oligmeric 상태를 결정하기위한 간단한 프로토콜을 설정하기 위해 노력했다. 일반적으로 이러한 분할 녹색 형광 단백질과 같은 단백질 사이의 상호 작용을 조사하기 위해 사용되는 많은 방법이 있지만 (분할-GFP) 상보성 분석 (14), 표면 플라스 몬 공명 (15) 및 포스터 공명 에너지 전달 (FRET) (16)들은 제공하지 올리고머 단백질 복합체의 정확한 화학 양론의 정보를 제공합니다. 이 특정 측면의 조사, 기술 등멀티 앵글 광 산란 (MALS) 17 및 분석 초 원심 (18)는 매우 유용합니다. 일반적으로 이러한 방법을 사용하여 분석 한 단백질은 정제 된 단백질이다. 올리고머 화 공정은 또한 다른 세포 인자에 의존 할 수있다. 이러한 요인을 알 수있는 경우, 분석은 더욱 곤란하다. 또한, 일부 단백질은 E.에서 표현하기 어려운 대장균 및 정화. 따라서,이 방법은 세포 환경에서 단백질 올리고머를 분석 할 수있는 최적의 선택되지 않습니다. 또한, 이러한 기술은 용이하게 사용할 수있는 고가의 장비를 필요로한다. 비 변성 폴리 아크릴 아미드 겔 전기 영동 (PAGE), 크기 배제 크로마토 그래피 또는 종래의 도데 실 황산나트륨 (SDS) -page 뒤에 화학적 가교 세포 용 해물 2,19,20에서 올리고머 형성의 특성을위한 유용한 도구이다. 이러한 방법은 전문 장비가 필요하지 않습니다 쉽게 체육 될 수 있습니다표준 실험실에서 rformed. 우리는 처음에 가변되지 않은 특정 집계와 MXA의 침전되었다 다양한 화학 가교 프로토콜을 평가 하였다. 따라서, 우리는 다음 비 변성 PAGE 프로토콜을 테스트했다. 비 - 변성 PAGE는 SDS의 사용을 배제 같이, 단백질의 이동은 그 나라의 전하에 의존한다. 블루 기본 페이지는 SDS 유사한 전반적인 음전하와 단백질을로드 쿠마 빛나는 푸른 G250을 사용하지만 단백질 (21) 변성하지 않습니다. 불행하게도, 높은 염 종종 용해 버퍼에 포함되는 가의 양이온 (예를 들어 Mg를 2+)의 존재 브릴리언트 블루 침전물을 쿠마. 사용 된 버퍼에 따라, 올리고머 단백질 복합체에 영향을 미칠 수있는 단계를 더 최적화없이 샘플을 분석하기 어려울 수있다. 여기에서 우리는의 올리고머를 결정하기 이전에 발행 된 방법 (22)에 기초한 간단한 프로토콜을 제시비 - 변성 PAGE를 사용하여 세포 용 해물로부터 유도 된 인간 MXA 단백질.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Slide-A-Lyzer MINI Dialysis Units, 10K MWCO, 0.5 ml</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>69570</td><td>Pre-equilibrate in dialysis buffer (if Glycerol removal is desired)&lt;br/&gt; Can be self-made according to Fiala et al. 2011</td></tr><tr><td>4&amp;ndash;15% Mini-PROTEAN TGX Precast Protein Gels, 10-well,</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>456-1083</td><td>Pre-run in running buffer to adjust buffer system</td></tr><tr><td>cOmplete, Mini, EDTA-free</td><td>Roche&amp;nbsp;</td><td>11836170001</td><td>use 1 tablet per 50 ml</td></tr><tr><td>PBS, pH 7.4&amp;nbsp; bottle a 500 ml Gibco</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>14190-094</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ponceau S solution</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P7170</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;TOXIC&lt;/strong&gt; wear gloves and protect eyes</td></tr><tr><td>NativeMark Unstained Protein Standard&amp;nbsp; 50 &amp;micro;l</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>P/N 57030</td><td>load 5 &amp;micro;l/well</td></tr><tr><td>A549 cells</td><td>ATCC</td><td>ATCC CCL185</td><td>Grow in growth medium (see &lt;strong&gt;Table 1&lt;/strong&gt;)</td></tr><tr><td>Vero cells</td><td>ATCC</td><td>ATCC CCL81</td><td>Grow in growth medium (see &lt;strong&gt;Table 1&lt;/strong&gt;)</td></tr><tr><td>anti-Mx1 antibody</td><td>Novus Biologicals</td><td>H00004599_D01P</td><td>Use at a 1:1,000 dilution</td></tr><tr><td>ECL Anti-rabbit IgG, Horseradish Peroxidase linked whole antibody (from donkey)</td><td>GE-Healthcare</td><td>NA934V</td><td>Use at a 1:10,000 dilution</td></tr><tr><td>0.5% Trypsin-EDTA (1x)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Life Technologies</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>15400-054</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iodoacetamide&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 5 g</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>I-6125</td><td>stock&amp;nbsp; 100 mM</td></tr><tr><td>Bromphenolblue</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>B0126-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM +4.5g/l Gluc,+L-Glut,+Pyruvate life technologies</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>41966-029</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pen&amp;nbsp; Strep 100 x&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 100ml&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; life technologies</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>15140 - 130</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glutamax 100x Stock, 100 ml&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; life technologies</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>350500-038</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum, Dialyzed , US Origin 500 ml Gibco Lot:42G9552K</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>10270-106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cellulose filter paper</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>1703965</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVDF blotting&amp;nbsp; membrane</td><td>GE-Healthcare</td><td>10600022</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane</td><td>Biosolve</td><td>0020092391BS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium fluoride (NaF)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S-7920</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NP-40</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>492015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cOmplete, Mini, EDTA-free</td><td>Roche&amp;nbsp;</td><td>11836170001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween 20</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>6555204</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CHAPS 10% solution</td><td>Amresco</td><td>N907</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DL-Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>43819</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycine</td><td>Biosolve</td><td>0007132391BS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium orthovanadate (Na&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;VO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>450243</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>G7757</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;#946;-Glycerophospate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>G9422</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Milk powder</td><td>Migros/Switzerland</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Millipore</td><td>1.06009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium cloride (NaCl)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>71380</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>magnesium chloride (MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Amresco</td><td>288</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>L4509</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium hydroxide (NaOH)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S-8045</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

