Name: studying effects of cigarette smoke on pseudomonas infection in lung epithelial cells
Uploaded: 2020-05-11T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Studying Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Pseudomonas Infection in Lung Epithelial Cells at JoVE.com

This work was supported in part by a National Institutes of Health R01 grants HL125435 and HL142997 (to CZ).

1. 100% CSE preparation
<ol>
	<li>Draw 10 mL of serum-free cell culture media (DMEM/F12 for BEAS-2B cells; airway epithelial cell basal medium for HSAEC cells) into a 60 mL syringe.</li>
	<li>Reversely attach an appropriately trimmed 1 mL pipette tip to the nozzle of the syringe as an adapter to hold the cigarette (3R4F).</li>
	<li>Remove the filter of the cigarette. Attach a cigarette to the tip adaptor and combust the cigarette.</li>
	<li>Draw 40 mL of smoke-containing air into 10 mL of serum-free media. Mix the smok...

<ol>
	<li>Vogelmeier, C. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+Strategy+for+the+Diagnosis,+Management,+and+Prevention+of+Chronic+Obstructive+Lung+Disease+2017+Report.+GOLD+Executive+Summary.">Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2017 Report. GOLD Executive Summary.</a> American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 195 (5), 557-582 (2017).</li><li>Malhotra, J., Malvezzi, M., Negri, E., La Vecchia, C., Boffetta, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Risk+factors+for+lung+cancer+worldwide.">Risk factors for lung cancer worldwide.</a> European Respiratory Care Journal. 48 (3), 889-902 (2016).</li><li>Lugade, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cigarette+smoke+exposure+exacerbates+lung+inflammation+and+compromises+immunity+to+bacterial+infection.">Cigarette smoke exposure exacerbates lung inflammation and compromises immunity to bacterial infection.</a> Journal of Immunology. 192 (11), 5226-5235 (2014).</li><li>Strzelak, A., Ratajczak, A., Adamiec, A., Feleszko, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tobacco+Smoke+Induces+and+Alters+Immune+Responses+in+the+Lung+Triggering+Inflammation,+Allergy,+Asthma+and+Other+Lung+Diseases:+A+Mechanistic+Review.">Tobacco Smoke Induces and Alters Immune Responses in the Lung Triggering Inflammation, Allergy, Asthma and Other Lung Diseases: A Mechanistic Review.</a> International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health. 15 (5), (2018).</li><li>Zuo, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interrelated+role+of+cigarette+smoking,+oxidative+stress,+and+immune+response+in+COPD+and+corresponding+treatments.">Interrelated role of cigarette smoking, oxidative stress, and immune response in COPD and corresponding treatments.</a> American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 307 (3), 205-218 (2014).</li><li>Morse, D., Rosas, I. 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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autonomous+immunity+in+mucosal+epithelial+cells:+fortifying+the+barrier+against+infection.">Autonomous immunity in mucosal epithelial cells: fortifying the barrier against infection.</a> Microbes Infection. 18 (6), 387-398 (2016).</li><li>Bedi, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peroxisome+proliferator-activated+receptor-gamma+agonists+attenuate+biofilm+formation+by+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa.">Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists attenuate biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</a> FASEB Journal. 31 (8), 3608-3621 (2017).</li><li>Tomita, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+p21(CIP1/WAF1)+and+B+cell+lymphoma+leukemia-x(L)+expression+and+reduced+apoptosis+in+alveolar+macrophages+from+smokers.">Increased p21(CIP1/WAF1) and B cell lymphoma leukemia-x(L) expression and reduced apoptosis in alveolar macrophages from smokers.</a> American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 166 (5), 724-731 (2002).</li><li>Gally, F., Chu, H. W., Bowler, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cigarette+smoke+decreases+airway+epithelial+FABP5+expression+and+promotes+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+infection.">Cigarette smoke decreases airway epithelial FABP5 expression and promotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.</a> PLoS One. 8 (1), 51784 (2013).</li><li>Thorne, D., Adamson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+in+vitro+cigarette+smoke+exposure+systems.">A review of in vitro cigarette smoke exposure systems.</a> Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology. 65 (7-8), 1183-1193 (2013).</li><li>Keyser, B. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+quantitative+method+for+assessment+of+dose+in+in+vitro+evaluations+using+a+VITROCELL(R)+VC10(R)+smoke+exposure+system.">Development of a quantitative method for assessment of dose in in vitro evaluations using a VITROCELL(R) VC10(R) smoke exposure system.</a> Toxicology In Vitro. 56, 19-29 (2019).</li><li>Del Arroyo, A. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NMDA+receptor+modulation+of+glutamate+release+in+activated+neutrophils.">NMDA receptor modulation of glutamate release in activated neutrophils.</a> EBioMedicine. 47, 457-469 (2019).</li><li>Lai, Y., Li, J., Li, X., Zou, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipopolysaccharide+modulates+p300+and+Sirt1+to+promote+PRMT1+stability+via+an+SCF(Fbxl17)-recognized+acetyldegron.">Lipopolysaccharide modulates p300 and Sirt1 to promote PRMT1 stability via an SCF(Fbxl17)-recognized acetyldegron.</a> Journal of Cell Sciences. 130 (20), 3578-3587 (2017).</li><li>Bauman, S. J., Kuehn, M. 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C., Ocampo, M., Salazar, L. M., Patarroyo, M. 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Bacterial invasion into lung epithelial cells is a crucial step in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections. The process of bacterial invasion into the cells can be broken down into the following three steps: First, the bacteria contact and adhere to the surface of the epithelial cell using their flagella. Second, the bacteria either undergo internalization or penetrate the cellular membrane. Finally, the bacteria replicate and colonize the cells if they successfully escape cellular defense mechanisms25...

