Name: digital printing of titanium dioxide for dye sensitized solar cells
Uploaded: 2016-05-04T14:10:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 19 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells at JoVE.com

이 연구는 감사 박사 교육 교부금을 통해 투자 공학 및 물리 과학 연구위원회 (EPSRC)의 지원으로 수행된다. 오픈 액세스 문서 처리 비용 (장갑차)은 영국 연구위원회 (R​​CUK)에 의해 투자되었다. 모든 데이터는 용지의 결과 섹션 전체에 설치되어있다. 대표 결과는 이전에 저자 (42)에 의해 발표되었다. 우리는 세포의 전기적 성능을 특징 짓는 그의 도움을 엑서 터 대학에서 박사 Senthilarasu 선데 람에게 감사의 말씀을 전합니다.

1. 잉크 배합 참고 : 잉크 제제는 종종 제조업체의 높은 지키고 비밀을 유지됩니다. 성공적인 공식 균형 분사 기능적인 성능과 함께 형성, 습윤 및 건조 동작을 놓습니다. 보통 기능성 물질이 용매에 분산되고 적어도 하나의 다른 구성 요소들을 만들기 위해 jettable. 이 섹션은 잉크젯 인쇄에서 사용하기위한 이산화 티탄 잉크의 개발 사항. 잉크의 작은 배치의 방법에 의해 제조 하였다. 주의 : 잉크 제조는 눈 보호 고글과 라텍스 장갑을 착용하는 동안, 흄 후드, 적절하게 배출 지역, 예를 들면 수행해야합니다. <ol><li> 약 4의 pH를 생성하기 위하여, 염산 (HCL)을 0.1㎜의 수용액을 준비한다. </li><li> (디메틸 포름 아미드 (DMF) 등), 물보다 비점이 낮은 표면 장력과 호환 가능한 용매 8g을 산 용액 32 g을 넣고. 공동 SOLV의 추가건조제 ENT 작용은 액적 (21)의 표면에 나노 입자의 균일 한 배치로 이어지는 잉크 증발 잉크 방울 내에서 순환 흐름을 유도한다. </li><li> 첨가제 (프로필렌 글리콜 및 물에 테트라 메틸 -5- 데신 -4,7- 디올 45 % 활성 용액) 1.5 g 분산을 추가한다. </li><li> 노즐에서 건조를 방지하기위한 습윤제로서, 에틸렌 글리콜 10 g을 넣고. </li><li> 현상에서 공기 방울을 방지하기 위해 잉크 소포제 (, 메 톡시에 아세틸렌 계 디올의 20 % 활성 용액) 0.5 g을 추가한다. </li><li> 밀폐 용기에 잉크의 분취 량을 고려하여 간단한 흔들림 테스트를 수행하고 60 초 동안 손으로 흔들어. 모든 거품이 관찰되는 경우 잉크에 소포제의 또 다른 0.5 g을 추가합니다. </li><li> RT에서 균질성을 확인하기 위해 자기 교반 막대를 사용하여 8 시간 동안 용액을 혼합한다. </li><li> 이산화 티탄 1.5 g 추가 (이산화 티탄)가 21 nm 인 일차 입자 크기와 표면적 나노 입자35-65m 2 / g. </li><li> 60 Hz의 주파수에서 15 분 동안 초음파 프로브를 사용하여 혼합물을 초음파 처리. </li><li> 들이 노즐 개구를 통해 용이하게 유동 할 수 있도록, 제조자의 프로토콜에 따라 동적 광산란 (DLS)으로 적절한 측정 기법을 사용하여 입자 크기를 측정한다. 동일한 조건에서 측정 (예., 동일한 용매의 pH, 분산제 농도) 잉크 내에 응집체의 형성에 영향을 미칠 수있는 각각의 구성 요소로서 상기 잉크에 사용되는 확인. 성공적인 분출 유체 내의 입자는 노즐 개구보다 100 배 작아야한다. </li><li> 잉크젯 인쇄는 2 내지 20 센티 포이즈 (cP 인)의 저점도 잉크를 필요로 프린트 헤드의 신뢰성 분사를 위해, 제조자의 프로토콜에 따라 이러한 회전 점도계로 적절한 측정 기술을 사용하여 잉크의 점도를 측정한다. additi를 통해 점도를 증가중합체 물질 또는 셀룰로오스 계 재료 일; 그러나이 인쇄 된 필름 (22) 내에서 염료 사이트를 무료로 증착 후 제거 될 필요가있다. </li><li> 신뢰성 분사를 위해, 제조자의 프로토콜에 따라 이러한 장력 등의 적당한 측정 기술을 이용하여, 잉크의 표면 장력을 측정한다. 잉크젯 프린터를위한 유체 제형 jettable 지침 안정적인 인쇄가 가능하도록 28, 33 MN / m 사이의 표면 장력을 제안한다. </li></ol> 2. 잉크젯 인쇄 <ol><li> 인쇄에 앞서, (수성 염기에서, 음이온 및 비 이온 계면 활성제의 혼합물을 제, 알칼리 비 포스페이트 세제 빌더 및 봉쇄 안정제) 세제 세척의 2 중량 % 용액에 유리 기판을 침지에 탈 이온수. 이들이 오염 세제 세정의 흔적을 제거하기 위해 세정 용액으로부터 제거 즉시 탈 이온수로 철저히 씻어 유리. </l난&gt; <li> 같은 제조사의 프로토콜에 따라 적절한 장력으로 측정 기술을 이용하여 기판의 표면 에너지를 측정한다. / m 15 MN - 밀착성 들어, 기판의 표면 에너지는 10 개 이상으로 유체의 표면 장력을 초과하지 않아야한다. 