이 작품은 (PO 1440 / 1-1) LP하는 PRJ에 ARC DECRA (DE120101311)에 의해과 독일 연구 협회 (DFG)의 연구 보조금에 의해 지원되었다. 호주 재생 의학 연구소는 빅토리아 주 정부와 호주 연방 정부의 자금 지원됩니다. 우리는 케이 등의 알에 게시 여기에 기술 된 실험을 실시 박사 제레미 잉 치 케이를 인정합니다. 2016 년 우리는 교수 Higashijima에서 형질 전환 어류의 규정에 대한 감사 및 PROFS 감사합니다. H2B-RFP 및 H2A-GFP 구조를 생성하기위한 PCS2 + 플라스미드 박사 윌킨슨의 제공을위한 터너와 렆. 우리는 우리의 동물을 돌보는에 대한 FishCore 시설 직원 (모나 쉬 대학) 감사합니다.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

효율적 특정 포스트 - 유사 분열 세포 유형 또는 패터닝 된 조직으로 분화하는 배아 또는 유도 된 다 능성 줄기 세포를 지시하는 것을 목표로 할 때 넓이가있는 이웃하는 셀은 중요한 세포의 운명 결정 인자의 발현의 타이밍에 영향을 이해하는 것이 필수적이다. 또한, 살아있는 동물의 개발 세포에서 이러한 분자 이벤트를 검사하면 추가로 관련 동적 생체 내에서 이러한 이벤트와 관련된 특...

