미리 암 레이 닉 (Miriam Reinig)의 전문가 기술 지원은 감사하게 생각합니다. AH는 하이델베르그 대학 (University of Heidelberg)의 의과 대학의 박사후 연구원으로부터 기금을 받았다. MP는 Else-Kröner-Fresenius Foundation의 기념비에 의해 지원됩니다. AKM은 독일 감염 연구소 (DZIF)의 DZIF 아카데미에 의해 출산 휴가를받습니다. JP는 분자 의학 (HRCMM) 경력 개발 펠로우쉽을위한 하이델베르그 연구 센터의 수령인이다. 우리는 또한 sporozoite 운동의 모범적 인 영화를 제공 한 Julia M. Sattler와 Friedrich Frischknecht에게 감사를 표합니다.

이 논문에서보고 된 모든 동물 실험은 실험 동물 학회 연맹 (FELASA) 카테고리 B 및 실험실 동물 과학 학회 (GV-SOLAS) 표준 지침에 따라 수행되었으며 카를 스루에 지역 독일 당국 (Regierungspräsidium Karlsruhe)의 승인을 받았습니다 , 독일). biosavety 레벨 2 모기 및 Plasmodium berghei ANKA sporozoite 작품에 적용됩니다. 1. 감염 <ol><li> 해리 동물 에 15 분 동안 먹이를 줌으로써 Anopheles가 Plasmodium berghei ANKA로 모기를 감염 시킵니다 . 감염된 모기를 80 % 습도 및 21 ° C에 보관하십시오. </li><li> 혈액 제 식사 후 17 일에서 22 일 사이에 우리 모기를 모돈에서 모으십시오. 그들을 마취하기 위해 얼음에 올려 놓으십시오. </li><li> 포 셉를 사용하여 차가운 RPMI 매체 한 방울로 덮여 유리 슬라이드에 3-4 모기를 놓습니다. 현미경으로 슬라이드를 놓습니다. </li> &lt;포셉을 사용하여 모기를 머리와 몸 사이에 조심스럽게 펴십시오. 주사기와 바늘을 사용하여 침샘을 분리합니다. 나머지 모기와 함께이 과정을 반복하십시오. </li><li> 유리 피펫으로 그들을 빨아하여 유리 슬라이드에서 타액 땀샘을 ​​수집하고 1.5 ML 원심 튜브에 그들을 수집합니다. 참고 : 감염률에 따라 일반적으로 타액선 당 8,000 ~ 15,000 개의 감염성 포자 소체를 얻을 수 있습니다. </li><li> 약 3 분 동안 원심 분리 튜브 내에 격리 된 타액선을 작은 플라스틱 스틱으로 박살 내고 침샘 조직에서 포자 소이 트를 분리합니다. </li><li> 1,000 xg 및 4 ° C에서 3 분간 원심 분리하여 나머지 조직에서 포자 소체를 정제하십시오. </li><li> sporozoites (SPZ)가 들어있는 상등액을 새로운 원심 튜브에 피펫을 넣고 Neubauer hemocytometer에서 정균 된 스포르 소 사이트를 센다. </li><li> ph를 첨가하여 정제 sporozoites의 농도를 10,000 / mL로 조정osphate-buffered saline. </li><li> 감염을 시작하기 위해 근친 교배 C57BL / 6 마우스의 꼬리 정맥에 총 1,000 개의 스포 로조 사이트 (0.1 mL)를 주입하십시오. 주사를 촉진하기 위해 C57BL / 6 마우스를 제지 장치에 넣고 꼬리를 따뜻한 (약 37 ° C) 물에 넣고 꼬리 정맥의 시각화를 돕습니다. 참고 : 주사 자체는 몇 초 내에 수행 할 수있는 짧은 절차입니다. </li><li> 1 일 1 회, SPZ 감염 후 3 일째부터 혈액 도말 기생충 혈증을 확인하십시오. 참고 : Parasitemia 모니터링은 이전에 Mueller et al. 의 JoVE 기사에서 시각화되었습니다 . 8 </li><li> Sporozoite 주입 후 5 일째부터 Rapid Murine Coma and Behavior Scale (RMCBS) 점수로 하루에 한 번씩 마우스를 평가하십시오. 참고 : 비디오 데모를 포함하여이 절차에 대한 자세한 설명은 Caroll 등 이 게시 했습니다. 6 </li><li> 평가RMCBS 점수 및 연구 과제에 따라 MRI 영상을 가진 마우스. 6 </li></ol> 2. 자기 공명 영상 설정 <ol><li> 무선 주파수 전송 용 볼륨 공진기와 4 채널 위상 배열 수신기 코일을 사용하여 9.4T 소형 동물 스캐너에서 MRI를 수행하십시오. 마우스의 체온을 유지하기 위해 온도 조절 수 욕조를 42 ° C로 설정하십시오. </li><li> 쥐가 발가락에 더 이상 반응하지 않을 때까지 2 % 이소 플루 란과 압축 공기를 사용하여 챔버에서 마취를 유도하십시오. 마취를 1-1.5 %로 유지하십시오. </li><li> 꼬리 정맥 카테터를 마우스의 꼬리 정맥에 삽입하십시오. 헤드 모션을 최소화하기 위해 머리 잠금 장치와 치아 바가 장착 된 동물 침대에 엎드린 자세로 놓고 MRI 용 마우스를 놓습니다. 쥐의 경추를 곧게 펴지 않도록주의하십시오. </li><li> 꼬리 정맥 카테터에 조영제 분사 시스템 연결. Gd-DTPA (0.3 mmol / kg) 주사기로 채워진 주문형 주입 시스템을 사용하거나 Gd-DTPA (0.3 mmol / kg) 주사기에 연결된 PE 튜브를 사용하십시오. </li><li> 양쪽 눈에 dexpanthenol 안 연고제를 바르십시오. 4 채널 위상 배열 수신기 헤드 코일을 마우스 헤드에 놓습니다. 호흡 패드를 마우스 뒤쪽에 놓고 호흡 모니터링 장치에 연결하십시오. </li></ol> 3. 이미징 프로토콜 참고 : 해결해야 할 연구 과제에 따라 아래 나열된 프로토콜에서 이미징 시퀀스를 선택하십시오. 