적합하지 않은 경우 코로나 처리 (23), 플라즈마 처리, 화학적 에칭 (24) (25) 방법을 이용하여 기판의 표면 에너지를 수정한다. </li><li> 제조 업체의 프로토콜에 따라 프린터에 기판을로드합니다. </li><li> 저장조 노즐 내의 공기 또는 세정 용액을 대체하는 헤드 측에 위치 된 포트를 통해 잉크를 프린트 헤드를 세척. </li><li> 프린터에 프린트 헤드를 삽입합니다. 헤드 성격 보드와 헤드를 연결합니다. </li><li> 단지 노즐을 방해 할 수있는 큰 입자 집계를 제거하기 위해 카트리지에로드하기 전에 올바른 크기의 필터를 통해 잉크를 필터링합니다. 그만큼프린트 헤드는 본 연구에 사용 된 40 ㎛의 직경을 갖는 노즐을 갖는 (예를 들어, 코니카 KM512입니다.); 따라서 잉크는 직경 400 개 이상의 나노로 입자를 포함 할 수 없습니다. 임의의 커다란 입자를 제거하기 위해 1.2 ㎛의 폴리 불화 비닐 리덴 (PVDF) 필터 뒤에이 5㎛를 통해 현탁액을 통과한다. </li><li> 상기 프린트 헤드에 잉크를 공급하는 프린트 헤드 위에있는 150 ㎖ 주사기로 잉크를로드. 주사기의 상단에 밀폐 캡을 부착하고 진공 펌프의 전원을 켭니다. </li><li> 진공 펌프에 위치한 &#39;퍼지&#39;버튼을 눌러 노즐을 통해 잉크를 제거. </li><li> 지리 정보 시스템 (GIS) 프린트 서버를 통해 셋업 파형 인쇄 파라미터. 그러나,이 잉크가 초당 0.3 미터의 인쇄 속도가 최적의 코팅을 제공하는 것으로 밝혀졌다 프린터가 초당 1.5 미터의 속도까지 인쇄 할 수 있습니다 </li><li> 오픈 GIS 사용자 인터페이스 소프트웨어는 소망의 패턴을로드. </li><li> 홍보제조 업체의 프로토콜에 따라로드 된 카트리지에서 int로. </li><li> 플래 튼으로부터 상기 기판을 제거하고 추가의 30 분 중, 핫 플레이트 나 오븐에서 250 ºC 다음 30 분 동안 150 ºC에서 인쇄 된 필름을 가열한다. </li></ol> 인쇄 된 필름 3. 분석 <ol><li> 인쇄 된 필름의 다공도를 분석하는 표면 형태를 분석하는 낮은 배율 (100X)에서 인쇄 된 필름의 표면 및 고배율 (35,000X) 살펴 광학 현미경 또는 주 사형 전자 현미경 (SEM)을 사용한다. 이미지가없는 균열 및 좋은 다공성과 균일 한 커버리지를 보여 있는지 확인합니다. SEM 동작에 대한 자세한 정보는 아래의 참고 문헌 26, 27에서 볼 수있다. </li><li> 같은 제조사의 프로토콜에 따라 표면 프로파일과 같은 적절한 측정 기술을 사용하여 인쇄 층의 막 두께를 측정한다. 산화 티타늄 2 층 위트의 두께 및 다공성힌으로 DSSC 따라서 상기 셀 (18)의 전체 전원 변환 효율에 영향을 나노 입자의 표면에 흡수 될 수있는 염료의 양에 영향을 미친다. 따라서 평가하는 중요한 매개 변수입니다. 인쇄 된 필름의 두께를 측정하는 표면 프로파일 (1 나노 미터의 정밀성)을 사용한다. </li><li> 이러한 많은 가시광 인쇄 된 필름을 통해 전송하는 방법을 결정하기 위해, 자외선 - 가시 광선 (UV-VIS) 분광 광도계로 측정 적절한 기술을 사용하여, 필름의 투과율을 측정한다. 제조 업체의 프로토콜을 사용합니다. </li></ol> 4. 셀 만들기 <ol><li> 8 시간 동안 자기 교반기를 사용하여 유리 비이커에 20 ㎖의 에탄올 및 루테늄 색소 2 mg을 혼합하여 염료 용액을 제조. </li><li> 색소는 이산화 티탄 입자의 표면에 흡수 할 수 있도록 24 시간 동안 실온에서 용액 (20-25 ℃)에서 이산화 티탄이 피복 된 유리를 담근다. </li><li> 산화 티타늄 2를 제거 </티슈 페이퍼 상에 솔루션과 장소에서 서브&gt; 코팅 유리 (오염을 방지하기 위해 위쪽으로 향 산화 티타늄 2) 초과 염료 용액을 흡수합니다. </li><li> 산화 티타늄이 코팅 주위에 전도성 유리 위에 미리 잘라 60 μm의 두께 열가소성 밀봉 스페이서를 놓습니다. </li><li> 양극과 음극의 활성 측면이 서로 대향되도록 프리 컷 60 μm의 두께의 열가소성 밀봉 스페이서의 상부에 백금 코팅 된 대향 전극을 배치했다. 전기 접점은 전도성 유리로 제조 될 수 있도록 유리의 두 개의 조각 사이에 충분한 오버랩을 허용한다. 이 전해질 나중에 작성 수 있도록 중앙에 사전 뚫고 구멍이 있어야합니다. </li><li> 밀봉 용 스페이서의 영역에 핀셋을 이용하여 110 ℃의 온도로 핫 플레이트상에서 가열하여 적용 저압. 30 초 후 전극을 함께 밀봉해야한다. </li><li> 요오드 / 요오드화 트리 전기로 두 전극 사이의 갭을 ​​채우기주사기를 사용하여 백금을 코팅 유리에 미리 드릴 된 구멍에 주입하여 50 mm의 농도로 아세토 니트릴 LYTE. </li></ol>