characterization of multi-subunit protein complexes of human mxa using non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis

The formation of oligomeric complexes is a crucial prerequisite for the proper structure and function of many proteins. The interferon-induced antiviral effector protein MxA exerts a broad antiviral activity against many viruses. MxA is a dynamin-like GTPase and has the capacity to form oligomeric structures of higher order. However, whether oligomerization of MxA is required for its antiviral activity is an issue of debate. We describe here a simple protocol to assess the oligomeric state of endogenously or ectopically expressed MxA in the cytoplasmic fraction of human cell lines by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in combination with Western blot analysis. A critical step of the protocol is the choice of detergents to prevent aggregation and/or precipitation of proteins particularly associated with cellular membranes such as MxA, without interfering with its enzymatic activity. Another crucial aspect of the protocol is the irreversible protection of the free thiol groups of cysteine residues by iodoacetamide to prevent artificial interactions of the protein. This protocol is suitable for a simple assessment of the oligomeric state of MxA and furthermore allows a direct correlation of the antiviral activity of MxA interface mutants with their respective oligomeric states.

비 - 변성 PAGE를 사용하여, 우리는 인간 야생형 MXA, 다이머 인터페이스 돌연변이의 MXA (R640A)와 MXA (L617D)뿐만 아니라, 세포 용 해물 (12)로부터의 단량체 인터페이스 돌연변이 MXA (M527D)의 올리고머 상태를 분석했다. 세포를 1 % octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (NP-40) 및 요오도 아세트 아미드는 단백질의 가용화 및 유리 티올 기의 보호를 보장하기를 함유하는 완충액에 용해시켰다 (도 1 참조).</stron...

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Characterization of Multi-subunit Protein Complexes of Human MxA Using Non-denaturing Polyacrylamide Gel-electrophoresis

This article describes a simple and rapid protocol to evaluate the oligomeric state of the dynamin-like GTPase MxA protein from lysates of human cells using a combination of non-denaturing PAGE with western blot analysis.