Cigarette smoking affects the public health of millions of people worldwide. Many deleterious diseases, including lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are reported to be related to cigarette smoking1,2. Cigarette smoking increases susceptibility to acute microbial infections in the respiratory system3,4,5. Furthermore, mounting evidence proves that cigarette smoking enhances the pathogenesis of many chronic disorders6,7,8. For instance, cigarette smoking may increase viral or bacterial infections that cause COPD exacerbation9. Among the bacterial pathogens that etiologically contribute to acute exacerbation of COPD, an opportunistic gram-negative bacillus pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, causes infections that correlate with poor prognoses and higher mortalities10,11. COPD exacerbation worsens the disease by accelerating pathological progression. There are no effective therapies against COPD exacerbation except for the antisymptomatic management12. COPD exacerbation promotes patient mortality, decreases quality of life, and increases economic burden on society13.
The respiratory airway is an open system, continuously subjected to various microbial pathogens present externally. Opportunistic bacterial pathogens are usually detected in the upper airways but sometimes are observed in the lower airways14,15. In animal models P. aeruginosa can be detected in alveolar sacs as soon as 1 h after infection16. As a major defense mechanism, immune cells such as macrophages or neutrophils eliminate the bacteria in the airways. Lung epithelial cells, as the first physiological barrier, perform a unique role in the host defense against microbial infections. Lung epithelial cells may regulate microbial invasion, colonization, or replication independent of immune cells17. Some molecules found in epithelial cells, including PPARg, exert antibacterial functions, thereby regulating bacterial colonization and replication in lung epithelial cells18. Cigarette smoking may alter the molecules and impair normal defense function in lung epithelial cells19,20. Recent studies reported direct exposure of cigarette smoke to lung epithelial cells using robot smoking apparatus21,22. Exposure to smoke can be performed in other ways, however, including application of CSE. Preparation of CSE is a reproducible approach with potential applications in other cell types, including vascular endothelial cells that are indirectly exposed to cigarette smoke.
This report describes a protocol to generate cigarette smoke extract to alter bacterial load in lung epithelial cells. CSE increases the bacterial load of P. aeruginosa, and it may contribute to the recurrence of bacterial infections usually seen in COPD exacerbation. A conventional method is used for the preparation of CSE. Lung epithelial cells, at their exponential growth stage, are treated with 4% CSE for 3 h. Alternatively, monolayer-cultured lung epithelial cells can be directly exposed to cigarette smoke in an air-liquid interface. CSE-treated cells are then challenged with Pseudomonas at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. The bacteria are propagated at a particular shaking speed to ensure the morphology of their flagella remains intact to retain their full invasive capacity. Gentamycin is employed to kill the bacteria left in the culture medium, thereby reducing the potential contamination during the subsequent determination of the bacterial load. The protocol also uses&#160;GFP-labeled Pseudomonas, which has been utilized&#160;as&#160;a powerful tool in studying Pseudomonas infection in different models. A representative strain is P. fluorescens Migula23. The degree of infection or bacterial load after CSE treatment is determined in three ways: the drop plate method with colony counting, quantitative PCR using Pseudomonas 16S rRNA-specific primers, or flow cytometry in cells infected with fluorescent Pseudomonas. This protocol is a simple and reproducible approach to study the effect of cigarette smoke on bacterial infections in lung epithelial cells.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:691px;" width="690">
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	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">50mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">airway epithelial cell basal medium</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">ATCC</td>
			<td>PCS-300-030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Bacteria shaker</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">bronchial epithelial cell growth kit</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">ATCC</td>
			<td>PCS-300-040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Cell Counter</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">CFX96 Real-Time PCR System</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">High-Capacity RNA-to-DNA KIT</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:161px;">4387406</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">HITES medium</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">ATCC 30-2004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">human BEAS-2B cells</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">ATCC CRL-9609</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">human primary small airway epithelial cells</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">ATCC PCS-300-030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LSRII flow cytometer</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Nikkon confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Nikkon</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">OD reader</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">USA Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">PCR primers</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">ITD</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">ATCC 47085</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">PAO1-LAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">ATCC 27853</td>
			<td>P.aeruginosa GFP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Research-grade cigarettes (3R4F)</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">University of Kentucky</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">TP-7-VA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNeasy Mini Kit</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:161px;">74106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Transprent PET Transwell Insert</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Corning Costar</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Tryptic Soy Broth</td>
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studying effects of cigarette smoke on pseudomonas infection in lung epithelial cells