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저자는 공개 아무것도 없어.

A particular challenge when formulating inks is the natural tendency for nanoparticles to cluster together. These are known as either aggregates or agglomerates, depending on the nature and strength of the bonds between the particles. The energy of simply stirring particles into water or binder is not great enough to overcome the particle attractive forces preventing the breakup of agglomerates. Ball milling, high shear mixing or ultrasonication are commonly used to break up agglomerated nanoparticles. Various anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants and polymers can also be used to provide long-term stabilization. By minimizing the number of these agglomerates, a good quality suspension can be achieved. The fluids should be filtered through the correct size filter just before loading into the cartridge to remove large particle aggregates which can clog the nozzles.
The particle size within the TiO2 layer also has been shown to influence the overall efficiency of DSSCs. The photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide increases as particle sizes decrease due to an increase in the specific surface area40. A study comparing the efficiency of DSSCs incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles with 5 different sizes ranging from 400 nm to 14 nm and found that those with smaller particle sizes resulted in better electrical conversion efficiencies33.
Inkjet printing is a non-contact deposition technique capable of multi-pass printing. This presents the unique opportunity to rapidly fabricate multilayer devices in one operation on a wide range of substrates with minimal material waste. It also potentially provides a way to integrate other components (such as batteries) into the system through the printing of functional materials41. Although the representative results shown for the inkjet printed devices do not perform as well as the doctor-bladed devices, it demonstrates the potential for the deposition technique. With further ink optimization, it could perform on a comparable level to currently used methods and may provide further scope for cost-effective, environmentally friendly integration of photovoltaic cells onto a wide range of substrates. We hope to improve the efficiency of the inkjet printed devices by increasing the thickness of the printed layer closer to that of the doctor-bladed TiO2 and will continue to look at the printing of other materials and layers within DSSCs.