비 변성 폴리 아크릴 아미드 젤 전기 영동을 사용하여 인간의 MXA의 멀티 서브 유닛 단백질 복합체의 특성

The formation of oligomeric complexes is a crucial prerequisite for the proper structure and function of many proteins. The interferon-induced antiviral ...

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JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

10.2K 조회수.  University of Zurich. This article describes a simple and rapid protocol to evaluate the oligomeric state of the dynamin-like GTPase MxA protein from lysates of human cells using a combination of non-denaturing PAGE with western blot analysis.

비디오: Characterization of Multi-subunit Protein Complexes of Human MxA Using Non-denaturing Polyacrylamide Gel-electrophoresis

Multimer-PAGE: A Method for Capturing and Resolving Protein Complexes in Biological Samples

There are many well-developed methods for purifying and studying single proteins and peptides. However, most cellular functions are carried out by networks of interacting protein complexes, which are often difficult to investigate because their binding is non-covalent and easily perturbed by purification techniques. This work describes a method of stabilizing and separating native protein complexes from unmodified tissue using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Tissue lysate is loaded onto a non-denaturing blue-native polyacrylamide gel, then an electric current is applied until the protein migrates a short distance into the gel. The gel strip containing the migrated protein is then excised and incubated with the amine-reactive cross-linking reagent dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate), which covalently stabilizes protein complexes. The gel strip containing cross-linked complexes is then cast into a sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel, and the complexes are separated completely. The method relies on techniques and materials familiar to most molecular biologists, meaning it is inexpensive and easy to learn. While it is limited in its ability to adequately separate extremely large complexes, and has not been universally successful, the method was able to capture a wide variety of well-studied complexes, and is likely applicable to many systems of interest.

A method for stabilizing and separating native protein complexes from unmodified tissue lysate using an amine-reactive protein cross-linker coupled to a novel two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) system is presented.

다량 체-PAGE : 생물학적 샘플에서 캡처하는 방법 및 해결 단백질 단지

There are many well-developed methods for purifying and studying single proteins and peptides. However, most cellular functions are carried out by ...

연구

생화학

Resolving Affinity Purified Protein Complexes by Blue Native PAGE and Protein Correlation Profiling

Most proteins act in association with others; hence, it is crucial to characterize these functional units in order to fully understand biological processes. Affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry (AP-MS) has become the method of choice for identifying protein-protein interactions. However, conventional AP-MS studies provide information on protein interactions, but the organizational information is lost. To address this issue, we developed a strategy to unravel the distinct functional assemblies a protein might be involved in, by resolving affinity-purified protein complexes prior to their characterization by mass spectrometry. Protein complexes isolated through affinity purification of a bait protein using an epitope tag and competitive elution are separated through blue native electrophoresis. Comparison of protein migration profiles through correlation profiling using quantitative mass spectrometry allows assignment of interacting proteins to distinct molecular entities. This method is able to resolve protein complexes of close molecular weights that might not be resolved by traditional chromatographic techniques such as gel filtration. With little more work than conventional AP-geLC-MS/MS, we demonstrate this strategy may in many cases be adequate for obtaining protein complex topological information concomitantly to identifying protein interactions.

Here we present protocols for affinity purification of protein complexes and their separation by blue native PAGE, followed by protein correlation profiling using label free quantitative mass spectrometry. This method is useful to resolve interactomes into distinct protein complexes.

블루 기본 페이지와 단백질 상관 관계 프로파일 링에 의한 선호도 정제 단백질 복합체 해결

Most proteins act in association with others; hence, it is crucial to characterize these functional units in order to fully understand biological ...