나열된 모든 매개 변수는 MRI 소프트웨어에서 유효하지만 다른 소프트웨어 프로그램을 사용하는 경우 조정해야 할 수도 있습니다. <ol><li> 마우스 두뇌가 자석의 아이소 센터에 있는지 확인하기 위해 지역화 검사를 수행하여 시작하십시오. </li><li> vasogenic 부종을 정 성적으로 평가하려면 다중 슬라이스 RARE 시퀀스를 선택하여 3D T2 강조 이미징을 사용하십시오. <ol><li> 다음 파일을 입력하십시오반복 시간 = 2.000 ms, 반향 시간 = 22 ms, 등방 해상도 = 0.1 mm, 시야 = 20 x 10 x 12 mm 3 ; 매트릭스 = 200 x 100 x 120, 플립 각도 = 90-180 °; (스핀 - 에코), 드문 팩터 = 8. 시퀀스를 시작하고 10 분 48 초 동안 기다린 후 원시 이미지를 얻습니다. </li></ol></li><li> vasogenic 부종을 정량적으로 평가하기 위해서는 다중 슬라이스, 다중 스핀 에코 시퀀스를 선택하여 T2 relaxometry를 수행하십시오. <ol><li> 반복 시간 = 3.100 ms, 에코 시간 = 8-136 ms, 8 ms 간격으로, 슬라이스 수 = 17, 슬라이스 두께 = 0.7 mm, 평면 해상도 = 0.116 mm x 0.116 mm, 시야 20 x 20 mm 2 , 매트릭스 = 172 x 172, 플립 각도 = 90-180도; (스핀 - 에코). 시퀀스를 시작하고 원시 이미지를 얻기 위해 8 분 53 초 동안 기다리십시오. </li></ol></li><li> vasogenic 부종과 세포 독성 부종을 정량적으로 평가하기 위해 확산 가중 영상 / 겉보기 확산 계수스핀 에코 EPI 확산 시퀀스를 선택하여 ADC (signal-finite) ADC 매핑. <ol><li> 반복 시간 = 3.400 ms, 에코 시간 = 20 ms, 슬라이스 두께 = 0.7 mm, 슬라이스 수 = 17, 확산 감응 방향의 수 = 30, b 값 = 1.500 s / mm2, δ = 3 ms , Δ = 9 ms, 부분 푸리에 인코딩 가속 계수 = 1.51, 시야 = 12 x 15 mm2, 매트릭스 = 96 x 128, 평면 해상도 = 0.125 mm x 0.117 mm, 플립 각 = 90-180도 및 포화 슬라이스 (sagittal)의 수 = 1. 시퀀스를 시작하고 원시 이미지가 획득 될 때까지 7 분 56 초 동안 기다리십시오. </li></ol></li><li> 미세 출혈을 평가하려면 3D T2 * 가중 이미징을 사용하십시오. 유량 보정 플래시 순서를 선택하십시오. <ol><li> MRI 소프트웨어에 반복 시간 = 2.000 ms, 에코 시간 = 22 ms, 등방 해상도 0.08 mm, 시야 = 32 x 15 x 8 mm 3 , 매트릭스 크기 = 400 x 188 x 100 및 f립 각도 = 12도. 시퀀스를 시작하고 원시 이미지를 얻기 위해 15 분 40 초 동안 기다리십시오. </li></ol></li><li> 동맥 개존 성을 평가하려면 3D FLASH 시퀀스를 선택하여 비행 관 혈관 조영술 시간을 사용하십시오. <ol><li> MRI 소프트웨어에서 반복 시간 = 16 ms, 에코 시간 = 3.5 ms, 슬라이스 두께 = 0.07 mm, 평면 내 해상도 = 0.104 x 0.104 mm, 시야 = 20 x 20 x 10 mm 3 , 매트릭스 = 192 × 192 × 142, 및 플립 각도 = 15도이다. 시퀀스를 시작하고 이미지가 획득 될 때까지 7 분 16 초 동안 기다리십시오. </li></ol></li><li> 혈액 - 뇌 장벽 파괴를 평가하려면 0.3 mmol / kg의 조영제 주입 전후에 3D T1 강조 영상을 사용하십시오. 전역 라디오 주파수 여기와 함께 라디오 주파수 버릇이없는 플래시 시퀀스를 선택하십시오. <ol><li> MRI 소프트웨어에서 다음 시퀀스 파라미터를 사용하십시오 : 반복 시간 = 5 ms, 반향 시간 = 1.9 ms, 등방 해상도 = 0.156 mm, 시야 20 x 18.7x 18.7 mm 3 , 행렬 128 x 120 x 120 및 플립 각 = 8.5 °. 시퀀스를 시작하고 이미지가 획득 될 때까지 1 분 14 초 기다립니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. 이미지 처리 및 분석 <ol><li> 혈액 뇌 장벽 파괴를 분석하기 위해 ImageJ의 산술 도구 또는 이미지 계산기 도구를 사용하여 향상된 T1 강조 이미지에서 3D 비 강화 T1 가중 이미지를 뺍니다. 혈액 뇌 장벽 파괴에 해당하는 신호 증가에 대한 빼기 이미지를 평가하십시오. 9 </li><li> 뇌의 부피를 분석하려면 기본 3D T1 또는 3D T2 가중치 데이터 세트를 사용하십시오. 세분화 편집기를 사용하여 후각 구배에서 소뇌로 뇌를 윤곽을 그립니다. 10 </li><li> 혈관성 부종 <ol><li> T2 relaxometry 데이터를 MRI 소프트웨어로 처리하거나 비선형 최소 자승 적합 절차를 사용하십시오. 11 MRI sof를 사용하여 ADC 맵을 얻기 위해 확산 가중치 데이터 처리tware 또는 FDT 도구 상자 ( 재료 표 참조). </li><li> 관심 영역을 다른 해부학 적 영역에 수동으로 배치하십시오. 참고 : 중요한 뇌의 부종으로 인해 관심 부위의 자동 배치가 잘못 등록 될 수 있습니다. 선택된 해부학 적 영역의 T2 시간 및 ADC 값이 이러한 방식으로 얻어진다. </li></ol></li><li> 미세 출혈량을 분석하려면 세분화 편집기를 사용하여 T2 * 가중치 데이터 집합에 난상, 어두운 초점으로 나타나는 미세 출혈을 묘사하십시오. </li></ol>