<html> 생체 내 척추 동물의 중요한 발달 과정을 시각화하는 능력은 정상과 질병 조건을 공부 제브라 피쉬에게 키 모델을 만들기에 기여하고있다 (1 검토, 2). 특히, 신경 망막은 중추 신경계의 접근 가능한 부분이다. 망막 인해 고도로 조직 아직 비교적 간단한 구조 및 척추 동물 종 3에서 고도로 보존 된 신경 세포 유형에 쉽게 신경의 연구를 수행하기 위해 빌려 준다. 이러한 증식, 세포주기 출구, 비대칭 세포 분열, 운명 사양, 차별화 및 신경 회로의 형성과 같은 세포 행동의 역학은 3 일의 postfertilization에 의해 제브라 피쉬의 중심 망막에 완료 retinogenesis의 전체 과정에 걸쳐 올 수 있습니다 ( DPF) 4, 5,REF &quot;&gt; (6, 7). 또한, 전술 한 각 단계에서 상이한 유전자의 기능적 요구 병용 단 후 부검시에 평가 될 수있는 유전자 녹아웃 기술의 적용으로 인한 표현형 다른 척추 동물 모델에 비해 이점을 제공 제브라 망막 평가할 수있다 의 조직을 고정. 특히, 시각화 및 망막 리포터 유전자 형광 단백질의 발현을 모니터 할 수있는 트랜스 제닉 라인의 사용은 우리가 특정 신경 세포 유형 기원의 기초의 유전자 발현의 시간 해상도를 얻을 수있다. 인해 지브라 피쉬의 급속한 발전으로, 이러한 이벤트는 따라서 신경 세포 식별 획득 및 셀의 동작과 관련하여 유전자 발현의 시간 중요도에 깊은 통찰력을 제공하여 전체 개발 기간을 시각화 할 수있다. 마지막으로,이 방법은 유전자 기능의 두 가지 주요 형태로 통계 결과 이식을 통해 키메라의 생성과 제브라 효율적으로 결합 될 수있다. 우선, 그들이 비 표지 야생형 환경에서 개발하면서 특정 유전자를 넉다운시킨 도너 배아에서 이식 세포 검사, 세포 자율 방식으로 유전자 기능에 대한 관련 정보를 얻을 수있게 해준다. 따라서, 그들은 일반적으로 더 이상 유전자 -4,6-에서 기능성 단백질을 생성 할 수 없다 전구 세포의 발달 운명 결과의 시험을들 수있다.이 표현되는 전구 세포 내 망막 운명 결정 인자의 기능에 관한 중요한 통계 리드 8,9. 이 방법을 활용하여, 우리는 많은 운명의 결정 요인 (예를 들어, Vsx1, Atoh7, Ptf1a, Barhl2가) 세포의 역할을하는 것으로 나타났습니다-autonomously 특정 망막 신경 세포의 운명을 구동하는 단계; 유전자 발현의 부족은 주로 유전자 녹다운 세포가 다른 세포 운명 4, 6, 7, 10을 채용하여 생존 유지되도록 운명 스위치로 이끈다. 둘째, 이러한 키메라 실험은 서로 다른 유전 적 환경에서 개발할 때 형 선조 동작 방식 야생 평가하는데 사용될 수있다. 예를 들어, 일반적으로 조작 된 호스트 환경 (예를 들어, 유전자 녹아웃 / 최저) 대 WT 관심 (리포터 유전자)의 유전자를 발현 WT 세포의 발달을 비교하여, 유전자 발현 및 세포 운명 얻어진 효과를 평가할 수있다 . 호스트 환경의 특정 신경 세포 유형의 부재가 예를 들어, 소수 O로 분화 향해 바이어스 그들 셀 비 자율 방식으로 야생형 전구 동작에 영향을 미치는 것으로 밝혀졌다신경 세포 타입 4, 7, 11, 12을 r에 누락. 망막 신경 세포가 (13에서 검토) 특정 신경 세포 운명 결정하는 유전자의 순차적 초과 식 (운명의 유전자 발현)에 의해 보존 histogenic 위해 태어난 것을 감안할 때, 우리는 입증하기 위해 이러한 방법을 사용하는 방법 야생형 전구 세포의 운명 유전자 발현의 타이밍 이러한 전구 세포가 유도 된 비정상적인 세포 조성 망막 호스트 환경에서 개발할 때 영향을받습니다. 비교적 널리 사용되는 표준 및 기술의 조합은 망막 전구 세포를 8, 9 개발 운명 유전자 발현의 타이밍의 시험을 가능하게하는 방법을 여기에서는 증거 이러한 방법을 설명합니다. 이 프로토콜은 당의 용이성으로 시간 경과 영상을 결합하는 실험 방법을 설명합니다전 생체 개발 제브라 피쉬 배아에 이식을 형성하는 개별 mosaically에게 발달 retinogenesis의 전체 기간 동안 표지 세포를 수행합니다. 기능 유전자 조작을 수행함으로써 어느 호스트 배아 도너 배아, 또는 둘 모두에서 하나의 유전자 기능의 셀 자율성을 평가할 수있다. 이 방법은 여기에 설명 된 개별 구성 요소가 적합있는 다른 시스템에서 유사한 연구 질문에 널리 적용 할 수 있습니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Bioline</td>
			<td>BIO-41025</td>
			<td>Agarose coated dishes can be prepared a few days prior, sealed with parafilm to prevent drying and stored at 4C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose low melt</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9414-100G</td>
			<td>Can be prepared in larger volume, microwaved to liquify and then kept molte in 40C waterbath. 1 ml aliquots can be prepared (one for each group of embryos mounted).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>borosillicate glass capillary tube w/o filament</td>
			<td>SDR Scientfic</td>
			<td>30-0035</td>
			<td>alternatives with similar diameter can be used&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>borosillicate glass capillary tube with filament</td>
			<td>SDR Scientfic</td>
			<td>30-0038</td>
			<td>alternatives with similar diameter can be used&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass petri dishes (60 mm diameter)</td>
			<td>Science Supply</td>
			<td>1070506</td>
			<td>any glass alternative of any size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Injection tube (2m)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>524616004</td>
			<td>This connects the needle holder to the syringe during transplantation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microinjection mold (plastic mold with wedge-shaped protrusions)</td>
			<td>Adaptive Science Tools</td>
			<td>PT-1</td>
			<td>alternatives with similar shape can be use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microneedle holder</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>M-152</td>
			<td>any alternative that fits the outside diameter of the injection needles can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microinjector</td>
			<td>Narishige or Eppendorf Femtojet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Pneumatic injector using gas pressure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Coherent Scientific</td>
			<td>M330IR</td>
			<td>similar alternatives can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microloader tip</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5242956003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral oil</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M5904-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>needle puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>Model P-2000</td>
			<td>Settings used for this puller are: H 430, Fil 4, Vel 50, Del 225, Pul 75. Any needle puller can be used if it results in appropriate tip dimension</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>Interpath</td>
			<td>PM996</td>
			<td>any paraffin film</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur pipette plastic</td>
			<td>Samco Scientific</td>
			<td>202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur pipette glass</td>
			<td>Hirschmann Laborgeraete</td>
			<td>9260101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pronase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P5942-25MG</td>
			<td>&#160;Protease Type XIV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-phenyl thiourea</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P7629-25G</td>
			<td>PTU is toxic and can be prepared as a stock solution to avoid frequent exposure to the powder, consult MSDS before purchase / use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qiaquick gel extraction</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28704</td>
			<td>any alternatives to purify DNA can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rneasy Mini kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74104</td>
			<td>any alternatives to purify RNA can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SP6 mMessage kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>AM1340</td>
			<td>any alternatives to transcribe DNA using SP6</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo imaging of transgenic gene expression in individual retinal progenitors in chimeric zebrafish embryos to study cell nonautonomous influences

