Name: murine short axis ventricular heart slices for electrophysiological studies
Uploaded: 2017-06-04T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 51 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Short Axis Ventricular Heart Slices for Electrophysiological Studies at JoVE.com

우리는 워크샵과 신경 생리학 연구소의 동물 시설에서 제공하는 지원을 인정합니다. 이 작업은 Walter und Marga Boll- Stiftung, Köln Fortune 및 Deutsche Stiftung für Herzforschung에 의해 지원되었습니다.

동물 취급은 지역 동물 복지위원회의 지침과 유럽 의회의 2010 / 63 / EU 지침에 부합해야합니다. 1. 솔루션 준비 <ol><li> NaCl 136, KCl 5.4, NaH 2 PO 4 0.33, MgCl 2 1, 글루코오스 10, HEPES 5, 2,3- 부탄 디온 모노 옥심 (BDM) 30. pH를 7.4로 조절하여 Ca 2+ (mM 조성)없이 Tyrode 용액을 준비한다. 4 ℃에서 NaOH로 처리 하였다. </li><li> NaCl 136, KCl 5.4, NaH 2 PO 4 0.33, MgCl 2 1, 글루코스 10, HEPES 5, BDM 30, CaCl 2 0.9를 사용하여 Tyrode 용액을 준비한다. 4 ° C에서 NaOH로 pH를 7.4로 조절한다. </li><li> 4 % 저 용융 아가로 오스 준비 : Ca 2+가 없는 15 mL Tyrode 용액에 0.6 g 저 용융 아가로 오스를 넣으십시오. agarose가 녹을 때까지 10-15 초 동안 750W에서 전자 레인지에서 2 번 혼합물을 가열한다. 용액을 37 ° C의 일정 온도로 유지하십시오.# 176; C를 연속적으로 저어 준다. </li><li> 37 ℃에서 혈청없는 Dulbecco &#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)을 carbogen (5 % CO2, 95 % O2)로 버블 링하십시오. </li></ol> 2. 마이크로톰을 준비하십시오. <ol><li> 마이크로톰을 켜십시오. </li><li> 외부 마이크로톰 챔버를 얼음으로 채 웁니다. </li><li> 내부 마이크로톰 챔버를 Ca 2+가 없는 얼음 차가운 Tyrode 용액으로 채우고 100 % O 2 로 계속해서 용액에 산소를 공급하십시오. </li><li> Microtome의 블레이드 홀더에 스틸 블레이드를 놓습니다. </li></ol> 3. 마우스 심장 격리 <ol><li> 피하에 2,500 U 헤파린 주입. 15 분간 기다리십시오. </li><li> 자궁 경관 탈구로 동물을 희생. </li><li> 흉골 절개로 가슴을 엽니 다. </li><li> 조심스럽게 작은 가위와 집게 # 5를 사용하여 심낭을 절개하십시오. </li><li> 상행 대동맥에 캐뉼라를 삽입하고 관상 동맥을 얼음으로 차가운 Tyrode &#39;s로 관류시킵니다용액을 남은 혈액이 제거 될 때까지 제거한다. </li><li> 부드럽게 포셉과 가위로 심장을 절제하고 차가운 Tyrode의 용액을 Ca 2+ 없이 흘려 보내십시오. </li><li> 메스와 가위로 심방과 심방을 분리하십시오. </li></ol> 4. 4 % 저 융점 아가로 오스에 심실 내장 <ol><li> 정점이있는 심실을 아가로 오스 몰드 ( 그림 1 )에 위쪽으로 향하게하십시오. 