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C., Renia, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+models+of+cerebral+malaria.">Experimental models of cerebral malaria.</a> Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 297, 103-143 (2005).</li><li>Zhao, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory+plays+a+key+role+in+spatiotemporal+pathogenesis+of+cerebral+malaria.">Olfactory plays a key role in spatiotemporal pathogenesis of cerebral malaria.</a> Cell Host Microbe. 15 (5), 551-563 (2014).</li><li>Nacer, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+cerebral+malaria+pathogenesis--hemodynamics+at+the+blood+brain+barrier.">Experimental cerebral malaria pathogenesis--hemodynamics at the blood brain barrier.</a> PLoS Pathog. 10 (12), e1004528 (2014).</li><li>Nacer, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroimmunological+blood+brain+barrier+opening+in+experimental+cerebral+malaria.">Neuroimmunological blood brain barrier opening in experimental cerebral malaria.</a> PLoS Pathog. 8 (10), e1002982 (2012).</li><li>Pai, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+imaging+reveals+the+dynamics+of+leukocyte+behaviour+during+experimental+cerebral+malaria+pathogenesis.">Real-time imaging reveals the dynamics of leukocyte behaviour during experimental cerebral malaria pathogenesis.</a> PLoS Pathog. 10 (7), e1004236 (2014).</li><li>Shaw, T. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perivascular+Arrest+of+CD8++T+Cells+Is+a+Signature+of+Experimental+Cerebral+Malaria.">Perivascular Arrest of CD8+ T Cells Is a Signature of Experimental Cerebral Malaria.</a> PLoS Pathog. 11 (11), e1005210 (2015).</li><li>Potchen, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+brain+MRI+findings+in+120+Malawian+children+with+cerebral+malaria:+new+insights+into+an+ancient+disease.">Acute brain MRI findings in 120 Malawian children with cerebral malaria: new insights into an ancient disease.</a> AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 33 (9), 1740-1746 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