유전 적 및 기술적 장점은 제브라 척추 유전자 조작의 결과가 급속한 발달 기간 동안 생체 내에서 추적 될 수있는 키 모델 생물 만들었다. 다중 처리는 세포 증식, 유전자 발현, 세포 이동 및 형태 형성을 포함하여 연구 될 수있다. 중요한 것은, 이식을 통해 키메라의 생성을 용이하게 호스트 환경의 영향하에 모자이크 표시와 개별 세포의 추적을 가능하게 수행 될 수있다. 예를 들어, 개별 이식 공여자 세포 (모르 폴리 마이크로 인젝션을 통해 예를 들어) 호스트 배아 기능 유전자 조작 및 라이브 영상, 외부의 영향 (유 전적으로 변형 환경에 의해 제공되는) 셀 비 자립적 신호를 조합하여 평가 될 수있다. 여기서 우리는이 방식 세포 운명 determin의 타이밍에 대한 프록시로서 형광 유전자 발현의 개시를 비교하기 위해 사용되는 방법을 보여다른 유전 호스트 환경에서 ATION. 이 글에서 공여 세포를 표시 유전자 호스트 배아 최저 키메라 배아를 생성하는 데 사용되는 이식 기술을 설명하고, 제조 및 생체 저속 촛점에서 실행을위한 프로토콜을 일으킬 제브라 피쉬 배아 마이크로 인젝션을위한 프로토콜을 제공 여러 개의 배아의 영상. 이러한 유전자 발현의 개시에 따라 이벤트의 타이밍을 비교하면 특히 다단 촬상을 행하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 이것은 다수의 제어와 동시에 처리 실험 배아에서 데이터 수집이 필요합니다. 이러한 접근 방식은 쉽게 장기 나 영상을 살 액세스 선택의 조직에서 외부의 영향에 대한 연구를 위해 확장 될 수있다, 이식이 이루어 배아 운명의지도에 따라 쉽게 대상이 될 수 있음을 제공했다.