좌심실의 금형 중앙에 핀을 놓습니다. </li><li> 심장이 완전히 덮일 때까지 37 ° C에서 4 % 저 용융 아가로 오스로 곰팡이를 채 웁니다. </li><li> 금형을 얼음에 담그면 아가로 오스가 빨리 경화되어 뜨는 것을 방지 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 메스와 함께 금형에서 심실이 들어있는 아가로 오스 블록을 제거합니다. </li><li> 블록을 거꾸로 뒤집고 심실을 채우고 아가로 오스 블록의 뒷면에있는 간격을 채우십시오.s는 20G 바늘이 달린 주사기를 사용하여 4 % 저 용융 아가로 오스가있는 털갈이의 핀으로 남겨 두었습니다. </li><li> 메스로 아가로 오스 블록을 자르면 블록의 평평한 바닥과 심장 정점의 직립 위치를 얻을 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 5. 심실 조직 절개 <ol><li> cyanoacrylate 접착제 한 방울로 microtome의 표본 홀더에 블록을 고정하십시오. 심장 정점을 위로 향하게하십시오. </li><li> 표본 홀더를 칼슘 2가 없는 얼음처럼 차가운 Tyrode로 채워진 마이크로톰의 내부 표본 챔버에 놓습니다. Tyrode의 솔루션으로 아가로 오스 블록을 완전히 덮으십시오. </li><li> 추가 응용 프로그램 (날카로운 전극 녹음 150-200 μm의)에 따라 150-400 μm의 두께로 짧은 축 슬라이스를 준비하고 블레이드의 진동 주파수를 60-70 Hz로 유지하고 가능한 한 천천히 블레이드를 앞으로 이동시킵니다 . </li><li> 작은 브러시를 사용하여 슬라이스에서 남아있는 아가로 오스를 조심스럽게 제거하십시오. </li><li> 부드럽게 전송0.9 % 칼슘 2 + 100 % O 2 와 함께 Tyrode의 솔루션에 파스퇴르 피펫으로 슬라이스 슬라이스 절차에서 회복하기 위해 얼음에 최소한 30 분 동안 그들을 저장합니다. </li><li> 그 후 37 ℃에서 DMEM으로 30 분간 슬라이스를 유지하고 카보 겐이 폭기되어 BDM을 더 잘 사용하기 전에 씻어 낸다. </li></ol> 6. 샤프 전극 준비 준비 <ol><li> 예열의 경우 녹음이 시작되기 30 분 전 모든 전기 장치를 켜십시오. </li><li> 거꾸로 현미경에 배치 가열 플레이트에 3cm 세포 배양 접시를 넣어. </li><li> 접시에 맞춤형 링 전극 ( 그림 2 )을 놓고 전치 증폭기와 자극 전극의 접지선을 연결하십시오. </li><li> 관류 시스템의 유연한 튜브를 접시에 연결하십시오. </li><li> carbogen으로 폭기 DMEM와 재관류 시스템의 저수지를 입력하십시오. </li><li> 관류 펌프를 켜고 관류를 설정하십시오2 ~ 3 mL / min. </li><li> 유량 히터와 가열 플레이트를 조절하여 37 접시에 DMEM의 온도를 조정합니다. </li></ol> 7. 활동 잠재 녹음 <ol><li> DMEM 가득 접시에 심실 슬라이스를 놓습니다. </li><li> 거꾸로 된 현미경으로 조직의 구조적 무결성과 생존력 (수축 기능에 기반)을 확인하십시오. </li><li> 기록 용 유리 전극을 3M KCL로 채 웁니다. </li><li> DMEM으로 자극 전극을 채 웁니다. </li><li> 녹음 전극과 자극 전극을 전극 홀더에 놓습니다. </li><li> 슬라이스에 자극 전극을 조심스럽게 넣고 전기 자극기를 켭니다. 1-2 Hz의 자극 주파수로 시작하십시오. </li><li> micromanipulator와 함께 기록 전극을 의도 된 기록 위치로 이동시킵니다. </li><li> 팁이 조직에 닿을 때까지 녹음 전극을 천천히 내립니다. </li><li> 짧은 직사각형 전기 펄스를기록 전극은 세포막을 관통한다. </li><li> 안정된 신호가 확보 될 때까지 기록 전극의 위치를 ​​조심스럽게 바꾸십시오. </li><li> 활동 잠재력의 기록을 시작하십시오. </li></ol>