Conventional silicon solar cells are made from highly pure materials that require expensive and high-energy consuming specialist equipment. These conventional silicon cells incorporate a p-n junction that requires highly pure materials at the interface to generate electron-hole pairs. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have a fundamentally different working principle, where charge generation takes place at the materials interface. This means that processing under vacuum, ultrahigh temperatures or the use of clean room facilities are not required1. Therefore they are seen as a potentially low cost alternative; however up-scaling from small laboratory test cells into large prototypes for industrial manufacturing involves overcoming several issues including the rapid patterning of substrates.
Electronics manufacturing generally requires a degree of patterning, which is either achieved by masking or selective removal of the material after deposition. These steps can be removed through the use of "additive" digital printing techniques such as inkjet printing or spray coating. Digital printing is a promising method for direct deposition of functional materials for electronic devices. The technique can be described as printing from a digital-based pattern directly to a variety of substrates2. They are non-contact methods, which will not damage or contaminate the substrate surface and deposit material only where it is required, resulting in little or no wastage3. These techniques have been highlighted as being ideally suited to being scaled up to high-volume production3. Since digital printing methods use liquid forms of materials dispersed in a solvent, it is critical to understand the deposition of ink to determine the applications of the technique. 
DSSCs have three main components: a porous layer of wide bandgap metal oxide material, a dye that covers the particles, and a "charge transporter" that infiltrates the pores within the porous layer of semiconductor. These are sandwiched in between a transparent conductive electrode and a counter electrode4. The counter electrode is coated with a catalytic material for electron transfer, which in most cases is platinum. Under illumination, the dye molecules will absorb energy in the form of photons. The dye molecules then become excited and charge separation occurs at the interface of the titanium dioxide and the dye. Electrons are ejected into the adjacent metal oxide particles and 'holes' are left behind on the dye molecule. The injected electrons travel through the metal oxide particles and reach the transparent conductive electrode. When a load is connected, the electrons move to the counter electrode through the external circuit and are finally reunited with their counter charges through the redox couple present in the electrolyte1. The nano-structured metal oxide layer within DSSCs plays a critical role in the overall performance of the cell, with material choice, processing methods and nature of the structure all having influencing factors5-10. One of the most important requirements for the photoanode is that it needs to have an extremely large surface area. This is achieved through the deposition of nanoparticle materials, commonly TiO21,11. This has been fabricated by countless different processes, however wet coating techniques such as screen-printing and doctor-blading, are still the most popular approach9,12,13. 
Inkjet technology is a potential manufacturing route for dye-sensitized solar cells. It uses the movement of a piezoelectric crystal to expel a fixed quantity of liquid through a nozzle onto the desired substrate. This deposition method allows material to be jetted very accurately but also at high frequency with a potentially high print speed or deposition rate. Inkjet technology is sensitive to the viscosity of the ink used and this was previously a barrier to the development of functional inks. Recent work in the development of solvents suitable for ink formulation has helped to alleviate this problem, and printing of electronic components using 2D layered materials such as graphene has been demonstrated14. The viscosity of nanoparticle suspensions such as these has been found to depend on the nanoparticle size and concentration15. High concentrations of nanoparticles result in higher viscosities, therefore particle loadings are usually around 10 wt% to avoid nozzle blockages16, however higher concentrations have been achieved17.
The key advantages of inkjet technology include it being non-contact, additive patterning and maskless18. The latter two attributes are due to the ability to position many nozzles together on one or more printheads, with each nozzle separately addressable by the control software. This allows highly complex, multi-layered patterns to be created very rapidly as the printheads move across the substrate. No masking between materials or layers is required as the position of each ink drop is accurately controlled, in some systems to an accuracy of ~1.5 &#181;m19. One of the key benefits is that inkjet technology is mature, with significant development carried out in the latter half of the twentieth century. The result is that the inkjet is a very scalable technology, with roll-to-roll systems capable of printing accurately onto flexible substrates at rates of many meters per second. Traditionally this was used for high volume production, e.g., newspapers. However, developments in technology have allowed the inkjet to be used in roll-to-roll production of electronic circuits using nanoparticulate silver inks20. The inkjet is therefore an attractive process for the potential production of dye-sensitized solar cells by digital printing.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Titanium dioxide</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>718467</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Deionized water&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>Supplied from a filter in the laboratory</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid, 2 M (2 N)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>J/4250/17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethylformamide (DMF)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>D/3840/08</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>VWR Chemicals</td><td>20721.33</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dispersing additive&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Air Products</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Defoaming agent</td><td>Air Products</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethylene glycol</td><td>Fluka</td><td>107-21-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) syringe filter</td><td>VWR International</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cleaning detergent&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>10335650</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass, 8 &amp;Omega;/sq</td><td>Pilkington</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ruthenizer dye</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>21613</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pre-cut 60 &amp;micro;m thick thermoplastic sealing film&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>74301</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 mM Iodide/tri-iodide electrolyte&amp;nbsp; in acetonitrile</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>31111</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Platinum coated FTO glass&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>74201</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vac&#039;n&#039;Fill Syringe</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>65209</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyimide tape (6.35 mm)</td><td>Onecall Farnell</td><td>1676087</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

digital printing of titanium dioxide for dye sensitized solar cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