이 작품은 야생형 망막 전구 세포가 morphant 호스트 배아 내에서 개발할 때 유전자 발현 타이밍의 변화를 평가하기 위해 실험 프로토콜을 제시한다. 실험 호스트 배아 망막 7, 26의 중간 태어난 수평 및 무 축삭의 interneurons 부족 Ptf1a의 morphants이다. 이러한 표준 제어 모르 주사 하였다 호스트 배아를 제어하기 위해 비교 하였다. ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Imaging of Transgenic Gene Expression in Individual Retinal Progenitors in Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos to Study Cell Nonautonomous Influences at JoVE.c

In Vivo Imaging of Transgenic Gene Expression in Individual Retinal Progenitors in Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos to Study Cell Nonautonomous Influences

서로 다른 유전 적 배경에서 개별 WT 망막 전구 세포의 실시간 추적은 신경 동안 셀이 아닌 자율적 인 신호의 기여도의 평가를 할 수 있습니다. 여기서, 배아 이식을 통한 생체 저속 촛점 촬상 유전자 녹다운, 키메라 세대의 조합이 목적을 위해 사용 하였다.

키메라 Zebrafish의 태아의 개별 망막 전구 세포의 형질 전환 유전자 발현의 생체 내 이미징에서 세포 비 자립적 영향을 연구하기 위해

The genetic and technical strengths have made the zebrafish vertebrate a key model organism in which the consequences of gene manipulations can be traced ...

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JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

In Vivo Imaging of Transgenic Gene Expression in Individual Retinal Progenitors in Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos to Study Cell Nonautonomous Influences

7.6K 조회수.  The University of Melbourne.  서로 다른 유전 적 배경에서 개별 WT 망막 전구 세포의 실시간 추적은 신경 동안 셀이 아닌 자율적 인 신호의 기여도의 평가를 할 수 있습니다. 여기서, 배아 이식을 통한 생체 저속 촛점 촬상 유전자 녹다운, 키메라 세대의 조합이 목적을 위해 사용 하였다. 

비디오: In Vivo Imaging of Transgenic Gene Expression in Individual Retinal Progenitors in Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos to Study Cell Nonautonomous Influences

Tracking Cells in GFP-transgenic Zebrafish Using the Photoconvertible PSmOrange System

The rapid development of transparent zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) in combination with fluorescent labelings of cells and tissues allows visualizing developmental processes as they happen in the living animal. Cells of interest can be labeled by using a tissue specific promoter to drive the expression of a fluorescent protein (FP) for the generation of transgenic lines. Using fluorescent photoconvertible proteins for this purpose additionally allows to precisely follow defined structures within the expression domain. Illuminating the protein in the region of interest, changes its emission spectrum and highlights a particular cell or cell cluster leaving other transgenic cells in their original color. A major limitation is the lack of known promoters for a large number of tissues in the zebrafish. Conversely, gene- and enhancer trap screens have generated enormous transgenic resources discretely labeling literally all embryonic structures mostly with GFP or to a lesser extend red or yellow FPs. An approach to follow defined structures in such transgenic backgrounds would be to additionally introduce a ubiquitous photoconvertible protein, which could be converted in the cell(s) of interest. However, the photoconvertible proteins available involve a green and/or less frequently a red emission state1 and can therefore often not be used to track cells in the FP-background of existing transgenic lines. To circumvent this problem, we have established the PSmOrange system for the zebrafish2,3. Simple microinjection of synthetic mRNA encoding a nuclear form of this protein labels all cell nuclei with orange/red fluorescence. Upon targeted photoconversion of the protein, it switches its emission spectrum to far red. The quantum efficiency and stability of the protein makes PSmOrange a superb cell-tracking tool for zebrafish and possibly other teleost species.

We established the photoconvertible PSmOrange system as a powerful, straight-forward and cost inexpensive tool for in vivo cell tracking in GFP transgenic backgrounds. This protocol describes its application in the zebrafish model system.

Photoconvertible PSmOrange 시스템을 사용하여 GFP 유전자 변형 Zebrafish의 세포를 추적

The rapid development of transparent zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) in combination with fluorescent labelings of cells and tissues allows visualizing ...