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저자는 선언 할 것이 없다.

심실 슬라이스는 조직 구조와 같은 생체 내에서 보존되고 심장의 모든 부위에 측정 기술을 직접 액세스 할 수있는 전기 생리 학적, 약리학 적 및 기계적 연구를 가능하게합니다. 생리 작용 잠재 성질은 배아, 신생아 및 성인 조각 9 , 10 , 11 에서 입증되었습니다. 슬라이싱 절차에 의해 직접적으로 손상된 표면층을 제외한...

얇은 조직 조각은 Yaman과 Mcllwain이 1966 년에 뇌 조각의 전기적 활동이 시험 관내에서 유지 된다는 것을 보여주기 때문에 기초 과학에서 자주 사용되었습니다 1 . 그 이후로 뇌 2 , 간 3 , 폐 4 및 심근 조직 5 , 6 , 7의 조각에 대해 전기 생리 학적 및 약리학 적 연구가 수행되었습니다. 신생아 쥐의 심실 조각에서 첫 번째 패치 - 클램프 녹음은 1990 년 8 월 에 기술되었지만,이 기술은 오랫동안 망각에 빠졌다. 10 년이 지난 후에, 우리 그룹은 쥐 배아 9 , 신생아 10 및 성인 11 심장 조각을 준비하는 새로운 방법을 확립했습니다. 이러한 생존 가능한 조직 절편은 급성 실험 (성인 슬라이스몇 시간 동안 배양 할 수 있음) 또는 단기 배양 실험 (배아 및 신생아 슬라이스를 며칠 동안 재배 할 수 있음). 전기 생리학적인 특성과 날카로운 전극 활동 전위 및 미세 전극 배열 녹음 11 에 의해 평가 된 동질적인 자극 확산과 같은 생체 내 슬라이스가 표시 됩니다 . &quot;2 차원&quot;형태로 인해 심전도의 모든 영역에 녹음 전극을 직접 액세스 할 수 있기 때문에 전기 생리 학적 연구를위한 흥미로운 도구가되며 Langendorff- 관류 심장 전체에 비해 새로운 실험 옵션이 제공됩니다. 베라파밀 (L-type Ca 2+ -channel blocker), 리도카인 (Na + 채널 차단제), 4- 아미노 피리딘 (비 선택적 전압 의존성 K + 채널 차단제) 및 리노피딘 (KCNQ K)과 같은 이온 채널 차단제에 대한 상기 약물의 약물 반응은, + 채널 차단기) 9 , 11 </sup&gt;는 해리 된 심근 세포에 대한 공지 된 효과에 상응 하였다. 등척성 힘 측정은 양의 힘 주파수 관계를 나타내었고 손상되지 않은 수축 기능을 강력하게 제안 하였다. 이러한 결과는 쥐 뇌실 절편이 생리 및 약리 연구를위한 시험 관내 조직 모델로서 적합 함을 입증했다. 또한, 심전도 기록과 결합 된 수축 심실의 심실 슬라이스는 전기 및 기계적 통합뿐만 아니라 이식 된 태아 12 , 13 , 14 및 줄기 세포에서 파생 된 15 개의 심근 세포의 성숙을 특성화하는 데 매우 유용한 도구임이 입증되었습니다. 요약하면, 심실 슬라이스는 귀중하고 잘 확립 된 다세포 조직 모델이며 해리 된 심근 세포와 Langendorff- 관류 된 심장을 보완하는 것으로 간주되어야합니다심장 혈관 연구에서 심장 내 모든 부위에 예리한 전극 기록과 같은 측정 기술의 직접 액세스뿐만 아니라 생체 내 조직 구조 (해리 된 세포와 대조적으로)를 제공한다는 큰 이점이 있습니다 (전체 심장 조제와는 대조적으로).

<table><tbody><tr><td>Leica VT 1000s</td><td>Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany</td><td></td><td>Microtome with vibrating blade.</td></tr><tr><td>Stainless Steel Blades</td><td>Campden Instruments, Loughborough, England</td><td>7550-1-SS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pasteur pipettes</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA</td><td>Z627992</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine brush, &lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; size 6 (4/32&quot;)</td><td>VWR, International, Radnor, USA</td><td>149-2125</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Preparation table</td><td></td><td></td><td>self made</td></tr><tr><td>Molt for embedding ventricles in agarose</td><td></td><td></td><td>self made</td></tr><tr><td>1 mL Syringe</td><td>Becton, Dickinson; Franklin Lakes, USA</td><td>300013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>27 G x 3/4`` Needles</td><td>Braun, Melsungen, Germany</td><td>4657705</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>20 G 11/2`` Needles</td><td>4657519</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small scissor</td><td>WPI, Sarasota, USA</td><td>501263</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tweezers #5, 0.1 x 0.06 mm tip</td><td>WPI, Sarasota, USA</td><td>500342</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oxygen gas (medical grade O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Linde, Munich, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carbogen gas (95 % O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, 5 % CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Linde, Munich, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA</td><td>7647-14-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA</td><td>746436</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA</td><td>746495</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA</td><td>NIST200B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA</td><td>51558</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA</td><td>S5761</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D(+)-Glucose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA</td><td>G8270</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA</td><td>M7506</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaOH</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA</td><td>S8045</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cyanoacrylate glue</td><td>Henkel, D&amp;uuml;sseldorf, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Low-melt Agarose</td><td>Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td><td>6351.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heparin-sodium-25000 I.E./5 mL</td><td>Ratiopharm, Ulm, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), high glucose, GlutaMAX</td><td>ThermoScientific, Waltham, USA</td><td>10566016</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SEC-10LX Amplifier</td><td>npi electronic GmbH, Tamm, Germany</td><td>SEC-10LX</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EPC 9</td><td>HEKA Elektronik GmbH, Lambrecht, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zeiss Axiovert 200</td><td>Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Low magnification Micromanipulator</td><td>Narashige, Tokyo, Japan</td><td>Nm-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High magnification, three-axis micromanipulator</td><td>Narashige, Tokyo, Japan</td><td>MHW-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Peristaltic perfusion pump</td><td>Multi Channel Systems, Reutlingen, Germany</td><td>PPS2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-channel temperature controller</td><td>Multi Channel Systems, Reutlingen, Germany</td><td>TCO02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Square pulse stimulator</td><td>Natus Europe GmbH, Planegg, Germany</td><td>Grass SD9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass capillaries</td><td>WPI, Sarasota, USA</td><td>1B150F-1</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