이 기사에서는 실험적인 대뇌 말라리아의 변화를 묘사하기위한 전체 뇌 MRI 프로토콜에 대해 설명합니다. 우리는 지금까지 말라리아 연구에서 MRI가 제대로 활용되지 않았으며 우리의 프로토콜이 다른 수사관을 도울 것이라고 희망합니다. 도움이 될 수있는 몇 가지 추가 점을 설명하고자합니다. 심하게 아픈 생쥐가 이미징 된 경우, 위치 결정이 중요합니다. 두개 내압이 증가...

말라리아는 전 세계적으로 심각한 건강 문제입니다. 중증 말라리아는 부분적으로 뇌의 침범으로 특징 지어지며 흔히 예후가 나쁜 요인입니다. 대뇌 침범은 말라리아 전염이 심한 지역에서 5 세 미만의 어린이에게 흔히 발생하며 그 연령대에서 말라리아 관련 사망의 주요 원인을 나타냅니다. 공격적인 치료가 생명을 구할 수 있지만 특히 초기 단계의 뇌 말라리아의 검출은 어려울 수 있습니다. 뇌 말라리아와 관련된 병리학 적 과정은 심한 뇌의 부종으로 이어질 수있는 미세 혈관 파괴 및 뇌부종을 포함합니다. 이 기사에서는 실험적 대뇌 말라리아 (ECM)의 전체 뇌 생체 내 이미징을 허용하는 자기 공명 영상 (MRI) 프로토콜을 제시합니다. ECM이 중앙에서 어떻게 시작되는지에 대해서는 거의 알려지지 않았지만 전체 뇌 고해상도 이미징 방법은이 질병에서 널리 활용되지 못했습니다.신경계 또는 어떤 메커니즘이이 질병을 일으키는 지 확인하십시오. 생체 내 (in vivo) MRI는 전뇌를 포괄하며 ECM 병리를 더 잘 이해할 수있는 중요한 연구 도구입니다. MRI는 세계적 뇌 뇌 팽창을 평가할 수 있는데, 이는 최근 ECM뿐만 아니라 인간 대뇌 말라리아에서 중요한 사망 예측 인자로 인식되고 있습니다. 심한 뇌의 부종은 치명적인 질병에서 발생하며 ECM 모델과 인간 질병 (염증성 및 미세 혈관계 변화가 특징 인 질환) 사이의 여러 병리학 적 특징 중 하나를 나타냅니다. 4 치명적인 Plasmodium berghei ANKA 감염에 의해 CBA 또는 C57BL 생쥐에서 ECM을 유도 할 수 있습니다 . ECM의 발병은 전형적으로 감염 후 6 일에서 10 일 사이에 발생하며 피팅, 운동 장애, 호흡 곤란 및 혼수 상태를 초래하여 랩이드의 죽음. Rapid Murine Coma and Behavior Scale (RMCBS)은 ECM의 임상 증상을 평가하는데 도움이되는 점수입니다. 그것은 0에서 2까지 점수가 매겨진 10 개의 매개 변수로 구성되며 가능한 최대 점수는 20입니다. 6 최근에 ECM 마우스의 RMCBS 점수와 MRI로 입증 된 병리학 적 변화의 정도간에 좋은 일치를 보였습니다. 7 이 프로토콜에서 우리는 생쥐의 ECM 유도와 ECM이있는 마우스의 생체 내 자기 공명 영상을 설명합니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Isoflurane</td><td>Baxter</td><td>1001747</td><td>for anesthesia</td></tr><tr><td>Dotarem</td><td>Guebert</td><td>1086923</td><td>Gd-DTPA contrast agent; 0.5 mmol/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Amira (Image Processing Program)</td><td>FEI Group</td><td></td><td>Version Amira 5.3.2</td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB&amp;nbsp;</td><td>The MathWorks, Inc.,</td><td></td><td>Release 2012b</td></tr><tr><td>FDT toolbox&amp;nbsp;</td><td>FMRIB&#039;s Software Library</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fdt/index.html&quot;&gt;http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fdt/index.html&lt;/a&gt;</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

in vivo tracking of edema development and microvascular pathology in a model of experimental cerebral malaria using magnetic resonance imaging

Cerebral malaria is a sign of severe malarial disease and is often a harbinger of death. While aggressive management can be life-saving, the detection of cerebral malaria can be difficult. We present an experimental mouse model of cerebral malaria that shares multiple features of the human disease, including edema and microvascular pathology. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we can detect and track the blood-brain barrier disruption, edema development, and subsequent brain swelling. We describe multiple MRI techniques that can visualize these pertinent pathological changes. Thus, we show that MRI represents a valuable tool to visualize and track pathological changes, such as edema, brain swelling, and microvascular pathology, in vivo.