연구

발생학

Quantitative Analysis of Protein Expression to Study Lineage Specification in Mouse Preimplantation Embryos

This protocol presents a method to perform quantitative, single-cell in situ analyses of protein expression to study lineage specification in mouse preimplantation embryos. The procedures necessary for embryo collection, immunofluorescence, imaging on a confocal microscope, and image segmentation and analysis are described. This method allows quantitation of the expression of multiple nuclear markers and the spatial (XYZ) coordinates of all cells in the embryo. It takes advantage of MINS, an image segmentation software tool specifically developed for the analysis of confocal images of preimplantation embryos and embryonic stem cell (ESC) colonies. MINS carries out unsupervised nuclear segmentation across the X, Y and Z dimensions, and produces information on cell position in three-dimensional space, as well as nuclear fluorescence levels for all channels with minimal user input. While this protocol has been optimized for the analysis of images of preimplantation stage mouse embryos, it can easily be adapted to the analysis of any other samples exhibiting a good signal-to-noise ratio and where high nuclear density poses a hurdle to image segmentation (e.g., expression analysis of embryonic stem cell (ESC) colonies, differentiating cells in culture, embryos of other species or stages, etc.).

This protocol presents a method to perform quantitative, single-cell in situ analysis of protein expression to study lineage specification in mouse preimplantation embryos. The procedures necessary for collection of blastocysts, whole-mount immunofluorescent detection of proteins, imaging of samples on a confocal microscope, and nuclear segmentation and image analysis are described.

단백질 발현의 정량 분석​​은 마우스 착상 전의 배아에서 리니지 사양을 공부하기

This protocol presents a method to perform quantitative, single-cell in situ analyses of protein expression to study lineage specification in mouse ...

Analyzing In Vivo Cell Migration using Cell Transplantations and Time-lapse Imaging in Zebrafish Embryos

Cell migration is key to many physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer metastasis. The cellular and molecular bases of cell migration have been thoroughly analyzed in vitro. However, in vivo cell migration somehow differs from in vitro migration, and has proven more difficult to analyze, being less accessible to direct observation and manipulation. This protocol uses the migration of the prospective prechordal plate in the early zebrafish embryo as a model system to study the function of candidate genes in cell migration. Prechordal plate progenitors form a group of cells which, during gastrulation, undergoes a directed migration from the embryonic organizer to the animal pole of the embryo. The proposed protocol uses cell transplantation to create mosaic embryos. This offers the combined advantages of labeling isolated cells, which is key to good imaging, and of limiting gain/loss of function effects to the observed cells, hence ensuring cell-autonomous effects. We describe here how we assessed the function of the TORC2 component Sin1 in cell migration, but the protocol can be used to analyze the function of any candidate gene in controlling cell migration in vivo.

Analyzing In Vivo Cell Migration using Cell Transplantations and Time-lapse Imaging in Zebrafish Embryos

Combining cell transplantation, cytoskeletal labeling and loss/gain of function approaches, this protocol describes how the migrating zebrafish prospective prechordal plate can be used to analyze the function of a candidate gene in in vivo cell migration.

분석<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 셀 마이그레이션 Zebrafish의 배아에서 세포 이식 및 시간 경과 이미징을 사용하여

Cell migration is key to many physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer metastasis. The cellular and molecular bases of cell migration ...

Directed Differentiation of Primitive and Definitive Hematopoietic Progenitors from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

One of the major goals for regenerative medicine is the generation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Until recently, efforts to differentiate hPSCs into HSCs have predominantly generated hematopoietic progenitors that lack HSC potential, and instead resemble yolk sac hematopoiesis.&#160;These resulting hematopoietic progenitors may have limited utility for in vitro disease modeling of various adult hematopoietic disorders, particularly those of the lymphoid lineages. However, we have recently described methods to generate erythro-myelo-lymphoid multilineage definitive hematopoietic progenitors from hPSCs using a stage-specific directed differentiation protocol, which we outline here. Through enzymatic dissociation of hPSCs on basement membrane matrix-coated plasticware, embryoid bodies (EBs) are formed. EBs are differentiated to mesoderm by recombinant BMP4, which is subsequently specified to the definitive hematopoietic program by the GSK3&#946; inhibitor, CHIR99021. Alternatively, primitive hematopoiesis is specified by the PORCN inhibitor, IWP2. Hematopoiesis is further driven through the addition of recombinant VEGF and supportive hematopoietic cytokines. The resulting hematopoietic progenitors generated using this method have the potential to be used for disease and developmental modeling, in vitro.