Analyzing Supercomplexes of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain with Native Electrophoresis, In-gel Assays, and Electroelution

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) transduces the energy derived from the breakdown of various fuels into the bioenergetic currency of the cell, ATP. The ETC is composed of 5 massive protein complexes, which also assemble into supercomplexes called respirasomes (C-I, C-III, and C-IV) and synthasomes (C-V) that increase the efficiency of electron transport and ATP production. Various methods have been used for over 50 years to measure ETC function, but these protocols do not provide information on the assembly of individual complexes and supercomplexes. This protocol describes the technique of native gel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), a method that was modified more than 20 years ago to study ETC complex structure. Native electrophoresis permits the separation of ETC complexes into their active forms, and these complexes can then be studied using immunoblotting, in-gel assays (IGA), and purification by electroelution. By combining the results of native gel PAGE with those of other mitochondrial assays, it is possible to obtain a completer picture of ETC activity, its dynamic assembly and disassembly, and how this regulates mitochondrial structure and function. This work will also discuss limitations of these techniques. In summary, the technique of native PAGE, followed by immunoblotting, IGA, and electroelution, presented below, is a powerful way to investigate the functionality and composition of mitochondrial ETC supercomplexes.

This protocol describes the separation of functional mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes (Cx) I-V and supercomplexes thereof using native electrophoresis to reveal information about their assembly and structure. The native gel can be subjected to immunoblotting, in-gel assays, and purification by electroelution to further characterize individual complexes.

네이티브 전기 영동, In-gel Assay 및 Electroelution으로 미토콘드리아 전자 수송 사슬의 수퍼 콤플렉스 분석

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) transduces the energy derived from the breakdown of various fuels into the bioenergetic currency of the ...

Analysis of Thylakoid Membrane Protein Complexes by Blue Native Gel Electrophoresis

Photosynthetic electron transfer chain (ETC) converts solar energy to chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP. Four large protein complexes embedded in the thylakoid membrane harvest solar energy to drive electrons from water to NADP+ via two photosystems, and use the created proton gradient for production of ATP. Photosystem PSII, PSI, cytochrome b6f (Cyt b6f) and ATPase are all multiprotein complexes with distinct orientation and dynamics in the thylakoid membrane. Valuable information about the composition and interactions of the protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane can be obtained by solubilizing the complexes from the membrane integrity by mild detergents followed by native gel electrophoretic separation of the complexes. Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) is an analytical method used for the separation of protein complexes in their native and functional form. The method can be used for protein complex purification for more detailed structural analysis, but it also provides a tool to dissect the dynamic interactions between the protein complexes. The method was developed for the analysis of mitochondrial respiratory protein complexes, but has since been optimized and improved for the dissection of the thylakoid protein complexes. Here, we provide a detailed up-to-date protocol for analysis of labile photosynthetic protein complexes and their interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana.

A protocol for the elucidation of plant thylakoid protein complex organization and composition with blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) and 2D-SDS-PAGE is described. The protocol is optimized for Arabidopsis thaliana, but can be used for other plant species with minor modifications.

블루 기본 젤 전기 이동 법에 의해 Thylakoid 막 단백질 복합물의 분석

Photosynthetic electron transfer chain (ETC) converts solar energy to chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP. Four large protein complexes embedded ...

Characterization of Proteins by Size-Exclusion Chromatography Coupled to Multi-Angle Light Scattering (SEC-MALS)

Analytical size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), commonly used for the determination of the molecular weight of proteins and protein-protein complexes in solution, is a relative technique that relies on the elution volume of the analyte to estimate molecular weight. When the protein is not globular or undergoes non-ideal column interactions, the calibration curve based on protein standards is invalid, and the molecular weight determined from elution volume is incorrect. Multi-angle light scattering (MALS) is an absolute technique that determines the molecular weight of an analyte in solution from basic physical equations. The combination of SEC for separation with MALS for analysis constitutes a versatile, reliable means for characterizing solutions of one or more protein species including monomers, native oligomers or aggregates, and heterocomplexes. Since the measurement is performed at each elution volume, SEC-MALS can determine if an eluting peak is homogeneous or heterogeneous and distinguish between a fixed molecular weight distribution versus dynamic equilibrium. Analysis of modified proteins such as glycoproteins or lipoproteins, or conjugates such as detergent-solubilized membrane proteins, is also possible. Hence, SEC-MALS is a critical tool for the protein chemist who must confirm the biophysical properties and solution behavior of molecules produced for biological or biotechnological research. This protocol for SEC-MALS analyzes the molecular weight and size of pure protein monomers and aggregates. The data acquired serve as a foundation for further SEC-MALS analyses including those of complexes, glycoproteins and surfactant-bound membrane proteins.