C57BL / 6 마우스에서 P. berghei ANKA 스포르 조제 감염 후 6 일에서 10 일 사이에 ECM의 첫 임상 증상이 관찰 될 수 있습니다. ECM은 감염된 마우스의 60 ~ 80 %에서 발병하며 24 ~ 48 시간 내에 빠르게 혼수 상태 및 사망으로 진행됩니다. 반대로, ECM이 발생하지 않는 마우스는 과증식으로 인해 심한 빈혈로 감염 후 2 주 후에 사망합니다. 12 <p class="jove_content" f...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Tracking of Edema Development and Microvascular Pathology in a Model of Experimental Cerebral Malaria Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging at JoVE.com

In Vivo Tracking of Edema Development and Microvascular Pathology in a Model of Experimental Cerebral Malaria Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

We describe a mouse model of experimental cerebral malaria and show how inflammatory and microvascular pathology can be tracked in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging.

자기 공명 영상을 이용한 실험용 뇌 말라리아 모델에서의 부종 발달 및 미세 혈관 병리학 적 추적

Cerebral malaria is a sign of severe malarial disease and is often a harbinger of death. While aggressive management can be life-saving, the detection of ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

In Vivo Tracking of Edema Development and Microvascular Pathology in a Model of Experimental Cerebral Malaria Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

6.4K 조회수.  Heidelberg University Hospital. We describe a mouse model of experimental cerebral malaria and show how inflammatory and microvascular pathology can be tracked in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging. 

비디오: In Vivo Tracking of Edema Development and Microvascular Pathology in a Model of Experimental Cerebral Malaria Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Intravital Microscopy of the Mouse Brain Microcirculation using a Closed Cranial Window

This experimental model was designed to assess the mouse pial microcirculation during acute and chronic, physiological and pathophysiological hemodynamic, inflammatory and metabolic conditions, using in vivo fluorescence microscopy. A closed cranial window is placed over the left parieto-occipital cortex of the mice. Local microcirculation is recorded in real time through the window using epi and fluorescence illumination, and measurements of vessels diameters and red blood cell (RBC) velocities are performed. RBC velocity is measured using real-time cross-correlation and/or fluorescent-labeled erythrocytes. Leukocyte and platelet adherence to pial vessels and assessment of perfusion and vascular leakage are made with the help of fluorescence-labeled markers such as Albumin-FITC and anti-CD45-TxR antibodies. Microcirculation can be repeatedly video-recorded over several days. We used for the first time the close window brain intravital microscopy to study the pial microcirculation to follow dynamic changes during the course of Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection in mice and show that expression of CM is associated with microcirculatory dysfunctions characterized by vasoconstriction, profound decrease in blood flow and eventually vascular collapse.

Intravital microscopy to follow temporal and spatial hemodynamic and inflammatory events in the pial microcirculation.

휴일 두개골 윈도우를 사용하여 마우스 뇌 엑기스의 Intravital 현미경

This experimental model was designed to assess the mouse pial microcirculation during acute and chronic, physiological and pathophysiological hemodynamic, ...

연구

신경과학

Intravital Microscopy of the Spleen: Quantitative Analysis of Parasite Mobility and Blood Flow

The advent of intravital microscopy in experimental rodent malaria models has allowed major advances to the knowledge of parasite-host interactions 1,2. Thus, in vivo imaging of malaria parasites during pre-erythrocytic stages have revealed the active entrance of parasites into skin lymph nodes 3, the complete development of the parasite in the skin 4, and the formation of a hepatocyte-derived merosome to assure migration and release of merozoites into the blood stream 5. Moreover, the development of individual parasites in erythrocytes has been recently documented using 4D imaging and challenged our current view on protein export in malaria 6. Thus, intravital imaging has radically changed our view on key events in Plasmodium development. Unfortunately, studies of the dynamic passage of malaria parasites through the spleen, a major lymphoid organ exquisitely adapted to clear infected red blood cells are lacking due to technical constraints.
Using the murine model of malaria Plasmodium yoelii in Balb/c mice, we have implemented intravital imaging of the spleen and reported a differential remodeling of it and adherence of parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) to barrier cells of fibroblastic origin in the red pulp during infection with the non-lethal parasite line P.yoelii 17X as opposed to infections with the P.yoelii 17XL lethal parasite line 7. To reach these conclusions, a specific methodology using ImageJ free software was developed to enable characterization of the fast three-dimensional movement of single-pRBCs. Results obtained with this protocol allow determining velocity, directionality and residence time of parasites in the spleen, all parameters addressing adherence in vivo. In addition, we report the methodology for blood flow quantification using intravital microscopy and the use of different colouring agents to gain insight into the complex microcirculatory structure of the spleen. 
Ethics statement
All the animal studies were performed at the animal facilities of University of Barcelona in accordance with guidelines and protocols approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation of the University of Barcelona CEEA-UB (Protocol No DMAH: 5429). Female Balb/c mice of 6-8 weeks of age were obtained from Charles River Laboratories.

We show the method for performing intravital microscopy of the spleen using GFP transgenic malaria parasites and the quantification of parasite mobility and blood flow within this organ.

비장의 Intravital 현미경 : 기생충 이동성 및 혈류의 정량 분석

The advent of intravital microscopy in experimental rodent malaria models has allowed major advances to the knowledge of parasite-host interactions 1,2. ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Continuous advancements in noninvasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have greatly improved our ability to study physiological or pathological processes in living organisms. MRI is also proving to be a valuable tool for capturing transplanted cells in vivo. Initial cell labeling strategies for MRI made use of contrast agents that influence the MR relaxation times (T1, T2, T2*) and lead to an enhancement (T1) or depletion (T2*) of signal where labeled cells are present. T2* enhancement agents such as ultrasmall iron oxide agents (USPIO) have been employed to study cell migration and some have also been approved by the FDA for clinical application. A drawback of T2* agents is the difficulty to distinguish the signal extinction created by the labeled cells from other artifacts such as blood clots, micro bleeds or air bubbles. In this article, we describe an emerging technique for tracking cells in vivo that is based on labeling the cells with fluorine (19F)-rich particles. These particles are prepared by emulsifying perfluorocarbon (PFC) compounds and then used to label cells, which subsequently can be imaged by 19F MRI. Important advantages of PFCs for cell tracking in vivo include (i) the absence of carbon-bound 19F in vivo, which then yields background-free images and complete cell selectivityand(ii) the possibility to quantify the cell signal by 19F MR spectroscopy.

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Tracking of cells using MRI has gained remarkable attention in the past years. This protocol describes the labeling of dendritic cells with fluorine (19F)-rich particles, the in vivo application of these cells, and monitoring the extent of their migration to the draining lymph node with 19F/1H MRI and 19F MRS.

사용 모니터링 수지상 세포 이동<sup&gt; 19</sup&gt; F /<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt; H 자기 공명 영상

Continuous  advancements in noninvasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance  imaging (MRI) have greatly improved our ability to study ...

Modeling Brain Metastases Through Intracranial Injection and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Metastatic spread of cancer is an unfortunate consequence of disease progression, aggressive cancer subtypes, and/or late diagnosis. Brain metastases are particularly devastating, difficult to treat, and confer a poor prognosis. While the precise incidence of brain metastases in the United States remains hard to estimate, it is likely to increase as extracranial therapies continue to become more efficacious in treating cancer. Thus, it is necessary to identify and develop novel therapeutic approaches to treat metastasis at this site. To this end, intracranial injection of cancer cells has become a well-established method in which to model brain metastasis. Previously, the inability to directly measure tumor growth has been a technical hindrance to this model; however, increasing availability and quality of small animal imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are vastly improving the ability to monitor tumor growth over time and infer changes within the brain during the experimental period. Herein, intracranial injection of murine mammary tumor cells into immunocompetent mice followed by MRI is demonstrated. The presented injection approach utilizes isoflurane anesthesia and a stereotactic setup with a digitally controlled, automated drill and needle injection to enhance precision, and reduce technical error. MRI is measured over time using a 9.4 Tesla instrument in The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center Small Animal Imaging Shared Resource. Tumor volume measurements are demonstrated at each time point through use of ImageJ. Overall, this intracranial injection approach allows for precise injection, day-to-day monitoring, and accurate tumor volume measurements, which combined greatly enhance the utility of this model system to test novel hypotheses on the drivers of brain metastases.

Intracranial brain metastasis modeling is complicated by an inability to monitor tumor size and response to treatment with precise and timely methods. The presented methodology couples intracranial tumor injection with magnetic resonance imaging analysis, which when combined, cultivates precise and consistent injections, enhanced animal monitoring, and accurate tumor volume measurements.

두개 내 주입 및 자기 공명 이미징을 통해 뇌 전이를 모델링

Metastatic spread of cancer is an unfortunate consequence of disease progression, aggressive cancer subtypes, and/or late diagnosis. Brain metastases are ...