이산화 티탄 잉크는 설명 된 절차에 따라 공식화했다. 잉크 내에 현탁 된 입자의 크기는 동적 광산란 (DLS) 및 관찰 80 나노 미터의 평균 입자 크기를 측정 하였다. 이 연구에서의 잉크의 점도는 작은 샘플 어댑터 회전 점도계 및 스핀들 18mm 직경 측정 3 cP 인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 표면 장력은 표면 장력을 이용하여 측정 및 / m 26 MN의 평균값으로 계산 하였다. FTO 유리의 표면 에너지는 접촉각 및 표면 자유 에너지를 측정함으로써 고체 표면의 습윤성을 판정하기위한 유럽 표준 EN 828에 따라 계산 하였다. 세 가지 액체 (물, 에틸렌 글리콜 및 디 요오도 메탄)의 텐 방울 평면 시험편의 표면에 분배 하였다. 각 강하 좌우 접촉각 지표 성과 있었다에디션. 표면 장력과 결합 된 각각의 액의 평균 접촉각에서 시험편의 표면 자유 에너지를 산출한다. Fowkes 방법은 분산 상호 작용 (γd) 및 γnon - 분산 상호 작용 (γp)에서 기부금의 합계에서 총 표면 에너지 (γ)를 계산한다. 이 방법은 코팅 된 FTO 유리 26.45 MN / m의 표면 자유 에너지 결과. 인쇄가 절차에 따라 상기 5mm 사각를 제작했다. 유리에 인쇄 층의 두께는 표면 프로파일 러를 사용하여 측정 하였다. 인쇄 층의 중앙에서의 최대 두께는 2.6 μm의 수를 측정 하였다. 피복 유리의 투과율은 UV-VIS 스펙트로 미터를 이용하여 측정 하였다. 700 nm의 파장에서 60 %의 투과율은 FTO 유리에 대한 78 %와 비교하여 산화 티타늄이 인쇄 된 필름에 대해 측정 하였다. (28)를 비교하는 데 사용되는 다섯 전기적 성능 매개 변수가있다. 단락 전류 (I의 SC) 및 개방 전압 (V OC는)의 값은 전류 - 전압 (IV) 곡선으로부터 유도 될 수있다. 이 후, 충진 계수 (FF) 및 전력 변환 효율 (η)을 결정하는데 사용될 수있다. 빨리 감기는 개방 회로 전압, 단락 회로 전류 (29)의 제품의 세포의 비율이 실제 최대 전력 출력을 제공한다. 이 태양 전지의 성능을 평가하는 중요한 매개 변수이다. 낮은 FF는 개선의 여지가 나타내는 반면, 높은 FF는, 낮은 전기 손실을 의미한다. 몇몇 요인은 셀 내의 층의 품질 및 인터페이스를 포함하는 FF에 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져있다. DSSCS는 11.9 %의 보고서의 레코드 효율성과 요오드 / 트리 요오드의 산화 환원 부부는 0.71 (30)의 요소를 작성하여 통합. 이들 모든 파라미터는 장치의 온도가 25 ℃가 된 광의 분광 방사 조도 분포가 1.5의 기단을 갖고 표준 시험 조건 하에서 측정 될 필요가 총 조사량은, 태양 전지에서 (E의 m) 100 mW의 / cm이다 측정 2. 단일 pn 접합 전지의 변환 효율에 대한 이론적 인 최대 널리 단으로 DSSC를위한 그것의 최대 효율은 920 나노 미터 (32)에서 흡수 발병 15.1 % 가까이가 있음을보고 한, 37.7 % (31)로보고되었다. 출력 전류 및 전압이 세포를 1.5의 공기 질량 분광 방사 조도 분포와 일치하는 필터가 장착 된 100 mW의 / cm 2 광원으로 조명 하였다 동안 소스 미터를 사용하여 측정 하였다. 그 결과는 셀에 비교했다아나타제 형 입자가 20 nm 내지 450 nm의 블렌드를 갖는 시판 페이스트를 이용하여 닥터 블레이드 이산화 티탄 층을 사용하여 제조. 인쇄 층은 0.25 cm 2의 영역 및 표면 프로파일 러를 사용하여 측정 된 18 μm의 평균 두께를 갖는다. 두 장치 사이의 광전 성능의 비교는도 1 및 표 1에 나타낸다. 몇몇 연구는 이산화 티탄 층의 두께으로 DSSC 내의 변환 효율의 관계를 조사 하였다. 결과는 이산화 티탄 층과 인쇄 효율의 두께를 설명 어딘가에 33-39 ㎛] 9.5 내지 20. 표 1에서보고 된 최적의 막 두께가 크게 변화한다. 이산화 티탄 인쇄, 잉크젯의 두께는 결과 이산화 티탄 닥터 블레이 딩보다 상당히 작다낮은 효율이다. 향후 연구는 잉크젯 인쇄 층의 두께를 증가시키는 잉크 조성물 내의 유기 결합제의 사용을 조사한다. <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53963/53963fig1.jpg" /> 이산화 티탄 층과 의사 블레이드 이산화 티탄 층을 인쇄 잉크젯 통합으로 DSSC를위한 잉크젯 인쇄 및 의사 칼날 이산화 티탄 층으로으로 DSSC 그림 1. 성능 곡선. 전류 밀도 / 전압 곡선. 티오 인쇄 잉크젯와 장치의 단락 전류 밀도는 2 층은 전반적으로 낮은 변환 효율의 결과로 의사 블레이드 이산화 티탄 층 장치보다 훨씬 낮습니다. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53963/53963fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <table><tbody><tr><tdROWSPAN = &quot;3&quot;&gt; </td><td> 단락 전류 </td><td> 개방 회로 전압 </td><td rowspan="3"> 요소 채우기 </td><td> 능률 </td><td> 두께 </td></tr><tr><td> (mA / cm 2) </td><td> (MV) </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td> (%) </td><td> (μm의) </td></tr><tr><td> 잉크젯 인쇄 </td><td> 9.42 </td><td> (760) </td><td> 0.49 </td><td> 3.5 </td><td> 2.6 </td></tr><tr><td> 닥터 블레이 딩 </td><td> (11) </td><td> 756 </td><td> 0.58 </td><td> 4.8 </td><td> (18) </td></tr></tbody></table> 도 1이 표는 특정 조명에서 효율 (η)을 결정 개방 회로 전압 (V OC는), 단락 전류 (I의 SC)을 포함하는 태양 전지의 주요 파라미터를 비교의 셀 표 1. 중요한 성능 특성 상태가되게됩니다. 매개 변수 오닥터 - 블레이드 이산화 티탄 층을 사용하여 제조 FA 전지는 비교를 위해 포함되었다. 두 장치의 충전 인자 (FF)은 일반적으로 세포 내에서 높은 내부 저항에 기인하는 매우 낮다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells at JoVE.com

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

염료 감응 형 태양 전지에 대한 이산화 티타늄의 디지털 인쇄

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

digital-printing-of-titanium-dioxide-for-dye-sensitized-solar-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

12.7K 조회수.  University of Warwick. This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

비디오: Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents and hence higher efficiencies. Photon up-conversion by way of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) is an attractive technique for using these otherwise wasted low energy photons to produce photocurrent, while not interfering with the photoanodic performance in a deleterious manner. Further to this, TTA-UC has a number of features, distinct from other reported photon up-conversion technologies, which renders it particularly suitable for coupling with DSC technology. In this work, a proven high performance TTA-UC system, comprising a palladium porphyrin sensitizer and rubrene emitter, is combined with a high performance DSC (utilizing the organic dye D149) in an integrated device. The device shows an enhanced response to sub-bandgap light over the absorption range of the TTA-UC sub-unit resulting in the highest figure of merit for up-conversion assisted DSC performance to date.

An integrated device, incorporating a dye-sensitized solar cell and triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion unit was produced, affording enhanced light harvesting, from a wider section of the solar spectrum. Under modest irradiation levels a significantly enhanced response to low energy photons was demonstrated, yielding a record figure of merit for dye-sensitized solar cells.

삼중 항 - 삼중 종말 최대 변환 시스템을 통합하면 하위 밴드 갭 빛에 염료 감응 형 태양 전지의 응답을 향상시키기 위해

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents ...

연구

공학

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

전송 인쇄하여 수소 첨가 미세 결정 실리콘 태양 전지에 빛 트래핑 실버 나노 구조의 통합

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

벌크 이종 접합 태양 전지의 인쇄 제작 및<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 형태학 특성

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Fabrication of Fully Solution Processed Inorganic Nanocrystal Photovoltaic Devices

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal inks. For the photoactive absorber layer, colloidal CdTe and CdSe nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized using an inert hot injection technique and cleaned with precipitations to remove excess starting reagents. Similarly, gold nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized under ambient conditions and dissolved in organic solvents. In addition, precursor solutions for transparent conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) films are prepared from solutions of indium and tin salts paired with a reactive oxidizer. Layer-by-layer, these solutions are deposited onto a glass substrate following annealing (200-400 &#176;C) to build the nanocrystal solar cell (glass/ITO/CdSe/CdTe/Au). Pre-annealing ligand exchange is required for CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals where films are dipped in NH4Cl:methanol to replace long-chain native ligands with small inorganic Cl- anions. NH4Cl(s) was found to act as a catalyst for the sintering reaction (as a non-toxic alternative to the conventional CdCl2(s) treatment) leading to grain growth (136&#177;39 nm) during heating. The thickness and roughness of the prepared films are characterized with SEM and optical profilometry. FTIR is used to determine the degree of ligand exchange prior to sintering, and XRD is used to verify the crystallinity and phase of each material. UV/Vis spectra show high visible light transmission through the ITO layer and a red shift in the absorbance of the cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals after thermal annealing. Current-voltage curves of completed devices are measured under simulated one sun illumination. Small differences in deposition techniques and reagents employed during ligand exchange have been shown to have a profound influence on the device properties. Here, we examine the effects of chemical (sintering and ligand exchange agents) and physical treatments (solution concentration, spray-pressure, annealing time and annealing temperature) on photovoltaic device performance.

This protocol describes the synthesis and solution deposition of inorganic nanocrystals layer by layer to produce thin film electronics on non-conductive surfaces. Solvent-stabilized inks can produce complete photovoltaic devices on glass substrates via spin and spray coating following post-deposition ligand exchange and sintering.

완전 해결 가공 된 무기 나노 결정 태양 광 발전 장치의 제작

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal ...

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic&#8211;Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting material. However, fullerene derivatives are air-sensitive; therefore, air-stable material is needed as an alternative. In the present study, we propose and describe the properties of Ti-alkoxide as an alternative electron-accepting material to fullerene derivatives to create highly air-stable BHJ solar cells. It is well-known that controlling the morphology in the photoactive layer, which is constructed with fullerene derivatives as the electron acceptor, is important for obtaining a high overall efficiency through the solvent method. The conventional solvent method is useful for high-solubility materials, such as fullerene derivatives. However, for Ti-alkoxides, the conventional solvent method is insufficient, because they only dissolve in specific solvents. Here, we demonstrate a new approach to morphology control that uses the molecular bulkiness of Ti-alkoxides without the conventional solvent method. That is, this method is one approach to obtain highly efficient, air-stable, organic-inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells.

A method for fully printable, fullerene-free, highly air-stable, bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on Ti alkoxides as the electron acceptor and the electron-donating polymer fabrication is described here. Moreover, a method for controlling the morphology of the photoactive layer through the molecular bulkiness of the Ti-alkoxide units is reported.

에 Ti-알콕사이드와 반도체 성 고분자를 기반으로 어느 정도의 인쇄 가능한 유기 - 무기 대량 이종 접합 태양 전지에 대한 형태 제어

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting ...

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of electrospun titanium dioxide nanofibers (TiO2-NFs) on top of a blocking layer made of commercially available titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs). This is achieved by first electrospinning a solution of titanium (IV) butoxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and glacial acetic acid in ethanol to obtain composite PVP/TiO2 nanofibers. These are then calcined at 500 &#176;C to remove the PVP and to obtain pure anatase-phase titania nanofibers. This material is characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photoanode is prepared by first creating a blocking layer through the deposition of a TiO2-NPs/terpineol slurry on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass slide using doctor blading techniques. A subsequent thermal treatment is performed at 500 &#176;C. Then, the light-scattering layer is formed by depositing a TiO2-NFs/terpineol slurry on the same slide, using the same technique, and calcinating again at 500 &#176;C. The performance of the photoanode is tested by fabricating a dye-sensitized solar cell and measuring its efficiency through J-V curves under a range of incident light densities, from 0.25-1 Sun.

The overall goal of this project was to use electrospinning to fabricate a photoanode with improved performance for dye-sensitized solar cells.

염료 감응 태양 전지용 광촉매 전극의 전기 방사

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of ...

Inkjet Printing All Inorganic Halide Perovskite Inks for Photovoltaic Applications

A method for synthesizing photoactive inorganic&#160;perovskite quantum dot inks and an inkjet printer deposition method, using the synthesized inks, are demonstrated. The ink synthesis is based on a simple wet chemical reaction and the inkjet printing protocol is a facile step by step method. The inkjet printed thin films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescent spectroscopy, and electronic transport measurements. X-ray diffraction of the printed quantum dot films indicates a crystal structure consistent with an orthorhombic room temperature phase with (001) orientation. In conjunction with other characterization methods, the X-ray diffraction&#160;measurements show high quality films can be obtained through the inkjet printing method.

A protocol for synthesizing inorganic-lead-halide hybrid perovskite quantum dot inks for inkjet printing and the protocol for preparing and printing the quantum dot inks in an inkjet printer with post characterization techniques are presented.

태양광 응용 프로그램에 대 한 모든 무기 할로겐 페로 잉크를 인쇄 하는 잉크젯

A method for synthesizing photoactive inorganic&#160;perovskite quantum dot inks and an inkjet printer deposition method, using the synthesized inks, are ...

