Name: preparation and reactivity of a triphosphenium bromide salt: a convenient and stable source of phosphorus(i)
Uploaded: 2016-11-22T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI at JoVE.com

The authors thank the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada and the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) for funding and scholarship support.

NOTE: Deuterated solvents were dried according to literature procedure when necessary, and all other solvents were dried over a series of Grubbs&#39;-type columns12 and degassed prior to use. Potassium 1,2,4-tris(diphenylphosphino)cyclopentadiene [K][(Ph2P)3C5H2] and the N-heterocyclic carbene 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazole-2-ylidene (MeNHCMe) were synthesized according to literature procedures and the latter was sublimed prior to use.9,13</s...

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Crystal structures and multi-nuclear NMR (31P, 1H, and 13C) were obtained for all products reported to confirm connectivity. Electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry was used to confirm presence of the cations and elemental analysis was used to confirm analytical purity of the samples.
It is imperative that all reactions are done in an air-free and dry environment to ensure that no unexpected by-products or decomposition products are formed. Using a slight exc...

The chemistry of main group elements in unusually low oxidation or valence states has been an area of significant interest over the last two decades.1 Aside from the fundamental interest arising from their unique bonding and structure, such compounds often display reactivities that are very different from those of their more typical oxidation state counterparts. In this sense, they offer significant potential as reagents to build more complex main group-element containing materials.
A landmark class of low-valent phosphorus containing molecules are &#34;triphosphenium&#34; cations which were first reported by Schmidpeter in the 1980s.2 These ions feature a dicoordinate phosphorus(I) ion ligated by two phosphonio substituents, with the more stable variants built from a chelating framework.3,4 Our group has optimized the syntheses of triphosphenium halide salts5-7 and has demonstrated that these stable compounds are versatile P+ transfer agents that are useful for the controlled synthesis of phosphorus(I)-containing oligomers,8 zwitterions,9 and phosphamethine cyanine dyes.10,11 While the original syntheses of such compounds often involve dangerous phosphorus-containing reagents and/or highly reducing conditions, the controlled route we present is safe, P-atom efficient, and convenient. The method results in high purity materials which may be used as dyes, ligands for transition metal complexes and precursors for more complex phosphorus-containing species.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="968">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">bis(diphenyl)phosphino ethane (dppe)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Strem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1663-45-2</td>
			<td style="width:468px;">98% Stored in gloved box, used as is.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Anhydrous Dichloromethane (DCM)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">270997</td>
			<td>Purified through solvent purification system, or standard methods</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Anhydrous Cyclohexene&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">29240</td>
			<td>Dried over calcium hydride and distilled.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Phosphorus Tribromide (PBr3)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">157783</td>
			<td>99% Stored in glove box, used as is. Air sensitive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Anyhydrous Tetrahydrofuran (THF)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">401757</td>
			<td>Purified through solvent purification system, or standard methods</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Methylene Chloride-D2 (CD2Cl2)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DLM-23-25</td>
			<td>Dried over phosphorus pentoxide, vacuum transferred or distilled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Acetonitrile</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">5/8/1975</td>
			<td>Stored in glove box, used as is</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Sodium Tetraphenylborate</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T25402</td>
			<td>Stored in glove box, used as is</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Anyhydrous Diethyl Ether&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">673811</td>
			<td>Purified through solvent purification system, or standard methods</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Anhydrous Pentane</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">236705</td>
			<td>Purified through solvent purification system, or standard methods</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation and reactivity of a triphosphenium bromide salt: a convenient and stable source of phosphorus(i)

We present herein the optimized synthesis of a triphosphenium bromide salt. Apart from being a versatile metathesis reagent, this unusually stable low-valent-phosphorus-containing compound acts as a useful P+ transfer agent. Unlike traditional methods employed to access low-coordinate phosphorus species which usually require pyrophoric phosphorus-containing precursors (white phosphorus, Tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine, etc.), or harsh reducing agents (alkali metals, potassium graphite, etc.), the current approach does not involve pyrophoric or explosive reagents and can be done on large scales (&#62;20 g) in excellent yields by undergraduates with basic air-free synthetic training. The bromide counter ion is readily exchanged with other anions such as tetraphenyl borate (described herein) using typical salt metathesis reagents to obtain materials with desired properties and reactivities. The versatility of this P+ transfer approach is exemplified by the reactions of these triphosphenium precursors with an N-heterocyclic carbene and an anionic bisphosphine, each of which readily displace the neutral bisphosphine to give an NHC-stabilized phosphorus(I) cation and a phosphorus(I) containing zwitterion, respectively.

A stable salt ([dppeP][Br]) containing a low valent phosphorus(I) source can be synthesized easily by the addition of PBr3 to diphenylphosphinoethane (dppe) in the presence of excess cyclohexene (Figure 1)6.
Upon work up of the reaction, 31P NMR spectra show the presence of a triplet signal that is significantly shielded at -220 ppm, and a doublet signal at 50 ppm. Strong coupling between the nuclei is observed ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI at JoVE.com

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI

The synthesis of a triphosphenium bromide salt is described and its use as a P+ transfer agent is outlined by reactions with an N-heterocyclic carbene and an anionic bisphosphine, yielding an NHC-stabilized P(I) cation and a P(I) containing zwitterion, respectively.

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)

We present herein the optimized synthesis of a triphosphenium bromide salt. Apart from being a versatile metathesis reagent, this unusually stable ...

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