Characterization of Proteins by Size-Exclusion Chromatography Coupled to Multi-Angle Light Scattering SEC-MALS

This protocol describes the combination of size exclusion chromatography with multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS) for absolute characterization of proteins and complexes in solution. SEC-MALS determines the molecular weight and size of pure proteins, native oligomers, heterocomplexes and modified proteins such as glycoproteins.

다각형 광 산란에 결합된 크기 배제 크로마토그래피에 의한 단백질의 특성 (SEC-MALS)

Analytical size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), commonly used for the determination of the molecular weight of proteins and protein-protein complexes in ...

Blue Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) for Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes from Cellular Lysates

Multiprotein complexes (MPCs) play a crucial role in cell signalling, since most proteins can be found in functional or regulatory complexes with other proteins (Sali, Glaeser et al. 2003). Thus, the study of protein-protein interaction networks requires the detailed characterization of MPCs to gain an integrative understanding of protein function and regulation. For identification and analysis, MPCs must be separated under native conditions. In this video, we describe the analysis of MPCs by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). BN-PAGE is a technique that allows separation of MPCs in a native conformation with a higher resolution than offered by gel filtration or sucrose density ultracentrifugation, and is therefore useful to determine MPC size, composition, and relative abundance (Sch&auml;gger and von Jagow 1991); (Sch&auml;gger, Cramer et al. 1994). By this method, proteins are separated according to their hydrodynamic size and shape in a polyacrylamide matrix. Here, we demonstrate the analysis of MPCs of total cellular lysates, pointing out that lysate dialysis is the crucial step to make BN-PAGE applicable to these biological samples. Using a combination of first dimension BN- and second dimension SDS-PAGE, we show that MPCs separated by BN-PAGE can be further subdivided into their individual constituents by SDS-PAGE. Visualization of the MPC components upon gel separation is performed by standard immunoblotting. As an example for MPC analysis by BN-PAGE, we chose the well-characterized eukaryotic 19S, 20S, and 26S proteasomes.

Blue Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis BN-PAGE for Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes from Cellular Lysates

In this video, we describe the characterization of multiprotein complexes (MPCs) by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). In a first dimension, dialyzed cellular lysates are separated by BN-PAGE to identify individual MPCs. In a second dimension SDS-PAGE, MPCs of interest are further subdivided to analyze their constituents by immunoblotting.

셀룰러 Lysates에서 Multiprotein의 단지의 분석을 위해 블루 기본 Polyacrylamide 젤 전기 영동 (BN - PAGE)

Multiprotein complexes (MPCs) play a crucial role in cell signalling, since most proteins can be found in functional or regulatory complexes with other ...

생물학

Mucin Agarose Gel Electrophoresis: Western Blotting for High-molecular-weight Glycoproteins

Mucins, the heavily-glycosylated proteins lining mucosal surfaces, have evolved as a key component of innate defense by protecting the epithelium against invading pathogens. The main role of these macromolecules is to facilitate particle trapping and clearance while promoting lubrication of the mucosa. During protein synthesis, mucins undergo intense O-glycosylation and multimerization, which dramatically increase the mass and size of these molecules. These post-translational modifications are critical for the viscoelastic properties of mucus. As a result of the complex biochemical and biophysical nature of these molecules, working with mucins provides many challenges that cannot be overcome by conventional protein analysis methods. For instance, their high-molecular-weight prevents electrophoretic migration via regular polyacrylamide gels and their sticky nature causes adhesion to experimental tubing. However, investigating the role of mucins in health (e.g., maintaining mucosal integrity) and disease (e.g., hyperconcentration, mucostasis, cancer) has recently gained interest and mucins are being investigated as a therapeutic target. A better understanding of the production and function of mucin macromolecules may lead to novel pharmaceutical approaches, e.g., inhibitors of mucin granule exocytosis and/or mucolytic agents. Therefore, consistent and reliable protocols to investigate mucin biology are critical for scientific advancement. Here, we describe conventional methods to separate mucin macromolecules by electrophoresis using an agarose gel, transfer protein into nitrocellulose membrane, and detect signal with mucin-specific antibodies as well as infrared fluorescent gel reader. These techniques are widely applicable to determine mucin quantitation, multimerization and to test the effects of pharmacological compounds on mucins.