Here, we present human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture protocols, used to differentiate hPSCs into CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors. This method uses stage-specific manipulation of canonical WNT signaling to specify cells exclusively to either the definitive or primitive hematopoietic program.

기본 및 확실 한 조 혈 창시자 인간 만능 줄기 세포에서의 감독

One of the major goals for regenerative medicine is the generation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from human pluripotent stem ...

Biosensing Motor Neuron Membrane Potential in Live Zebrafish Embryos

The protocols described here are designed to allow researchers to study cell communication without altering the integrity of the environment in which the cells are located. Specifically, they have been developed to analyze the electrical activity of excitable cells, such as spinal neurons. In such a scenario, it is crucial to preserve the integrity of the spinal cell, but it is also important to preserve the anatomy and physiological shape of the systems involved. Indeed, the comprehension of the manner in which the nervous system-and other complex systems-works must be based on a systemic approach. For this reason, the live zebrafish embryo was chosen as a model system, and the spinal neuron membrane voltage changes were evaluated without interfering with the physiological conditions of the embryos. 
Here, an approach combining the employment of zebrafish embryos with a FRET-based biosensor is described. Zebrafish embryos are characterized by a very simplified nervous system and are particularly suited for imaging applications thanks to their transparency, allowing for the employment of fluorescence-based voltage indicators at the plasma membrane during zebrafish development. The synergy between these two components makes it possible to analyze the electrical activity of the cells in intact living organisms, without perturbing the physiological state. Finally, this non-invasive approach can co-exist with other analyses (e.g., spontaneous movement recordings, as shown here).

Protocols described here allow for the study of the electrical properties of excitable cells in the most non-invasive physiological conditions by employing zebrafish embryos in an in vivo system together with a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based genetically encoded voltage indicator (GEVI) selectively expressed in the cell type of interest.

The protocols described here are designed to allow researchers to study cell communication without altering the integrity of the environment in which the ...

Culture of Adult Transgenic Zebrafish Retinal Explants for Live-cell Imaging by Multiphoton Microscopy

An endogenous regeneration program is initiated by M&#252;ller glia in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) retina following neuronal damage and death. The M&#252;ller glia re-enter the cell cycle and produce neuronal progenitor cells that undergo subsequent rounds of cell divisions and differentiate into the lost neuronal cell types. Both M&#252;ller glia and neuronal progenitor cell nuclei replicate their DNA and undergo mitosis in distinct locations of the retina, i.e. they migrate between the basal Inner Nuclear Layer (INL) and the Outer Nuclear Layer (ONL), respectively, in a process described as Interkinetic Nuclear Migration (INM). INM has predominantly been studied in the developing retina. To examine the dynamics of INM in the adult regenerating zebrafish retina in detail, live-cell imaging of fluorescently-labeled M&#252;ller glia/neuronal progenitor cells is required. Here, we provide the conditions to isolate and culture dorsal retinas from Tg[gfap:nGFP]mi2004 zebrafish that were exposed to constant intense light for 35 h. We also show that these retinal cultures are viable to perform live-cell imaging experiments, continuously acquiring z-stack images throughout the thickness of the retinal explant for up to 8 h using multiphoton microscopy to monitor the migratory behavior of gfap:nGFP-positive cells. In addition, we describe the details to perform post-imaging analysis to determine the velocity of apical and basal INM. To summarize, we established conditions to study the dynamics of INM in an adult model of neuronal regeneration. This will advance our understanding of this crucial cellular process and allow us to determine the mechanisms that control INM.