Cigarette smoking is the major etiological cause for lung emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cigarette smoking also promotes susceptibility to bacterial infections in the respiratory system. However, the effects of cigarette smoking on bacterial infections in human lung epithelial cells have yet to be thoroughly studied. Described here is a detailed protocol for the preparation of cigarette smoking extracts (CSE), treatment of human lung epithelial cells with CSE, and bacterial infection and infection determination. CSE was prepared with a conventional method. Lung epithelial cells were treated with 4% CSE for 3 h. CSE-treated cells were, then, infected with Pseudomonas at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. Bacterial loads of the cells were determined by three different methods. The results showed that CSE increased Pseudomonas load in lung epithelial cells. This protocol, therefore, provides a simple and reproducible approach to study the effect of cigarette smoke on bacterial infections in lung epithelial cells.

A diagram is used to illustrate the protocol in Figure 1. Lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells were treated with CSE and challenged with Pseudomonas. Pseudomonas in the culture medium were killed by the added gentamycin and the cells were subjected to the drop plate assay, RT-qPCR detection of Pseudomonas ribosome 16S RNA, and flow cytometry. Compared with control, CSE treatment substantially increased bacterial infection in drop plate methods (Figure...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Studying Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Pseudomonas Infection in Lung Epithelial Cells at JoVE.com

Studying Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Pseudomonas Infection in Lung Epithelial Cells

Described here is a protocol to study how cigarette smoke extract affects bacterial colonization in lung epithelial cells.

Studying Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Pseudomonas Infection in Lung Epithelial Cells

Cigarette smoking is the major etiological cause for lung emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cigarette smoking also promotes ...

