Name: comparing the effects of electronic cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke in a novel in vivo exposure system
Uploaded: 2017-05-24T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System at JoVE.com

This research was made possible by the Aortic Research Grant (University of Michigan) to Dr. Eliason. The authors would also like to acknowledge Nick Scott at the University of Michigan Plant Operations Sign and Graphics Department for assisting with the design and assembly of the cigarette lighting device.

The following protocol has been performed under the guidance and approval of the University of Michigan Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).
1. Electronic Cigarette-vapor Chamber Assembly
NOTE: The complete chamber should be placed in a fume hood during use. The chamber here was housed in a temperature controlled and filtered laboratory environment. Investigators may elect to monitor such aspects of the system to ensure consistency of the room air qual...

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Here we describe a method for constructing chambers that expose rodents to E-vapor and cigarette smoke in a controlled fashion (Figure 6). Construction of the E-cigarette chamber is relatively simple and inexpensive compared to commercial exposure systems14,15,16. The parts and tools required to build the chamber are readily available from commercial suppliers online. Similarly, constructing the cigarette smoke ...

Since entering the US market in 2004, electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) have expanded into a billion-dollar industry, and it is estimated that nearly 9 million adults use them regularly1. In 2014 and 2015, more high school students had used E-cigarettes than conventional cigarettes2. The growing number of E-cigarettes users has spawned a research effort to evaluate their potential adverse health effects.
E-cigarettes generate a vapor (dubbed &#34;E-vapor&#34;) by heating a viscous solution that typically contains a mixture of water, polyethylene glycol or vegetable glycerin, nicotine, and flavorings3,4. It has been shown that E-vapor contains several harmful compounds including Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), nicotine, various aldehydes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons5,6. Many of these compounds are formed during the vaporization process of E-liquid prior to inhalation7. Notably, several of these harmful compounds are also present in cigarette smoke, raising concern that E-cigarettes use may have similar adverse health consequences7.
There is little consensus on the health effects of E-cigarettes. To address this, several animal models of E-vapor exposure have been developed (Table 1). These models employ a variety of methods such as whole-body E-vapor exposure and mechanical ventilation. While current models have provided insightful data, few make direct comparisons to cigarette smoke within the same exposure system (Table 1). Additionally, while several human studies have shown E-cigarettes&#160;users and cigarette smokers to have serum cotinine levels between 30-200 ng/mL, many models of E-vapor and cigarette smoke exposure fall outside this range8,9,10,11,12.
Herein we present a method for comparing the effects of cigarette smoke and E-vapor exposure in vivo that yields serum cotinine levels similar to human studies.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:348px;">blu PLUS Rechargeable Kit</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">blu eCigs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1R6F Reference Cigarettes</td>
			<td>Center for Tob Ref&#160; Prod UK</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lexan Anesthesia Chamber 20 L</td>
			<td>Jorgensen Laboratories</td>
			<td>JOR265</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Arduino UNO</td>
			<td>Arduino</td>
			<td>2877</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Diode Rectifier - 1A 50V</td>
			<td>Spark Fun</td>
			<td>COM-08589</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Resistor 10K Ohm 1/6th Watt PTH - 20 pack</td>
			<td>Spark Fun</td>
			<td>COM-11508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Electrolytic Decoupling Capacitors - 100uF/25V</td>
			<td>Spark Fun</td>
			<td>COM-00096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Solderless Plug-in BreadBoard&#160;</td>
			<td>BusBoard Prototype Systems</td>
			<td>BB400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alligator-Clip Wires</td>
			<td>BusBoard Prototype Systems</td>
			<td>CA-M-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ZipWire</td>
			<td>BusBoard Prototype Systems</td>
			<td>ZW-MM-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Standard Fan 80 ST2</td>
			<td>Cooler Master</td>
			<td>R4-S8R-20AK-GP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ARIC 4&#34; adjustable vent</td>
			<td>Bestlouver</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ToxiPro&#160; Carbon Monoxide Monitor</td>
			<td>Honeywell Analytics</td>
			<td>54-00-10316</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ToxiPro Oxygen Monitor</td>
			<td>Honeywell Analytics</td>
			<td>54-45-90-VD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ToxiPro IQ Express Docking Station</td>
			<td>Honeywell/Sperian Biosystems&#160;</td>
			<td>54-46-9100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Command Wall Hook Small Wire 6-Pack</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro Water/Air Pump</td>
			<td>Xiamen Conjoin Electronics</td>
			<td>CJWP40-A12A1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1/4&#34; Silicon Tubing</td>
			<td>NewAge</td>
			<td>2801470-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">T Connector</td>
			<td>Bel-Art Scienceware</td>
			<td>F196060000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plastic Whole Blood tube with spray-coated K2EDTA</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>367841</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cotinine ELISA kit</td>
			<td>Calbiotech</td>
			<td>CO096D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

comparing the effects of electronic cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke in a novel in vivo exposure system

Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) are being widely used, and growing in popularity. It is estimated that more than 9 million adults use them regularly. The potential adverse health effects of electronic cigarette vapor (E-vapor) exposure are poorly defined. While several animal models of E-vapor exposure have been developed, few models expose rodents to clinically relevant quantities of nicotine and make direct comparisons to cigarette smoke within the same exposure system. Here, we present a method for constructing and operating an E-vapor chamber and cigarette smoke chamber. The chambers are constructed by outfitting anesthesia chambers with a computer controlled pumping system that delivers consistent amounts of E-vapor or cigarette smoke to rodents. Nicotine exposure is measured indirectly by quantifying pre and post-exposure serum cotinine levels. This exposure system can be modified to accommodate various types of E-cigarettes&#160;and tobacco cigarettes, and can be used to compare the effects of E-vapor&#160;and cigarette smoke in vivo.

Carbon monoxide and oxygen monitoring
Oxygen concentrations did not fall below 20% during e-vapor exposure and CO concentrations remained undetectable throughout exposure. Gas monitors during cigarette smoke exposure indicated that oxygen concentration remained above 20%. Carbon monoxide concentrations did not exceed 1,000 ppm (Figure 4).
<img alt="Figure...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System at JoVE.com

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System

This protocol describes a method for exposing rodents to electronic cigarette vapor (E-vapor) and cigarette smoke. Exposure chambers are constructed by modifying anesthesia chambers with an automated pumping system that delivers E-vapor or cigarette smoke to rodents. This system can easily be modified to accommodate many experimental endpoints.

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System

Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) are being widely used, and growing in popularity. It is estimated that more than 9 million adults use them regularly. ...

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