Zebrafish retinal regeneration has mostly been studied using fixed retinas. However, dynamic processes such as interkinetic nuclear migration occur during the regenerative response and require live-cell imaging to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Here, we describe culture and imaging conditions to monitor Interkinetic Nuclear Migration (INM) in real-time using multiphoton microscopy.

다중 광자 현미경으로 라이브 셀 이미징을위한 성인 형질 전환 Zebrafish의 망막의 Explants의 문화

An endogenous regeneration program is initiated by M&#252;ller glia in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) retina following neuronal damage and death. The ...

Live Imaging of Mouse Secondary Palate Fusion

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to cleft secondary palate, a common congenital anomaly in humans. Secondary palate fusion has been extensively studied leading to several proposed cellular mechanisms that may mediate this process. However, these studies have been mostly performed on fixed embryonic tissues at progressive timepoints during development or in fixed explant cultures analyzed at static timepoints. Static analysis is limited for the analysis of dynamic morphogenetic processes such a palate fusion and what types of dynamic cellular behaviors mediate palatal fusion is incompletely understood. Here we describe a protocol for live imaging of ex vivo secondary palate fusion in mouse embryos. To examine cellular behaviors of palate fusion, epithelial-specific Keratin14-cre was used to label palate epithelial cells in ROSA26-mTmGflox reporter embryos. To visualize filamentous actin, Lifeact-mRFPruby reporter mice were used. Live imaging of secondary palate fusion was performed by dissecting recently-adhered secondary palatal shelves of embryonic day (E) 14.5 stage embryos and culturing in agarose-containing media on a glass bottom dish to enable imaging with an inverted confocal microscope. Using this method, we have detected a variety of novel cellular behaviors during secondary palate fusion. An appreciation of how distinct cell behaviors are coordinated in space and time greatly contributes to our understanding of this dynamic morphogenetic process. This protocol can be applied to mutant mouse lines, or cultures treated with pharmacological inhibitors to further advance understanding of how secondary palate fusion is controlled.

Here, we present a protocol for live imaging of mouse secondary palate fusion using confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used in combination with a variety of fluorescent reporter mouse lines, and with pathway inhibitors for mechanistic insight. This protocol can be adapted for live imaging in other developmental systems.

Mouse Secondary Palate Fusion의 라이브 이미징

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to ...

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Studying the cell biological processes during converting the identities of specific cell types provides important insights into mechanism that maintain and protect cellular identities. The conversion of germ cells into specific neurons in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a powerful tool for performing genetic screens in order to dissect regulatory pathways that safeguard established cell identities. Reprogramming of germ cells to a specific type of neurons termed ASE requires transgenic animals that allow broad over-expression of the Zn-finger transcription factor (TF) CHE-1. Endogenous CHE-1 is expressed exclusively in two head neurons and is required to specify the glutamatergic ASE neurons fate, which can easily be visualized by the gcy-5prom::gfp reporter. A trans gene containing the heat-shock promoter-driven che-1 gene expression construct allows broad mis-expression of CHE-1 in the entire animal upon heat-shock treatment. The combination of RNAi against the chromatin-regulating factor LIN-53 and heat-shock-induced che-1 over-expression leads to reprogramming of germ cell into ASE neuron-like cells. We describe here the specific RNAi procedure and appropriate conditions for heat-shock treatment of transgenic animals in order to successfully induce germ cell to neuron conversion.

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

This protocol describes how to study cellular processes during cell fate conversion in Caenorhabditis elegans in vivo. Using transgenic animals, allowing heat-shock promoter-driven overexpression of the neuron fate-inducing transcription factor CHE-1 and RNAi-mediated depletion of the chromatin-regulating factor LIN-53 germ cell to neuron reprogramming can be observed in vivo.