Mucins are high-molecular-weight glycoconjugates, with size ranging from 0.2 to 200 megadalton (MDa). As a result of their size, mucins do not penetrate conventional polyacrylamide gels and require larger pores for separation. We provide a detailed protocol for mucin agarose gel electrophoresis to assess relative quantification and study polymer assembly.

점액 아가로 오스 겔 전기 영동 : 높은 분자량 당 단백질에 대한 웨스턴 블로 팅


Mucins, the heavily-glycosylated proteins lining mucosal surfaces, have evolved as a key component of innate defense by protecting the epithelium against ...

Combining Chemical Cross-linking and Mass Spectrometry of Intact Protein Complexes to Study the Architecture of Multi-subunit Protein Assemblies

Proteins interact with their ligands to form active and dynamic assemblies which carry out various cellular functions. Elucidating these interactions is therefore fundamental for the understanding of cellular processes. However, many protein complexes are dynamic assemblies and are not accessible by conventional structural techniques. Mass spectrometry contributes to the structural investigation of these assemblies, and particularly the combination of various mass spectrometric techniques delivers valuable insights into their structural arrangement.
In this article, we describe the application and combination of two complementary mass spectrometric techniques, namely chemical cross-linking coupled with mass spectrometry and native mass spectrometry. Chemical cross-linking involves the covalent linkage of amino acids in close proximity by using chemical reagents. After digestion with proteases, cross-linked di-peptides are identified by mass spectrometry and protein interactions sites are uncovered. Native mass spectrometry on the other hand is the analysis of intact protein assemblies in the gas phase of a mass spectrometer. It reveals protein stoichiometries as well as protein and ligand interactions. Both techniques therefore deliver complementary information on the structure of protein-ligand assemblies and their combination proved powerful in previous studies.

The architecture of protein complexes is essential for their function. Combining various mass spectrometric techniques proved powerful to study their assembly. We provide protocols for chemical cross-linking and native mass spectrometry and show how these complementary techniques help to elucidate the architecture of multi-subunit protein assemblies.

화학 Cross-linking 및 여러 소 단위 단백질 어셈블리의 건축을 그대로 단백질 복합물의 질량 분석

Proteins interact with their ligands to form active and dynamic assemblies which carry out various cellular functions. Elucidating these interactions is ...

Multimer-PAGE for Separating Native Protein Complexes: A Hybrid Separation Technique Consisting of Blue Native-PAGE and SDS-PAGE to Separate Intact Multimeric Proteins From Tissue Lysate

Source: Rhinesmith, T. et al., <a href="https://www.jove.com/v/55341">Multimer-PAGE: A Method for Capturing and Resolving Protein Complexes in Biological Samples</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video describes multimeric PAGE for separating native protein complexes from tissue homogenates. The technique is a hybrid of blue native-PAGE and SDS-PAGE techniques. The separated complexes can be characterized and studied for their role in cell functioning.

네이티브 단백질 복합체 분리를 위한 Multimer-PAGE: 조직 용해물에서 원형(intact) 멀티머 단백질을 분리하기 위한 블루 네이티브-PAGE와 SDS-PAGE로 구성된 하이브리드 분리 기법

Source: Rhinesmith, T. et al., Multimer-PAGE: A Method for Capturing and Resolving Protein Complexes in Biological Samples. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Biological Techniques

Electrophoresis Techniques

Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis: A Separation Technique for Analysis of Proteins in Complex Protein Mixture Based on Charge and Molecular Weight

Source: Zhan, X., et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/v/56739">Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2018)
In this video, we demonstrate a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis method that separates individual proteins from a complex protein mixture obtained from tumor tissues of human nonfunctional pituitary adenoma (NFPA). The proteins are separated based on their electric charge in the first dimension and further separated based on molecular weights in the second dimension.

2차원 폴리아크릴아미드 겔 전기영동: 전하와 분자량에 근거를 둔 복잡한 단백질 혼합물에 있는 단백질의 분석을 위한 별거 기술

Source: Zhan, X., et al. Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue ...