Name: purification of high molecular weight genomic dna from powdery mildew for long-read sequencing
Uploaded: 2017-03-31T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 56 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of High Molecular Weight Genomic DNA from Powdery Mildew for Long-Read Sequencing at JoVE.com

This protocol was developed in support of a Joint Genome Institute-Community Sequencing Project (#1657). The work was supported in part by the Philomathia Foundation, the National Science Foundation (#0929226) and the Energy Biosciences Institute to S. Somerville; and by Swiss National Science Foundation (#310030_163260) to B. Keller. We would like to thank our colleagues, M. Figureroa and M. Miller (University of Minnesota), R. Panstruga (RWTH Aachen University), C. Pedersen (University of Copenhagen), P. Spanu (Imperial College), J. Taneja (University of California Berkeley), M. Wildermuth (University of California Berkeley), R. Wise (Iowa State University) and S. Xiao (University of Maryland) for their generous advice and for volunteering their protocols as we developed the protocol described here.

곰팡이 재료 1. 준비 <ol><li> 흰가루병 성장 <ol><li> 다음의 조건으로 성장 챔버에 식물을 성장 : 22 ° C 일 온도 20 ℃ 밤 온도, 80 % 상대 습도, 14 시간 낮 길이 125 μE / m 2 / s의 광 강도 (형광등에 의해 제공된 ). </li><li> 18, 29 설명 Golovinomyces cichoracearum 변형 UCSC1 오이 식물 (쿠쿠 미스 사티의 다양한 부시 챔피언) 감염. </li></ol></li><li> 수확 흰가루병 분생 포자 <ol><li> 생포 축적 된 인 - 라인 필터 (11 μm의)와 작은 진공을 이용하여 접종 10 일 - 7에 감염된 식물을 수확 분생. 부드러운 압력을 적용, 분생 포자를 수집하는 잎의 표면을 따라 진공 노즐을 실행합니다. 참고 : G.의 cichoracearum의 평균 수익률은 크게 infe에서 분생 포자의 20 밀리그램이다면적이 약 130cm 2 cted 오이 잎. </li><li> 깨끗한 종이 상에 필터로부터 (7-8 감염된 오이 잎으로부터 약 375 μL 부피 또는 분생) 분생 포자 약 150 mg의 브러시. 여기에서, (액체 질소)에서 미리 냉각 두 32분의 5 인치 직경의 스틸 밀링 볼 2 mL의 크리오 바이알 (cryovial)의 분생 포자로 옮긴다. 즉시 액체 질소로 튜브를 반환한다. -80 ° C에서 보관 튜브. </li></ol></li><li> 볼 밀링에 의해 속보 열기 분생 포자 <ol><li> 플래시를 액체 질소 중에서 볼밀 알루미늄 판을 고정. 로드는 볼 밀 랙에 크리오 바이알 (cryovial). 격렬 (실온) 30 회 / 초에서 30 초 동안 볼 밀에서 분생 스틸 볼과 크리오 바이알 (cryovial)을 흔들어. 즉시 액체 질소에서 재 냉동을 크리오 바이알 (cryovial). 참고 : 처음에, 연마하는 동안 세포 벽 파열의 효율을 100 배 배율에서 현미경으로 분생 포자의 샘플을 액세스 할 수 있습니다. 30 회 / 초, B 30의 2 라운드 - 필요한 경우, 추가로 1 갈기유타는 최소로 라운드의 수를 유지한다. 최적의 조건이 성립 된 후,이 단계에서 현미경으로 포자 파손 평가 루틴은 불필요하다. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. 게놈 DNA 정제 <ol><li> 분생 포자 용해 <ol><li> 빨리 작업, 해동 분생 포자를 방지 자석 크리오 바이알 (cryovial)에서 강구를 제거합니다. 슬러리가 형성 될 때까지 10 초 - 65 μL 700 ° C의 용해 완충액 (표 1) 및 선회 (5)를 추가한다. </li><li> 300 μL (65 °의 C) 예열 된 5 % (v / v)의 sarcosyl 추가 부드럽게 섞어 다섯 번 (3 초 당 1 개 반전) 반전. 65 ° C에서 30 분 동안 인큐베이션 튜브; 10, 20, 30 분에서 3 시간 온화하게 반전. 넓은 구멍 피펫 팁을 사용하여, 새로운 2 ML의 마이크로 원심 튜브에 전 용액을 옮긴다. 이후의 모든 단계에서, 부드럽게, 천천히 반전에 의해 혼합 넓은 구멍 피펫 팁으로 DNA 함유 솔루션을 전송합니다. </li></ol></li><li> DNA 추출 I <ol><li> 클로로의 1 볼륨을 추가성상 : 이소 아밀 알코올 : 부드럽게 용해 용액 (24 1 V / V)과 5 회 혼합 바꾸. 부드럽게 배양의 끝에서 다시 중간 지점에서 다섯 번을 혼합하는 반전, 실온에서 10 분 동안 품어. 14,000 × g에서 15 분 동안 실온에서 원심 분리기. 넓은 구멍 피펫 팁을 사용하여 조심스럽게 새로운 2 ML의 마이크로 원심 튜브에 수성층을 전송; 계면으로부터 재료를 포함하는 피. </li></ol></li><li> DNA 강수량 I <ol><li> 1 볼륨 실온 100 % 이소프로판올 (약 750 μL)을 추가하고 부드럽게 여섯 번 섞어 반전. 14,000 × g에서 15 분 동안 실온에서 원심 분리기. 조심스럽게 상층 액을 제거하고 폐기합니다. </li><li> 450 μL 사전 냉장 (-20 ° C) 70 % 에탄올을 추가합니다. 14,000 × g으로 실온에서 5 분 동안 원심 분리기. 조심스럽게 상층 액을 제거하고 폐기합니다. 조심스럽게 미세 피펫 팁으로 뜨는을 제거하고 폐기, 3 초 동안 1,000 XG에서 원심 분리기. 15 분 A의 펠릿을 공기 - 건조t 실온. 15 분 이상 건조하지 마십시오. </li><li> 300 μL TE의 펠릿 (10 mM 트리스 - (CL), 1mM의 에틸렌 디아민 테트라 아세트산의 pH 8.0)에 재현 탁. 4 ℃에서 밤새 인큐베이션. 부드럽게 솔루션에 가지 않았다 잔여 물질을 재 부유 버려. </li></ol></li><li> , RNA 오염 제거 10 μL의 RNase A (10 ㎎ / ㎖)을 첨가한다. 부드럽게 세 번을 섞어 반전. 3 초 동안 1,000 XG에서 원심 분리기. 2 시간 동안 37 ℃에서 인큐베이션. </li><li> DNA 추출 II <ol><li> 300 μL를 페놀 추가 : 클로로포름 : 이소 아밀 알코올 (25 : 24 : 1 v / v)로 부드럽게 다섯 번을 섞어 반전. 부드럽게 배양의 끝에서 다시 중간 마크에서 다섯 번을 혼합하는 반전, 실온에서 10 분을 품어. 14,000 × g으로 실온에서 15 분간 원심 분리기. 넓은 구멍 피펫 팁을 사용하여, 새로운 1.5 ㎖의 마이크로 원심 튜브에 상기 상층 액을 전송. </li></ol></li><li> DNA 강수량 II <ol><li> 0.01 부피 3 M 아세트산 나트륨 pH를 5.2 (approximatel 추가Y 3 μL), 부드럽게 다섯 번을 섞어 반전. 2.5 볼륨 사전 냉장 (-20 ° C) 100 % 에탄올 (약 750 μL)를 추가합니다. 부드럽게 다섯 번을 섞어 반전. -20 ℃에서 하룻밤 품어 </li><li> 원심 분리기에서 14,000 × g에서 4 ℃에서 30 분. 조심스럽게 상층 액을 제거하고 폐기합니다. </li><li> 450 μL 사전 냉장 (-20 ° C) 70 % 에탄올을 추가합니다. 14,000 × g에서 4 ℃에서 5 분 동안 원심 분리기. 조심스럽게 상층 액을 제거하고 폐기합니다. 3 초 동안 1,000 XG에서 원심 분리기. 조심스럽게 미세 피펫 팁 및 폐기에 뜨는을 제거합니다. </li><li> 실온에서 30-60 분 동안 펠렛을 공기 - 건조. 27.5 μL TE의 펠렛을 재현 탁. 4 ℃에서 밤새 인큐베이션. 부드럽게 솔루션에 가지 않았다 잔여 물질을 재 부유 버려. </li><li> 분취 품질 관리 시험 22.5 μL TE (최종 부피 25 μL)에 2.5 μL (아래 참조). 시퀀싱을 위해 제출 될 때까지 4 ℃에서 저장 DNA 샘플. 장기 보관, 저장 샘플의 경우및 -80 ° C에서 전단을 방지하기 위해 동결 - 해동 사이클을 최소화 할 수 있습니다. 참고 : 제대로 피펫 어려울 수있다 고 분자량 게놈 DNA로이 단계에서 피펫 팅 할 때주의하십시오, &quot;QC 나누어은&quot;게놈 DNA 샘플의 정확한 표현인지 확인하는 것이 중요하다. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. 품질 관리 <ol><li> 샘플 순도 <ol><li> TE에 빈을 사용하여, 작은 볼륨 분광 광도계에 QC 나누어지는 1 μL를로드하여 DNA의 샘플 순도를 평가합니다. 기록 A260 / A280 및 A260 / A230 수치. 순수한 DNA는 1.8과 2.2 사이에 약 1.8 A260 / A230의 비율 A260 / A280 비율을 가질 것이다. </li></ol></li><li> 게놈 DNA의 정량화 <ol><li> 제조업체의 지침에 따라 상업 이중 가닥 DNA 정량 분석 ​​키트를 사용하여 품질 관리 나누어의 정량화를 수행합니다. </li></ol></li><li> DNA 품질 평가 I <ol><li> 부하 약 60 ng의 게놈 DNA 및1X TAE (40 개 mM 트리스, 20 mM의 아세트산 및 1 mM의 EDTA, pH를 8.0)에 0.7 % 아가 로즈 겔상에서 DNA 사다리. 70 V 40 겔 실행 장치 - 게놈 DNA 밴드까지 45 분 정도 사다리에서 잘 분리 대역에서 2cm이다 명백하다. 이러한 조건은 가능한 겔 전기 영동 장치에 기초하여 조절 될 필요가있다. </li></ol></li><li> DNA 품질 평가 II <ol><li> 부하는 약 60 0.5X의 TBE (44.5 mM 트리스, 445 mM의 붕산, 1 mM의 EDTA, pH를 8.3) 및 1 % 아가 로스 겔상에서 게놈 DNA 및 (펄스 필드 겔 전기 이동에 적합) 고 분자량 DNA 사다리 겨 16 시간 동안 80 KBP 파형 펄스 필드 겔 전기 프로토콜 - 5을 사용하여 0.5X TBE를 실행하는 버퍼에서 실행. </li></ol></li><li> 세균, 곰팡이 및 공장 오염 물질의 평가 <ol><li> 프라이머 및 증폭 조건을 이용리스트 리보솜 유전자의 적절한 전사 내부 스페이서 (ITS) 영역을 증폭하는 중합 효소 연쇄 반응 (PCR)을 수행표 2에 에드. 겔에서 얻어진 반응 하중 10 μL. 참고 : ITS 지역 ITS 프라이머 곰팡이로 증폭해야 흰가루병을 나타내는 밴드. 이 앰플 리콘 및 세균 또는 식물 프라이머로부터 생성 된 앰플 리콘 DNA는 오염의 근원을 결정하기 위해 서열화한다. 만 흰가루병은 ITS 시퀀스는 곰팡이의 증폭에서 찾을 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Agrios, G. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Plant Pathology. , (1969).</li><li>Braun, U., Cook, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Taxonomic manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews). , (2012).</li><li>Both, M., Csukai, M., Stumpf, M. P. H., Spanu, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+expression+profiles+of+Blumeria+graminis+indicate+dynamic+changes+to+primary+metabolism+during+development+of+an+obligate+biotrophic+pathogen.">Gene expression profiles of Blumeria graminis indicate dynamic changes to primary metabolism during development of an obligate biotrophic pathogen.</a> Plant Cell. 17 (7), 2107-2122 (2005).</li><li>Glawe, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+powdery+mildews:+A+review+of+the+world's+most+familiar+(yet+poorly+known)+plant+pathogens.">The powdery mildews: A review of the world's most familiar (yet poorly known) plant pathogens.</a> Annu Rev Phytopathol. 46, 27-51 (2008).</li><li>Fabro, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+expression+profiling+Arabidopsis+at+the+stage+of+Golovinomyces+cichoracearum+haustorium+formation.">Genome-wide expression profiling Arabidopsis at the stage of Golovinomyces cichoracearum haustorium formation.</a> Plant Physiol. 146 (3), 1421-1439 (2008).</li><li>H&#252;ckelhoven, R., Panstruga, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+biology+of+the+plant-powdery+mildew+interaction.">Cell biology of the plant-powdery mildew interaction.</a> Curr Opin Plant Biol. 14 (6), 738-746 (2011).</li><li>Micali, C. O., Neumann, U., Grunewald, D., Panstruga, R., O'Connell, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biogenesis+of+a+specialized+plant-fungal+interface+during+host+cell+internalization+of+Golovinomyces+orontii+haustoria.">Biogenesis of a specialized plant-fungal interface during host cell internalization of Golovinomyces orontii haustoria.</a> Cell Microbiol. 13 (2), 210-226 (2011).</li><li>Chandran, D., Inada, N., Hather, G., Kleindt, C. K., Wildermuth, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+microdissection+of+Arabidopsis+cells+at+the+powdery+mildew+infection+site+reveals+site-specific+processes+and+regulators.">Laser microdissection of Arabidopsis cells at the powdery mildew infection site reveals site-specific processes and regulators.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci. 107 (1), 460-465 (2010).</li><li>Spanu, P. D., Panstruga, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Powdery+mildew+genomes+in+the+crosshairs.">Powdery mildew genomes in the crosshairs.</a> New Phytol. 195 (1), 20-22 (2012).</li><li>Vela-Corc&#237;a, D., Romero, D., Tor&#233;s, J. A., De Vicente, A., P&#233;rez-Garc&#237;a, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+transformation+of+Podosphaera+xanthii+by+electroporation+of+conidia.">Transient transformation of Podosphaera xanthii by electroporation of conidia.</a> BMC Microbiol. 15 (20), (2015).</li><li>Hacquard, S., Francis, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Advances in Botanical Research. 70, 109-142 (2014).</li><li>Spanu, P. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+expansion+and+gene+loss+in+powdery+mildew+fungi+reveal+tradeoffs+in+extreme+parasitism.">Genome expansion and gene loss in powdery mildew fungi reveal tradeoffs in extreme parasitism.</a> Science. 330 (6010), 1543-1546 (2010).</li><li>Wicker, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+wheat+powdery+mildew+genome+shows+the+unique+evolution+of+an+obligate+biotroph.">The wheat powdery mildew genome shows the unique evolution of an obligate biotroph.</a> Nat Genet. 45 (9), 1092 (2013).</li><li>Jones, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+genomic+structural+variation+in+the+grape+powdery+mildew+pathogen,+Erysiphe+necator.">Adaptive genomic structural variation in the grape powdery mildew pathogen, Erysiphe necator.</a> BMC Genomics. 15, 1081 (2014).</li><li>Thomma, B. P. H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mind+the+gap;+seven+reasons+to+close+fragmented+genome+assemblies.">Mind the gap; seven reasons to close fragmented genome assemblies.</a> Fungal Genet Biol. 90, 24-30 (2016).</li><li>Parlange, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+major+invasion+of+transposable+elements+accounts+for+the+large+size+of+the+Blumeria+graminis+f.sp.+tritici+genome.">A major invasion of transposable elements accounts for the large size of the Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici genome.</a> Funct Integr Genomics. 11, 671-677 (2011).</li><li>Faino, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-molecule+real-time+sequencing+combined+with+optical+mapping+yields+completely+finished+fungal+genome.">Single-molecule real-time sequencing combined with optical mapping yields completely finished fungal genome.</a> mBio. 6, (2015).</li><li>Adam, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+Erysiphe+cichoracearum+and+E.+cruciferarum+and+a+survey+of+360+Arabidopsis+thaliana+accessions+for+resistance+to+these+two+powdery+mildew+pathogens.">Comparison of Erysiphe cichoracearum and E. cruciferarum and a survey of 360 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions for resistance to these two powdery mildew pathogens.</a> Mol Plant Microbe In. 12 (12), 1031-1043 (1999).</li><li>Bourras, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+avirulence+loci+and+allele-specific+effector+recognition+control+the+PM3+race-specific+resistance+of+wheat+to+powdery+mildew.">Multiple avirulence loci and allele-specific effector recognition control the PM3 race-specific resistance of wheat to powdery mildew.</a> Plant Cell. 27 (10), 2991-3012 (2015).</li><li>Henry, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Plant genotyping II: SNP technology. , (2008).</li><li>Healey, A., Furtado, A., Cooper, T., Henry, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protocol:+a+simple+method+for+extracting+next-generation+sequencing+quality+genomic+DNA+from+recalcitrant+plant+species.">Protocol: a simple method for extracting next-generation sequencing quality genomic DNA from recalcitrant plant species.</a> Plant Methods. 10 (21), (2014).</li><li>Fang, G., Hammar, S., Grumet, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+quick+and+inexpensive+method+for+removing+polysaccharides+from+plant+genomic+DNA.">A quick and inexpensive method for removing polysaccharides from plant genomic DNA.</a> Biotechniques. 13 (1), 52-54 (1992).</li><li>Jordon-Thaden, I. E., Chanderbali, A. S., Gitzendanner, M. A., Soltis, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modified+CTAB+and+TRIzol+protocols+improve+RNA+extraction+from+chemically+complex+Embryophyta.">Modified CTAB and TRIzol protocols improve RNA extraction from chemically complex Embryophyta.</a> Appl Plant Sci. 3 (5), 1400105 (2015).</li><li>Murray, M. G., Thompson, W. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+isolation+of+high+molecular+weight+plant+DNA.">Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 8 (19), 4321-4325 (1980).</li><li>Greco, M., S&#225;ez, C. A., Brown, M. T., Bitonti, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+and+effective+method+for+high+quality+co-extraction+of+genomic+DNA+and+total+RNA+from+low+biomass+Ectocarpus+siliculosus,+the+model+brown+alga.">A simple and effective method for high quality co-extraction of genomic DNA and total RNA from low biomass Ectocarpus siliculosus, the model brown alga.</a> PLoS One. 9 (5), e96470 (2014).</li><li>Wilson, I. W., Schiff, C. L., Hughes, D. E., Somerville, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+trait+loci+analysis+of+powdery+mildew+disease+resistance+in+the+Arabidopsis+thaliana+accession+Kashmir-1.">Quantitative trait loci analysis of powdery mildew disease resistance in the Arabidopsis thaliana accession Kashmir-1.</a> Genetics. 158 (3), 1301-1309 (2001).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

가지 의무적 biotrophic 흰가루병 균 순수한 고 분자량의 게놈 DNA를 얻기 위해, 전술 한 방법의 변형 된 버전 (30)를 개발 하였다. 이 최적의 프로토콜을 이용하여 평균 수율은 150 mg의 분생 당 7 μg의 DNA를, 종래의 프로토콜로 얻어진 수율의 두배이다. 또한, 평균 크기는 48.5 KBP에 걸쳐 약 20 KBP에서 증가했다. 이 프로토콜은 cucumber- G.의 cichoracearum 시스템에 최적화되었다. biotrophic...

<html> 흰가루병은 가지 의무적 biotrophic 곰팡이 식물의 그룹이 함께 할 때, 식물 병 전 세계적으로 하나의 가장 큰 원인, 즉 병원균이다. 분류 학적으로 가족 Erisyphaceae 2에서 다섯 개 종족으로 분류 된 흰가루병의 900 설명 종있다. 경제적 중요성과 그들의 호스트와 개발 친밀한 관계를 모두 인해, 흰가루병 질환&gt; 100 년 연구의 대상이되어왔다. 감염시, 흰가루병이 병원균 혜택을, 세포의 구조, 신진 대사와 그 호스트의 분자 생물학의 급격한 변화를 유도. 그러나, 흰가루병의 연구는 그들의 가지 의무적 라이프 스타일, 그리고 순수 문화에 곰팡이의 성장은 아직 5, 4, 3에 설명되지 않은에 특히 도전,&quot;외부 참조&quot;&gt; 6, 7, 8. 과도 변환이 어떤 종 9, 10에보고되었지만 흰가루병의 신뢰성, 안정적인 유전자 변형은 아직 완성되지 않았습니다. 흰가루병 게놈의 염기 서열 및 조립으로 인해 게놈 자체의 기능들이 어려운 입증했다. 다른 진균 유전체로 - (180 MBP 120) 기준으로 60 구성 - 흰가루병 게놈이 크고 90 % 고르게 분포 반복 소자 (11). 이러한 요소는 비 긴 말단 반복뿐만 아니라 분류 중복 요소를 포함한다. 하나의 흰가루병 종, Blumeria 그라 미니 f를 두 formae SPECIALES. SP. hordei 및 F. SP. 소맥 (년 Bgh 각각 BGT)뿐만 아니라 포도 흰가루병에 에리시 페 necator, 꿀벌이N 서열, 및 다른 여러위한 초안 게놈은 12, 13, 14을 완성 하였다. 게놈의 반복적 인 특성은 조립 어렵게 있으며, 완성 된 게놈 년 Bgh 2의 L50 메가 12 6,989 supercontigs로 조립 하였다. 큰 게놈에도 불구하고, 흰가루병은 각각 년 Bgh 및 BGT 예측 5845 개 및 6540 유전자, 단백질 코딩 유전자의 수가 적은 것으로 보인다. 시퀀싱 흰가루병은 생존 11, 12, 13, 14 그들의 숙주 식물에 진균의 의존성과 일치 다른 진균류에 필수적인 최소한 99 핵심 유전자 결여 보인다. 텔로미어, 중심절 리보솜 RN 근처 반복 서열유전자 배열과 전이 될 풍부한 영역이 제대로 짧은 판독 시퀀싱 전략 조립 및 언더 표현 게놈 어셈블리 (15)에 종종있다. 이러한 영역은 게놈 서열에서 발생하는 공극의 많은 책임을 생각하고, 이것이 반복 요소 (16)의 그 광범위한 팽창으로 흰가루병에 적용된다. 높은 플라스틱 게놈 영역은 종종 반복적 인 지역 3에서 발견된다. 이들은 염색체 재 배열 사이트로서 기능하고 종종 이펙터 단백질을 코딩하는 유전자 및 이차 대사 효소를 코딩하는 유전자와 같은 강력한 선택 압력하에 유전자를 인코딩한다. 단일 분자 긴 읽기 시퀀싱 기술의 발전은 유전체 (15)의 반복적 인 지역에 걸쳐 순서에 대한 잠재적 인 솔루션을 제공합니다. 예를 들어, Faino 등. (2015)을 포함하여 긴 시퀀스 기술과 광 m 읽어 발견apping 유전자 주석 유전자 주석의 수를 증가 (및 일부의 수를 감소 시키거나 누락 게놈의 반복 DNA 서열의 비율 배로 그들을 곰팡이 병원균 Verticillium 달리아 두 균주 갭리스 게놈 시퀀스를 생성하도록 허용 ) 및 계시 게놈 17 재구성. 최소 크기&gt; 20 KBP 이러한 긴 읽기 시퀀싱 기술, 고품질의 게놈 DNA의 높은 농도를 사용하려면 필요하다. 여기에서 우리는 분생 포자로부터 포자 수집, 고 분자량의 DNA의 정제를위한 우리의 방법을 설명하고 흰가루병 종 Golovinomyces cichoracearum를 사용하여 우리의 품질 관리 평가는 오이 (18)에 성장. 이 프로토콜은 켈러 B. 실험 그룹 (쮜리히 대학, 스위스 취리히) (13), (19)에서 개발 된 프로토콜에 기초증가 DNA 수율 주도 여러 변형 및 크기의 DNA&gt; 48.5 KBP의 높은 비율을 포함한다. 이 프로토콜은 또한 연구소 20, 21, 22 에너지 공동 게놈의 미국학과의 추천에 따라 품질 관리 단계를 포함한다. 용해 완충액에 포함 된 각 시약 및 각 정제 단계에 근거하는 기능 등 (2008) 23 헨리에 기재되어있다. 식물과 미생물 조직에서 고 분자량 게놈 DNA의 분리에 사용할 수 게시 된 프로토콜은 또한이 프로토콜 24, 25, 26, 27, 28의 설계시 협의했다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>MM400 Ball Mill</td><td>Retsch</td><td>20.745.0001</td><td>Or equivalent ball mill</td></tr><tr><td>2 mL tubes for ball milling</td><td>Sarstedt&amp;nbsp;</td><td>72.694.007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5/32&quot; stainless steel milling balls</td><td>OPS Diagnostics</td><td>GBSS 165-5000-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microprocessor controlled 280 Series Water Bath Preset to 65 &amp;deg;C&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>2825</td><td>Or equivalent water bath</td></tr><tr><td>Microprocessor controlled 280 Series Water Bath Preset to 37 &amp;deg;C</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>2825</td><td>Or equivalent water bath</td></tr><tr><td>Eppendorf 5417R refrigerated microcentrifuge</td><td>Krakeler Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>38-022621807</td><td>Or equivalent microcentrifuge</td></tr><tr><td>Chlorform:IAA (24:1 v/v)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>C0549</td><td>Hazardous in case of skin contact or inhalation. Wear nitrile gloves, protective eyewear, lab coat and work in chemical hood</td></tr><tr><td>Phenol:Chloroform:IAA&lt;br /&gt; (25:24:1 v/v)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>15593031</td><td>Hazardous in case of skin contact or inhalation. Wear nitrile gloves, protective eyewear, lab coat and work in chemical hood</td></tr><tr><td>100% Isopropanol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>W292907</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100% Ethanol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>34923</td><td>Chill to -20 &amp;deg;C prior use</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Acetate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>S2889</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rnase, Dnase-free (10 mg/mL)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>EN0531</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium metabisulfite</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P2522</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Lauryl Sacroinate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>L9150</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris base</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>10708976001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EDS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride (NaCl)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>S9888</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>H6269</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Uvex by Honeywell Futura Goggles S345C, Uvextreme</td><td>Staples</td><td>423263</td><td>Or equivalent eyewear</td></tr><tr><td>High Five COBALT nitrile gloves, LARGE</td><td>Neta Scientific</td><td>HFG-N193</td><td>Or equivalent gloves</td></tr><tr><td>GelRed Nucleic Acid Gel Stain 10,000x in water</td><td>Biotium</td><td>41003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethidium Bromide 10 mg/mL</td><td>Biotium</td><td>40042</td><td>Hazardous in case of skin contact. Wear nitrile gloves and protective eyewear</td></tr><tr><td>Agarose Ultrapure Bioreagent</td><td>VWR International LLC</td><td>JT4063</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GeneRuler 1 kb Plus DNA Ladder</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>FERSM1332</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>8 - 48 kb CHEF DNA size standards</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>170-3707</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pippin Prep</td><td>Life Technologies Corporation</td><td>4472172</td><td>Or equivalent pulse-field gel aparatus</td></tr><tr><td>Whatman qualitative filter paper, Grade 1</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>WHA1001042</td><td>Or equivalent growth chamber</td></tr><tr><td>Percival Growth Chamber</td><td>Percival</td><td>AR66LXC9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NanoDrop 8000 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>ND-8000-GL</td><td>Or equivalent spectrophotometer</td></tr><tr><td>Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA Assay Kit</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>P11496</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TAE Buffer (Tris-acetate-EDTA) (50x)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>B49</td><td>Dilute 1/50 with water before use (to 1x)</td></tr><tr><td>TE Buffer</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>12090015&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris-Borate-EDTA, 10x Solution (Electrophoresis)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP13334</td><td>Dilute 1/10 with water before use (to 1x)</td></tr><tr><td>Liquid Nitrogen</td><td></td><td></td><td>Liquid nitrogen (-196 &amp;deg;C) is a freezing hazard. It will also expand rapidly upon warming and should not keep in a tightly closed container</td></tr></tbody></table>

purification of high molecular weight genomic dna from powdery mildew for long-read sequencing

분체 곰팡이 곰팡이는 경제적으로 중요한 곰팡이 식물 병원균의 그룹입니다. 상대적으로 작은 인해 잘 발달 된 유전자와 게놈 자원의 부족 부분에 분자 생물학 및 병원체의 유전에 대한 알려져있다. 이 생물의 게놈 시퀀싱 및 조립 엄청나게 어려운 만든 대형, 반복적 인 게놈을 가지고있다. 여기서는 하나의 흰가루병 종 Golovinomyces cichoracearum에서 고 분자량의 게놈 DNA의 수집, 추출, 정제 및 품질 관리에 대한 평가 방법을 설명한다. 기술 된 프로토콜은 최적화 된 페놀 / 클로로포름 게놈 DNA를 추출하여 포자의 기계적 파괴를 포함한다. 전형적인 수율은 150 mg을 분생 당 7 μg의 DNA에 있었다. 이 절차를 이용하여 분리 된 게놈 DNA는 긴 판독 순서 (즉,&gt; 48.5 KBP)에 적합하다. 품질 관리 대책이 게놈 DNA의 크기, 수율 및 순도를 보장하기 위해 또한이 방법에 기재된. 여기에 설명 된 품질의 게놈 DNA의 염기 서열은 조립 및 차례로 더 나은 이해로 이어질 것입니다 여러 흰가루병 유전체의 비교를이 농업 병원균의 제어를 개선합니다.

G.로부터 정제 된 게놈 DNA를 60ng의 대표적인 예는 겔 전기 영동을 사용하여 아가로 오스 겔상에서 실행 cichoracearum 및 펄스 필드 겔 전기 영동을 사용하는 각각도 1 및도 2에 나타낸다. 소폭 통과하고 품질 관리를 실패 패스 게놈 DNA 제제를 나타낸다. 완벽한 품질 관리를 통과 게놈 DNA의 준비는 긴 읽기 게놈 시퀀싱 방법을 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of High Molecular Weight Genomic DNA from Powdery Mildew for Long-Read Sequencing at JoVE.com

Purification of High Molecular Weight Genomic DNA from Powdery Mildew for Long-Read Sequencing

Described here is a method for the extraction, purification, and quality control of genomic DNA from the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen, powdery mildew, for use in long-read genome sequencing.

긴 읽기 시퀀싱에 대한 흰가루병에서 높은 분자량의 게놈의 DNA의 정제

The powdery mildew fungi are a group of economically important fungal plant pathogens. Relatively little is known about the molecular biology and genetics ...

purification-high-molecular-weight-genomic-dna-from-powdery-mildew

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

11.6K 조회수.  University of California Berkeley. Described here is a method for the extraction, purification, and quality control of genomic DNA from the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen, powdery mildew, for use in long-read genome sequencing.

비디오: Purification of High Molecular Weight Genomic DNA from Powdery Mildew for Long-Read Sequencing

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Plant organellar genomes contain large, repetitive elements that may undergo pairing or recombination to form complex structures and/or sub-genomic fragments. Organellar genomes also exist in admixtures within a given cell or tissue type (heteroplasmy), and an abundance of subtypes may change throughout development or when under stress (sub-stoichiometric shifting). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are required to obtain deeper understanding of organellar genome structure and function. Traditional sequencing studies use several methods to obtain organellar DNA: (1) If a large amount of starting tissue is used, it is homogenized and subjected to differential centrifugation and/or gradient purification. (2) If a smaller amount of tissue is used (i.e., if seeds, material, or space is limited), the same process is performed as in (1), followed by whole-genome amplification to obtain sufficient DNA. (3) Bioinformatics analysis can be used to sequence the total genomic DNA and to parse out organellar reads. All these methods have inherent challenges and tradeoffs. In (1), it may be difficult to obtain such a large amount of starting tissue; in (2), whole-genome amplification could introduce a sequencing bias; and in (3), homology between nuclear and organellar genomes could interfere with assembly and analysis. In plants with large nuclear genomes, it is advantageous to enrich for organellar DNA to reduce sequencing costs and sequence complexity for bioinformatics analyses. Here, we compare a traditional differential centrifugation method with a fourth method, an adapted CpG-methyl pulldown approach, to separate the total genomic DNA into nuclear and organellar fractions. Both methods yield sufficient DNA for NGS, DNA that is highly enriched for organellar sequences, albeit at different ratios in mitochondria and chloroplasts. We present the optimization of these methods for wheat leaf tissue and discuss major advantages and disadvantages of each approach in the context of sample input, protocol ease, and downstream application.

The comparison and optimization of two plant organellar DNA enrichment methods are presented: traditional differential centrifugation and fractionation of the total gDNA based on methylation status. We assess the resulting DNA quantity and quality, demonstrate performance in short-read next-generation sequencing, and discuss the potential for use in long-read single-molecule sequencing.

차세대 시퀀싱에 적합한 식물성 세포질 DNA 농축 방법의 최적화 및 비교 분석

Plant organellar genomes contain large, repetitive elements that may undergo pairing or recombination to form complex structures and/or sub-genomic ...

연구

유전학

Nanopore DNA Sequencing for Metagenomic Soil Analysis

This article describes the steps for construction of a DNA library from soil, preparation and use of the nanopore flow cell, and analysis of the DNA sequences identified using computer software. Nanopore DNA sequencing is a flexible technique that allows for rapid microbial genome sequencing to identify bacterial and viral species, to characterize bacterial strains, and to detect genetic mutations that confer resistance to antibiotics. The advantages of nanopore sequencing (NS) for life sciences include its low complexity, reduced cost, and rapid real-time sequencing of purified genomic DNA, PCR amplicons, cDNA samples, or RNA. NS is an example of "strand sequencing" which involves sequencing DNA by guiding a single stranded DNA molecule through a nanopore that is inserted into a synthetic polymer membrane. The membrane has an electrical current applied across it, so as the individual bases pass through the nanopore the electrical current is disrupted to varying degrees by the four nucleotide bases. The identification of each nucleotide occurs by detecting the characteristic modulation of the electrical current by the different bases as they pass through the nanopore. The NS system consists of a handheld, USB powered portable device and a disposable flow cell that contains a nanopore array. The portable device plugs into a standard laptop computer that reads and records the DNA sequence using computer software.

Nanopore technology for sequencing biomolecules has wide applications in the life sciences, including identification of pathogens, food safety monitoring, genomic analysis, metagenomic environmental monitoring, and characterization of bacterial antibiotic resistance. In this article, the procedure for metagenomic soil DNA sequencing for species identification using the nanopore sequencing technology is demonstrated.

Metagenomic 토양 분석 Nanopore DNA 시퀀싱

This article describes the steps for construction of a DNA library from soil, preparation and use of the nanopore flow cell, and analysis of the DNA ...

환경과학

Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics

Subtractive genomics can be used in any research where the goal is to identify the sequence of a gene, protein, or general region that is embedded in a larger genomic context. Subtractive genomics enables a researcher to isolate a target sequence of interest (T) by comprehensive sequencing and subtracting out known genetic elements (reference, R). The method can be used to identify novel sequences such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, viruses, or germline restricted chromosomes, and is particularly useful when T cannot be easily isolated from R. Beginning with the comprehensive genomic data (R + T), the method uses Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) against a reference sequence, or sequences, to remove the matching known sequences (R), leaving behind the target (T). For subtraction to work best, R should be a relatively complete draft that is missing T. Since sequences remaining after subtraction are tested through quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), R does not need to be complete for the method to work. Here we link computational steps with experimental steps into a cycle that can be iterated as needed, sequentially removing multiple reference sequences and refining the search for T. The advantage of subtractive genomics is that a completely novel target sequence can be identified even in cases in which physical purification is difficult, impossible, or expensive. A drawback of the method is finding a suitable reference for subtraction and obtaining T-positive and negative samples for qPCR testing. We describe our implementation of the method in the identification of the first gene from the germline-restricted chromosome of zebra finch. In that case computational filtering involved three references (R), sequentially removed over three cycles: an incomplete genomic assembly, raw genomic data, and transcriptomic data.

The purpose of this protocol is to use a combination of computational and bench research to find novel sequences that cannot be easily separated from a co-purifying sequence, which may be only partially known.

빼기 게놈에 의해 소설 시퀀스 검색

Subtractive genomics can be used in any research where the goal is to identify the sequence of a gene, protein, or general region that is embedded in a ...

Genome-wide Analysis of Histone Modifications Distribution using the Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Method in Magnaporthe oryzae

Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) is a powerful and widely used molecular technique for mapping whole genome locations of transcription factors (TFs), chromatin regulators, and histone modifications, as well as detecting entire genomes for uncovering TF binding patterns and histone posttranslational modifications. Chromatin-modifying activities, such as histone methylation, are often recruited to specific gene regulatory sequences, causing localized changes in chromatin structures and resulting in specific transcriptional effects. The rice blast is a devastating fungal disease on rice throughout the world and is a model system for studying fungus-plant interaction. However, the molecular mechanisms in how the histone modifications regulate their virulence genes in Magnaporthe oryzae remain elusive. More researchers need to use ChIP-seq to study how histone epigenetic modification regulates their target genes. ChIP-seq is also widely used to study the interaction between protein and DNA in animals and plants, but it is less used in the field of plant pathology and has not been well developed. In this paper, we describe the experimental process and operation method of ChIP-seq to identify the genome-wide distribution of histone methylation (such as H3K4me3) that binds to the functional target genes in M. oryzae. Here, we present a protocol to analyze the genome-wide distribution of histone modifications, which can identify new target genes in the pathogenesis of M. oryzae and other filamentous fungi.

Genome-wide Analysis of Histone Modifications Distribution using the Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Method in Magnaporthe oryzae

Here, we present a protocol to analyze the genome-wide distribution of histone modifications, which can identify new target genes in the pathogenesis of M. oryzae and other filamentous fungi.

마그나포테 오리자에서 크로마틴 면역 침전 시퀀싱 방법을 이용한 히스톤 수정 분포의 게놈 전체 분석

Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) is a powerful and widely used molecular technique for mapping whole genome locations of transcription ...

Extraction of High Molecular Weight Genomic DNA from Soils and Sediments

The soil microbiome is a vast and relatively unexplored reservoir of genomic diversity and metabolic innovation that is intimately associated with nutrient and energy flow within terrestrial ecosystems. Cultivation-independent environmental genomic, also known as metagenomic, approaches promise unprecedented access to this genetic information with respect to pathway reconstruction and functional screening for high value therapeutic and biomass conversion processes. However, the soil microbiome still remains a challenge largely due to the difficulty in obtaining high molecular weight DNA of sufficient quality for large insert library production. Here we introduce a protocol for extracting high molecular weight, microbial community genomic DNA from soils and sediments. The quality of isolated genomic DNA is ideal for constructing large insert environmental genomic libraries for downstream sequencing and screening applications. 
The procedure starts with cell lysis. Cell walls and membranes of microbes are lysed by both mechanical (grinding) and chemical forces (&beta;-mercaptoethanol). Genomic DNA is then isolated using extraction buffer, chloroform-isoamyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. The buffers employed for the lysis and extraction steps include guanidine isothiocyanate and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to preserve the integrity of the high molecular weight genomic DNA. Depending on your downstream application, the isolated genomic DNA can be further purified using cesium chloride (CsCl) gradient ultracentrifugation, which reduces impurities including humic acids. The first procedure, extraction, takes approximately 8 hours, excluding DNA quantification step. The CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation, is a two days process. During the entire procedure, genomic DNA should be treated gently to prevent shearing, avoid severe vortexing, and repetitive harsh pipetting.

A methodology to isolate high molecular weight and high quality genomic DNA from soil microbial community is described.

소일스 및 세디먼츠에서 높은 분자량의 게놈의 DNA의 추출

The soil microbiome is a vast and relatively unexplored reservoir of genomic diversity and metabolic innovation that is intimately associated with ...

생물학

An Ultrahigh-throughput Microfluidic Platform for Single-cell Genome Sequencing

Sequencing technologies have undergone a paradigm shift from bulk to single-cell resolution in response to an evolving understanding of the role of cellular heterogeneity in biological systems. However, single-cell sequencing of large populations has been hampered by limitations in processing genomes for sequencing. In this paper, we describe a method for single-cell genome sequencing (SiC-seq) which uses droplet microfluidics to isolate, amplify, and barcode the genomes of single cells. Cell encapsulation in microgels allows the compartmentalized purification and tagmentation of DNA, while a microfluidic merger efficiently pairs each genome with a unique single-cell oligonucleotide barcode, allowing &gt;50,000 single cells to be sequenced per run. The sequencing data is demultiplexed by barcode, generating groups of reads originating from single cells. As a high-throughput and low-bias method of single-cell sequencing, SiC-seq will enable a broader range of genomic studies targeted at diverse cell populations.

Single-cell sequencing reveals genotypic heterogeneity in biological systems, but current technologies lack the throughput necessary for the deep profiling of community composition and function. Here, we describe a microfluidic workflow for sequencing &gt;50,000 single-cell genomes from diverse cell populations.

단일 셀 게놈 시퀀싱 초고 처리량 미세 플랫폼

Sequencing technologies have undergone a paradigm shift from bulk to single-cell resolution in response to an evolving understanding of the role of ...

생체공학

Ultra-long Read Sequencing for Whole Genomic DNA Analysis

Third generation single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies offer significantly longer read length that can facilitate the assembly of complex genomes and analysis of complex structural variants. Nanopore platforms perform single-molecule sequencing by directly measuring the current changes mediated by DNA passage through the pores and can generate hundreds of kilobase (kb) reads with minimal capital cost. This platform has been adopted by many researchers for a variety of applications. Achieving longer sequencing read lengths is the most critical factor to leverage the value of nanopore sequencing platforms. To generate ultra-long reads, special consideration is required to avoid DNA breakages and gain efficiency to generate productive sequencing templates. Here, we provide the detailed protocol of ultra-long DNA sequencing including high molecular weight (HMW) DNA extraction from fresh or frozen cells, library construction by mechanical shearing or transposase fragmentation, and sequencing on a nanopore device. From 20-25 &#181;g of HMW DNA, the method can achieve N50 read length of 50-70 kb with mechanical shearing and N50 of 90-100 kb read length with transposase mediated fragmentation. The protocol can be applied to DNA extracted from mammalian cells to perform whole genome sequencing for the detection of structural variants and genome assembly. Additional improvements on the DNA extraction and enzymatic reactions will further increase the read length and expand its utility.

Long-read sequences greatly facilitate the assembly of complex genomes and characterization of structural variation. We describe a method to generate ultra-long sequences by nanopore-based sequencing platforms. The approach adopts an optimized DNA extraction followed by modified library preparations to generate hundreds of kilobase reads with moderate coverage from human cells.

전체 게놈 DNA 분석을 위한 매우 긴 읽기 시퀀싱

Third generation single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies offer significantly longer read length that can facilitate the assembly of complex genomes ...

Extraction of High Molecular Weight DNA from Microbial Mats

Successful and accurate analysis and interpretation of metagenomic data is dependent upon the efficient extraction of high-quality, high molecular weight (HMW) community DNA. However, environmental mat samples often pose difficulties to obtaining large concentrations of high-quality, HMW DNA. Hypersaline microbial mats contain high amounts of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)1 and salts that may inhibit downstream applications of extracted DNA. Direct and harsh methods are often used in DNA extraction from refractory samples. These methods are typically used because the EPS in mats, an adhesive matrix, binds DNA2,3 during direct lysis. As a result of harsher extraction methods, DNA becomes fragmented into small sizes4,5,6.
The DNA thus becomes inappropriate for large-insert vector cloning. In order to circumvent these limitations, we report an improved methodology to extract HMW DNA of good quality and quantity from hypersaline microbial mats. We employed an indirect method involving the separation of microbial cells from the background mat matrix through blending and differential centrifugation. A combination of mechanical and chemical procedures was used to extract and purify DNA from the extracted microbial cells. Our protocol yields approximately 2 &mu;g of HMW DNA (35-50 kb) per gram of mat sample, with an A260/280 ratio of 1.6. Furthermore, amplification of 16S rRNA genes7 suggests that the protocol is able to minimize or eliminate any inhibitory effects of contaminants. Our results provide an appropriate methodology for the extraction of HMW DNA from microbial mats for functional metagenomic studies and may be applicable to other environmental samples from which DNA extraction is challenging.

We provide an improved protocol for extracting high molecular weight DNA from hypersaline microbial mats. Microbial cells are separated from the mat matrix prior to DNA extraction and purification. This enhances the concentrations, quality, and size of the DNA. The protocol may be used for other refractory samples.

미생물 매트에서 높은 분자량의 DNA의 추출

Successful and accurate analysis and interpretation of metagenomic data is dependent upon the efficient extraction  of high-quality, high molecular weight ...

Purifying the Impure: Sequencing Metagenomes and Metatranscriptomes from Complex Animal-associated Samples

The accessibility of high-throughput sequencing has revolutionized many fields of biology. In order to better understand host-associated viral and microbial communities, a comprehensive workflow for DNA and RNA extraction was developed. The workflow concurrently generates viral and microbial metagenomes, as well as metatranscriptomes, from a single sample for next-generation sequencing. The coupling of these approaches provides an overview of both the taxonomical characteristics and the community encoded functions. The presented methods use Cystic Fibrosis (CF) sputum, a problematic sample type, because it is exceptionally viscous and contains high amount of mucins, free neutrophil DNA, and other unknown contaminants. The protocols described here target these problems and successfully recover viral and microbial DNA with minimal human DNA contamination. To complement the metagenomics studies, a metatranscriptomics protocol was optimized to recover both microbial and host mRNA that contains relatively few ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences. An overview of the data characteristics is presented to serve as a reference for assessing the success of the methods. Additional CF sputum samples were also collected to (i) evaluate the consistency of the microbiome profiles across seven consecutive days within a single patient, and (ii) compare the consistency of metagenomic approach to a 16S ribosomal RNA gene-based sequencing. The results showed that daily fluctuation of microbial profiles without antibiotic perturbation was minimal and the taxonomy profiles of the common CF-associated bacteria were highly similar between the 16S rDNA libraries and metagenomes generated from the hypotonic lysis (HL)-derived DNA. However, the differences between 16S rDNA taxonomical profiles generated from total DNA and HL-derived DNA suggest that hypotonic lysis and the washing steps benefit in not only removing the human-derived DNA, but also microbial-derived extracellular DNA that may misrepresent the actual microbial profiles.

Using the cystic fibrosis airway as an example, the manuscript presents a comprehensive workflow comprising a combination of metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approaches to characterize the microbial and viral communities in animal-associated samples.

불순한 정화 : 연속 Metagenomes 및 Metatranscriptomes을 복잡한 동물 관련 샘플에서

The accessibility of high-throughput sequencing has revolutionized many fields of biology. In order to better understand host-associated viral and ...

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) are common genetic elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and are reported in other eukaryotes as well. EccDNAs contribute to genetic variation among somatic cells in multicellular organisms and to evolution of unicellular eukaryotes. Sensitive methods for detecting eccDNA are needed to clarify how these elements affect genome stability and how environmental and biological factors&#160;induce their formation in eukaryotic cells. This video presents a sensitive eccDNA-purification method called Circle-Seq. The method encompasses column purification of circular DNA, removal of remaining linear chromosomal DNA, rolling-circle amplification of eccDNA, deep sequencing, and mapping. Extensive exonuclease treatment&#160;was&#160;required for sufficient linear chromosomal DNA degradation. The rolling-circle amplification step by &#966;29 polymerase enriched for circular DNA over linear DNA. Validation of the Circle-Seq method on three S. cerevisiae CEN.PK populations of 1010 cells detected hundreds of eccDNA profiles in sizes larger than 1 kilobase. Repeated findings of ASP3-1, COS111, CUP1, RSC30,&#160;HXT6, HXT7 genes on circular DNA in both S288c and CEN.PK suggests that DNA circularization is conserved between strains at these loci. In sum, the Circle-Seq method has broad applicability for genome-scale screening for eccDNA in eukaryotes as well as for detecting specific eccDNA types.

This paper presents a sensitive method called Circle-Seq for purifying extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA). The method encompasses column purification, removal of remaining linear chromosomal DNA, rolling-circle amplification and high-throughput sequencing. Circle-Seq is applicable to genome-scale screening of eukaryotic eccDNA and studying genome instability and copy-number variation.

진핵 세포에서 염색체 외 원형 DNA의 게놈 차원의 정화

Extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) are common genetic elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and are reported in other eukaryotes as well. EccDNAs ...