화학

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

Organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be decomposed by photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we describe a novel protocol employing the TiO2 photocatalysis to locally alter cell affinity of the substrate surface. For this experiment, a thin TiO2 film was sputter-coated on a glass coverslip, and the TiO2 surface was subsequently modified with an organosilane monolayer derived from octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), which inhibits cell adhesion. The sample was immersed in a cell culture medium, and focused UV light was irradiated to an octagonal region. When a neuronal cell line PC12 cells were plated on the sample, cells adhered only on the UV-irradiated area. We further show that this surface modification can also be performed in situ, i.e., even when cells are growing on the substrate. Proper modification of the surface required an extracellular matrix protein collagen to be present in the medium at the time of UV irradiation. The technique presented here can potentially be employed in patterning multiple cell types for constructing coculture systems or to arbitrarily manipulate cells under culture.

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

We describe a protocol for modifying cell affinity of a scaffold surface in aqueous environment. The method takes advantage of titanium dioxide photocatalysis to decompose organic film in the photo-irradiated region. We show that it can be used to create microdomains of scaffolding proteins, both ex situ and in situ.

산화 티타늄을 사용하여 수성 환경에서 단백질과 세포를 포토 패터닝<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; 광촉매

Organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be decomposed by photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we describe ...

생체공학

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

The accurate molecular simulation prediction of vibrational spectra, and other structural, energetic and spectral characteristics, of photo-active metal-oxide surfaces in contact with light-absorbing dyes is an ongoing thorny and elusive challenge in physical chemistry. With this in mind, a molecular-dynamics (MD) simulation were performed by using optimized empirical potentials for a well-representative and prototypical dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) solvated by a widely-studied room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), in the guise of a [bmim]+[NTf2]- RTIL solvating an N719-sensitizing dye adsorbed onto 101 anatase-titania. In doing so, important insights were gleaned into how using a RTIL as the electrolytic hole acceptor modulates the dynamical and vibrational properties of a N719 dye, estimating the spectra for the DSC photo-active interface via Fourier transformation of mass-weighted velocity autocorrelation functions from MD. The acquired vibrational spectra were compared with the experiment spectra and those sampled from ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD); in particular, various empirical-potential spectra generated from MD provide insight into how partial-charge charge parameterization of the ionic liquid affects vibrational spectra prediction. In any event, careful fitting of empirical force-field models has been shown to be an effective tool in handling DSC vibrational properties, when validated by AIMD and an experiment.

A dye-sensitized solar cell was solvated by RTILs; using optimized empirical potentials, a molecular dynamics simulation was applied to compute vibrational properties. The obtained vibrational spectra were compared with experiment and ab initio molecular dynamics; various empirical potential spectra show how partial-charge charge parameterization of the ionic liquid affects vibrational spectra prediction.

실온 이온 액체에 의해 용해된 경험적 전위 분자 역학 시뮬레이션의 N719-크로모포어/티타니아 인터페이스의 진동 스펙트럼

The accurate molecular simulation prediction of vibrational spectra, and other structural, energetic and spectral characteristics, of photo-active ...

Fully Automated Centrifugal Microfluidic Device for Ultrasensitive Protein Detection from Whole Blood

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a promising method to detect small amount of proteins in biological samples. The devices providing a platform for reduced sample volume and assay time as well as full automation are required for potential use in point-of-care-diagnostics. Recently, we have demonstrated ultrasensitive detection of serum proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI), utilizing a lab-on-a-disc composed of TiO2 nanofibrous (NF) mats. It showed a large dynamic range with femto molar (fM) detection sensitivity, from a small volume of whole blood in 30 min. The device consists of several components for blood separation, metering, mixing, and washing that are automated for improved sensitivity from low sample volumes. Here, in the video demonstration, we show the experimental protocols and know-how for the fabrication of NFs as well as the disc, their integration and the operation in the following order: processes for preparing TiO2 NF mat; transfer-printing of TiO2 NF mat onto the disc; surface modification for immune-reactions, disc assembly and operation; on-disc detection and representative results for immunoassay. Use of this device enables multiplexed analysis with minimal consumption of samples and reagents. Given the advantages, the device should find use in a wide variety of applications, and prove beneficial in facilitating the analysis of low abundant proteins.

This protocol demonstrates how to achieve femto molar detection sensitivity of proteins in 10 &#181;L of whole blood within 30 min. This can be achieved by using electrospun nanofibrous mats integrated in a lab-on-a-disc, which offers high surface area as well as effective mixing and washing for enhanced signal-to-noise ratio.

전혈에서 고감도 단백질 검출을위한 완전 자동화 된 원심 미세 유체 장치

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a promising method to detect small amount of proteins in biological samples. The devices providing a platform ...

염료 감응 형 태양 전지에 대한 이산화 티타늄의 디지털 인쇄

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