This protocol uses three approaches to determine if cigarette smoke affects pseudomonas bacterial load in lung epithelial cells. This method can be expanded to endothelial cells or other cell taps. Preparation of the cigarette smoke extraction, bacterial infection and the determination with a bacterial load are well described in detail in this video.This procedure is very easy to follow for the new users. Draw 10 milliliters of serum-free cell culture medium into a 60 milliliter syringe. Attach the narrow end of a trim to one milliliter pipette tip to the nozzle of the syringe, as an adapter to hold the cigarette.Remove the filter from the cigarette and attach the cigarette to the adapter. No more than 30 minutes before performing the assay combust the cigarette and draw 40 milliliters of smoke containing air into the syringe. Mix the smoke with the medium by shaking the syringe vigorously.Repeat the drawing process until the cigarette is completely burned out, which will require about 11 draws in approximately seven minutes. To remove micro-organisms and insoluble particles from the medium, filter it through a 0.22 micron filter. Then, transfer the medium to a closed sterile tube.Inoculate a tryptic soy broth or TSB auger plate with a selected pseudomonas strain. Incubate the plate overnight at 37 degrees Celsius. Prepare a tube containing 20 milliliters of TSB with 5%glycerol as the carbon source.Collect a smear from the auger plate and inoculate the TSB. Incubate the pseudomonas suspension in a 37 degrees Celsius shaker at 200 RPM, for approximately one hour, until the optical density at 600 nanometers is 0.6. After culturing lung epithelial cells as described in the manuscript, add one milliliter of 0.25%trypsin to the cells.After approximately five minutes, when the cells have completely detached from the bottom of the plate, add 10 milliliters of complete Heights medium to neutralize the trypsin. Transfer the cells to a 15 milliliter tube. Then, centrifuge the cells for five minutes at four degrees Celsius and 300 times G.Remove and discard the supernatant.Then, re-suspend the cells into milliliters of Heights medium with 10%FBS. Pipette 10 microliters of the epithelial cell suspension onto a new plate. Use an automated cell counter to obtain the cell concentration.Plate the lung epithelial cells at a concentration of three times 10 to the fifth cells per milliliter, in a total volume of two milliliters of medium per well. Incubate the plates overnight. When the cells reach approximately 80%confluency, replace the medium with Heights medium, plus 1%FBS.Then, add 4%CSE to the wells and incubate the plates for three hours. Add a pseudomonas to each well of CSE-treated lung epithelial cells. Then, incubate the plates for one hour at 37 degrees Celsius with 5%carbon dioxide.Next, replace the medium in the six well plates with two milliliters of fresh Heights medium, containing 4%CSE and 100 micrograms per milliliter of gentamycin. After incubating the plates for one hour at 37 degrees Celsius with 5%carbon dioxide, aspirate the medium from the wells. Wash the gentamycin-treated cells, twice, with two milliliters of cold PBS.Bacteria load in the lung epithelial cells can then be detected by the drop plate method, qRT-PCR, or flow cytometry. Add one milliliter of cell lysis buffer to each well of lung epithelial cells. Repair serial dilutions of the cell lysate, ranging from one to 10 to one to 10, 000.Then inoculate the TSB auger plate. After 16 hours of incubation, determine how many colony forming units were present in the lung epithelial cells, by counting the number of bacterial colonies. Add 0.35 milliliters of the guanidinium thiocyanate lysis buffer to each well of lung epithelial cells.Collect the cells with a cell scraper. Pipette the lysate into a micro-centrifuge tube and mix gently with the pipette. Add 0.35 milliliters of freshly prepared to 70%ethanol to the lysate and mix well.Transfer all samples to a spin column placed in a two milliliter collection tube. Centrifuge the collection tube for 30 seconds at 10, 000 times G and 20 to 25 degrees Celsius. Discard the buffer in the collection tube and wash the column with 0.7 milliliters of wash buffer.Centrifuge the column at 10, 000 times G for 30 seconds. Wash the column twice with 0.5 milliliters of buffer. Repeat the centrifugation at 10, 000 times G for two minutes.Place the column into a new 1.5 milliliter collection tube and add 30 to 50 microliters of RNase-free water. After centrifuging the tube at 10, 000 times G for one minute, collect the flow through and measure the RNA concentration. To prepare for a 20 microliter reverse transcription reaction makes one microgram of total RNA with 10 microliters of reaction buffer, one microliter of reverse transcriptase and RNase-free water.Conduct the reverse transcription reaction at 37 degrees Celsius for one hour and then at 95 degrees Celsius for five minutes, according to the manufacturer's protocol. Then mix one microliter of each cDNA sample with five microliters of the master mix containing cyber dye and one microliter of each 200 nanomolar specific primer. Add water for a total volume of 20 microliters.Perform PCR analysis, according to the manufacturer's recommendations. And then use the comparative CT method to determine the expression. In BEAS-2B cells, viability did not change considerably when cells were treated with 4%CSE for three hours.One hour as pseudomonas infection also did not substantially affect viability. Finally, they use of gentamycin to kill pseudomonas in the culture medium didn't have a statistically significant effect on cell viability. As measured by the drop plate method, bacterial infection in BEAS-2B cells was substantially increased by treatment with CSE.The same was true for CSE treatment of HSAEC. Bacterial infection of CSE-treated BEAS-2B cells was also assessed by using RT-PCR to quantify the amount of 16S rRNA present, which indicated an increase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The BEAS-2B cells treated with CSE and infected with Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula were analyzed by flow cytometry at 509 nanometers.The result also indicated that CSE treatment increases bacterial infection. Results from fluorescent microscopy showed that GFP-labeled bacteria co-localized with BEAS-2B cells in a Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula infection experiment. Cells could be exposed to cigarette smoke with robots smoking, which may mimic human behavior and make it possible to directly study the effects of cigarette smoke on lung epithelial cells.This technique could be used to explore a cigarette smoke on other cell taps in the context of a pulmonary infection. The described approach to be the basis for the developmental of effective therapies against a cigarette smoking dorsal lung injury and C0PD extra

Research

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