C. 선 충 에서 신경 세포를 세균 세포를 재 설 정할 RNAi 및 열 충격 유도 하는 전사 인자 식의 적용

Studying the cell biological processes during converting the identities of specific cell types provides important insights into mechanism that maintain ...

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

The pancreas is a complex organ composed of many different cell types that work together to regulate blood glucose homeostasis and digestion. These cell types include enzyme-secreting acinar cells, an arborized ductal system responsible for the transportation of enzymes to the gut, and hormone-producing endocrine cells. 
Endocrine beta-cells are the sole cell type in the body that produce insulin to lower blood glucose levels. Diabetes, a disease characterized by a loss or the dysfunction of beta-cells, is reaching epidemic proportions. Thus, it is essential to establish protocols to investigate beta-cell development that can be used for screening purposes to derive the drug and cell-based therapeutics. While the experimental investigation of mouse development is essential, in vivo studies are laborious and time-consuming. Cultured cells provide a more convenient platform for screening; however, they are unable to maintain the cellular diversity, architectural organization, and cellular interactions found in vivo. Thus, it is essential to develop new tools to investigate pancreatic organogenesis and physiology.
Pancreatic epithelial cells develop in the close association with mesenchyme from the onset of organogenesis as cells organize and differentiate into the complex, physiologically competent adult organ. The pancreatic mesenchyme provides important signals for the endocrine development, many of which are not well understood yet, thus difficult to recapitulate during the in vitro culture. Here, we describe a protocol to culture three-dimensional, cellular complex mouse organoids that retain mesenchyme, termed pancreatoids. The e10.5 murine pancreatic bud is dissected, dissociated, and cultured in a scaffold-free environment. These floating cells self-assemble with mesenchyme enveloping the developing pancreatoid and a robust number of endocrine beta-cells developing along with the acinar and the duct cells. This system can be used to study the cell fate determination, structural organization, and morphogenesis, cell-cell interactions during organogenesis, or for the drug, small molecule, or genetic screening.

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

Here, we present a protocol to generate insulin expressing 3D murine pancreatoids from free-floating e10.5 dissociated pancreatic progenitors and the associated mesenchyme.

비 계, 3 차원 인슐린 표현 Pancreatoids 마우스 췌 장 창시자에 체 외에서 의 세대

The pancreas is a complex organ composed of many different cell types that work together to regulate blood glucose homeostasis and digestion. These cell ...

Visualizing the Node and Notochordal Plate In Gastrulating Mouse Embryos Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is the formation of the transient organizers, the node and notochordal plate, from cells that have passed through the primitive streak. The proper formation of these signaling centers is essential for the development of the body plan and techniques to visualize them are of high interest to mouse developmental biologists. The node and notochordal plate lie on the ventral surface of gastrulating mouse embryos around embryonic day (E) 7.5 of development. The node is a cup-shaped structure whose cells possess a single slender cilium each. The proper subcellular localization and rotation of the cilia in the node pit determines left-right asymmetry. The notochordal plate cells also possess single cilia albeit shorter than those of the node cells. The notochordal plate forms the notochord which acts as an important signaling organizer for somitogenesis and neural patterning. Because the cells of the node and notochordal plate are transiently present on the surface and possess cilia, they can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among other techniques used to visualize these structures at the cellular level is whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF) using the antibodies against the proteins that are highly expressed in the node and notochordal plate. In this report, we describe our optimized protocols to perform SEM and WMIF of the node and notochordal plate in developing mouse embryos to help in the assessment of tissue shape and cellular organization in wild-type and gastrulation mutant embryos.

The node and notochordal plate are transient signaling organizers in developing mouse embryos that can be visualized using several techniques. Here, we describe in detail how to perform two of the techniques to study their structure and morphogenesis: 1) scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and 2) whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF).

노드 및 스캐닝 전자 현미경 검사 법, 면역 형광 산 전체를 사용 하 여 Gastrulating 마우스 배아에서 Notochordal 접시를 시각화

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is ...