암 연구학

In vivo 19F MRI for Cell Tracking

In vivo 19F MRI allows quantitative cell tracking without the use of ionizing radiation. It is a noninvasive technique that can be applied to humans. Here, we describe a general protocol for cell labeling, imaging, and image processing. The technique is applicable to various cell types and animal models, although here we focus on a typical mouse model for tracking murine immune cells. The most important issues for cell labeling are described, as these are relevant to all models. Similarly, key imaging parameters are listed, although the details will vary depending on the MRI system and the individual setup. Finally, we include an image processing protocol for quantification. Variations for this, and other parts of the protocol, are assessed in the Discussion section. Based on the detailed procedure described here, the user will need to adapt the protocol for each specific cell type, cell label, animal model, and imaging setup. Note that the protocol can also be adapted for human use, as long as clinical restrictions are met.

In vivo 19F MRI for Cell Tracking

We describe a general protocol for in vivo cell tracking using MRI in a mouse model with ex vivo labeled cells. A typical protocol for cell labeling, image acquisition processing and quantification is included.

세포 추적을위한 생체 19 F MRI에서

In vivo 19F MRI allows quantitative cell tracking without the use of ionizing radiation. It is a noninvasive technique that can be applied to humans. ...

의학

Noninvasive Assessment of Cardiac Abnormalities in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis by Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Imaging in the Mouse

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium, but only ~10% of those affected show clinical manifestations of the disease. To study the immune events of myocardial injuries, various mouse models of myocarditis have been widely used. This study involved experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) induced with cardiac myosin heavy chain (Myhc)-&#945; 334-352 in A/J mice; the affected animals develop lymphocytic myocarditis but with no apparent clinical signs. In this model, the utility of magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) as a non-invasive modality to determine the cardiac structural and functional changes in animals immunized with Myhc-&#945; 334-352 is shown. EAM and healthy mice were imaged using a 9.4 T (400 MHz) 89 mm vertical core bore scanner equipped with a 4 cm millipede radio-frequency imaging probe and 100 G/cm triple axis gradients. Cardiac images were acquired from anesthetized animals using a gradient-echo-based cine pulse sequence, and the animals were monitored by respiration and pulse oximetry. The analysis revealed an increase in the thickness of the ventricular wall in EAM mice, with a corresponding decrease in the interior diameter of ventricles, when compared with healthy mice. The data suggest that morphological and functional changes in the inflamed hearts can be non-invasively monitored by MRM in live animals. In conclusion, MRM offers an advantage of assessing the progression and regression of myocardial injuries in diseases caused by infectious agents, as well as response to therapies.

This study demonstrates the successful establishment of magnetic resonance microscopy imaging as a non-invasive tool to assess the cardiac abnormalities in mice affected with autoimmune myocarditis. The data indicate that the technique can be used to monitor the disease-progression in live animals.

마우스에있는 자기 공명 현미경 영상으로 실험자가 면역 심근염에있는 심장의 이상 유무 비 침습적 평가

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium, but only ~10% of those affected show clinical manifestations of the disease. To study the immune events ...

Induction and Micro-CT Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Model

Mutations in the CCM1 (aka KRIT1), CCM2, or CCM3 (aka PDCD10) gene cause cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) in humans. Mouse models of CCM disease have been established by tamoxifen induced deletion of Ccm genes in postnatal animals. These mouse models provide invaluable tools to investigate molecular mechanism and therapeutic approaches for CCM disease. An accurate and quantitative method to assess lesion burden and progression is essential to harness the full value of these animal models. Here, we demonstrate the induction of CCM disease in a mouse model and the use of the contrast enhanced X-ray micro computed tomography (micro-CT) method to measure CCM lesion burden in mouse brains. At postnatal day 1 (P1), we used 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4HT) to activate Cre recombinase activity from the Cdh5-CreErt2 transgene to cleave the floxed allele of Ccm2. CCM lesions in mouse brains were analyzed at P8. For micro-CT, iodine based Lugol&#39;s solution was used to enhance contrast in brain tissue. We have optimized the scan parameters and utilized a voxel dimension of 9.5 &#181;m, which lead to a minimum feature size of approximately 25 &#181;m. This resolution is sufficient to measure CCM lesion volume and number globally and accurately, and provide high-quality 3-D mapping of CCM lesions in mouse brains. This method enhances the value of the established mouse models to study the molecular basis and potential therapies for CCM and other cerebrovascular diseases.

This protocol demonstrates the induction of cerebral cavernous malformation disease in a mouse model and uses contrast enhanced micro computed tomography to measure lesion burden. This method enhances the value of established mouse models to study the molecular basis and potential therapies for cerebral cavernous malformation and other cerebrovascular diseases.

유도 및 마우스 모델에서 대뇌 동굴 같은 기형의 마이크로-CT 영상

Mutations in the CCM1 (aka KRIT1), CCM2, or CCM3 (aka PDCD10) gene cause cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) in humans. Mouse models of CCM disease have ...

A Volumetric Method for Quantification of Cerebral Vasospasm in a Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke. Cerebral vasospasm that occurs in the aftermath of the bleeding is an important factor determining patient outcome and is therefore frequently taken as a study endpoint. However, in small animal studies on SAH, quantification of cerebral vasospasm is a major challenge. Here, an ex vivo method is presented that allows quantification of volumes of entire vessel segments, which can be used as an objective measure to quantify cerebral vasospasm. In a first step, endovascular casting of the cerebral vasculature is performed using a radiopaque casting agent. Then, cross-sectional imaging data are acquired by micro computed tomography. The final step involves 3-dimensional reconstruction of the virtual vascular tree, followed by an algorithm to calculate center lines and volumes of the selected vessel segments. The method resulted in a highly accurate virtual reconstruction of the cerebrovascular tree shown by a diameter-based comparison of anatomical samples with their virtual reconstructions. Compared with vessel diameters alone, the vessel volumes highlight the differences between vasospastic and non-vasospastic vessels shown in a series of SAH and sham-operated mice.

The goal of this article is to present a method that allows a 3-dimensional reconstruction of the cerebrovascular tree in mice after micro computed tomography and determination of volumes of entire vessel segments that can be used to quantify cerebral vasospasm in murine models of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

거미 막 밑 출혈의 Murine 모델에 대뇌 Vasospasm의 정량화에 대 한 체적 메서드

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke. Cerebral vasospasm that occurs in the aftermath of the bleeding is an important factor ...

Measuring Post-Stroke Cerebral Edema, Infarct Zone and Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in a Single Set of Rodent Brain Samples

One of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide is ischemic stroke. Historically, an animal model used to stimulate ischemic stroke involves middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Infarct zone, brain edema and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown are measured as parameters that reflect the extent of brain injury after MCAO. A significant limitation to this method is that these measurements are normally obtained in different rat brain samples, leading to ethical and financial burdens due to the large number of rats that need to be euthanized for an appropriate sample size. Here we present a method to accurately assess brain injury following MCAO by measuring infarct zone, brain edema and BBB permeability in the same set of rat brains. This novel technique provides a more efficient way to evaluate the pathophysiology of stroke.

This protocol describes a novel technique of measuring the three most important parameters of ischemic brain injury on the same set of rodent brain samples. Using only one brain sample is highly advantageous in terms of ethical and economic costs.

설치류 뇌 샘플의 단일 세트에서 뇌졸중 후 뇌 부종, 경색 영역 및 혈액 뇌 장벽 고장 측정

One of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide is ischemic stroke. Historically, an animal model used to stimulate ischemic stroke ...

Tracking Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide-labeled Mesenchymal Stem Cells using MRI after Intranasal Delivery in a Traumatic Brain Injury Murine Model

Stem cell-based therapies for brain injuries, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), are a promising approach for clinical trials. However, technical hurdles such as invasive cell delivery and tracking with low transplantation efficiency remain challenges in translational stem-based therapy. This article describes an emerging technique for stem cell labeling and tracking based on the labeling of the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)&#160;nanoparticles, as well as intranasal delivery of the labeled MSCs. These nanoparticles are fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-embedded and safe to label the MSCs, which are subsequently delivered to the brains of TBI-induced mice by the intranasal route. They are then tracked non-invasively in vivo by real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Important advantages of this technique that combines SPIO for cell labeling and intranasal delivery include (1) non-invasive, in vivo MSC tracking after delivery for long tracking periods, (2) the possibility of multiple dosing regimens due to the non-invasive route of MSC delivery, and (3) possible applications to humans, owing to the safety of SPIO, non-invasive nature of the cell-tracking method by MRI, and route of administration.

Presented here is a protocol for non-invasive mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) delivery and tracking in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Superparamagnetic iron oxide&#160;nanoparticles are employed as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probe for MSC labeling and non-invasive in vivo tracking following intranasal delivery using real-time MRI.

외상성 뇌 손상 뮤린 모델에서 비강 내 전달 후 MRI를 사용하여 수퍼 파라마그네틱 철 산화물 표지 메젠키말 줄기 세포 추적

Stem cell-based therapies for brain injuries, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), are a promising approach for clinical trials. However, technical ...

자기 공명 영상을 이용한 실험용 뇌 말라리아 모델에서의 부종 발달 및 미세 혈관 병리학 적 추적

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