murine short axis ventricular heart slices for electrophysiological studies

Murine 심근 세포는 심장 생리학 및 새로운 치료 전략에 대한 시험 관내 연구에 광범위하게 사용되었습니다. 그러나, 해리 된 심근 세포의 다세포 제제는 심장의 기계적 및 전기 생리 학적 성질에 영향을 미치는 심근 세포, 비 - 근세포 및 세포 외 기질의 생체 내 구조의 복합체 를 대표하지 못한다. 여기서 우리 는 생체 내 조직 구조와 같은 보존 된 생쥐 심근의 실용적 심실 슬라이스를 준비하고 전기 생리 학적 기록에 대한 적합성을 입증하는 기술을 설명합니다. 심장 절제 후 심실을 심방에서 분리하고 2,3-butanedione monoxime이 포함 된 Ca 2+가 없는 용액으로 관류하고 4 % 저 용융 아가로 오스 블록에 묻힌다. 블록을 진동 날이있는 마이크로톰 위에 놓고 150-400 μm 두께의 조직 절편을 준비하여 진동을 유지합니다. fre블레이드를 가능한 한 천천히 앞으로 움직이게합니다. 조각의 두께는 추가 응용 프로그램에 따라 다릅니다. 슬라이스는 0.9 mM Ca 2+ 및 2,3- 부탄 다이옥신 모노 옥심 (BDM)을 함유 한 차가운 타이로드 용액에 30 분 동안 저장한다. 그 후, 슬라이스를 37 ℃의 DMEM으로 옮겨 30 분간 BDM을 세척한다. 조각은 수축 기능을 분석하거나 이식 된 줄기 세포 유래 심근 세포와 숙주 조직의 상호 작용을 조사하기 위해 힘 측정을 위해 날카로운 전극 또는 미세 전극 배열을 이용한 전기 생리 학적 연구에 사용할 수 있습니다. 날카로운 전극 녹음을 위해, 슬라이스는 거꾸로 현미경의 가열 판에 3cm 세포 배양 접시에 배치됩니다. 슬라이스는 단 극성 전극으로 자극되고 슬라이스 내의 심근 세포의 세포 내 활동 전위는 날카로운 유리 전극으로 기록됩니다.

심근 경색은 심근 세포의 사실상 비가 역적 손실을 초래합니다. 줄기 세포 유래의 심근 세포를 외인성 심장 재생에 사용하는 세포 대체 요법이 유망한 치료법이다. 이식 된 세포의 전기적 통합과 성숙은 세포 대체 요법의 안전성과 효율성을 위해 매우 중요합니다. 통합 및 성숙을 평가하기 위해 우리는 성숙한 생쥐의 건강한 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Short Axis Ventricular Heart Slices for Electrophysiological Studies at JoVE.com

Murine Short Axis Ventricular Heart Slices for Electrophysiological Studies

여기, 우리는 생쥐에서 생존 가능한 심실 슬라이스의 준비와 날카로운 전극 활동 전위 녹음에 대한 그들의 사용을 설명합니다. 이러한 다세포 제제는 생체 내 에서 생리 학적 및 약리학 적 연구 에 유용한 모델이되는 조직 구조와 같은 생체 내 보존성을 제공합니다.

전기 생리학 연구를위한 마우스 짧은 축 심실 조각

Murine cardiomyocytes have been extensively used for in vitro studies of cardiac physiology and new therapeutic strategies. However, multicellular ...

murine-short-axis-ventricular-heart-slices-for-electrophysiological

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Medicine

7.3K 조회수.  University of Cologne.  여기, 우리는 생쥐에서 생존 가능한 심실 슬라이스의 준비와 날카로운 전극 활동 전위 녹음에 대한 그들의 사용을 설명합니다. 이러한 다세포 제제는 생체 내 에서 생리 학적 및 약리학 적 연구 에 유용한 모델이되는 조직 구조와 같은 생체 내 보존성을 제공합니다. 

비디오: Murine Short Axis Ventricular Heart Slices for Electrophysiological Studies

Optical Mapping of Action Potentials and Calcium Transients in the Mouse Heart

The mouse heart is a popular model for cardiovascular studies due to the existence of low cost technology for genetic engineering in this species. Cardiovascular physiological phenotyping of the mouse heart can be easily done using fluorescence imaging employing various probes for transmembrane potential (Vm), calcium transients (CaT), and other parameters. Excitation-contraction coupling is characterized by action potential and intracellular calcium dynamics; therefore, it is critically important to map both Vm and CaT simultaneously from the same location on the heart1-4. Simultaneous optical mapping from Langendorff perfused mouse hearts has the potential to elucidate mechanisms underlying heart failure, arrhythmias, metabolic disease, and other heart diseases. Visualization of activation, conduction velocity, action potential duration, and other parameters at a myriad of sites cannot be achieved from cellular level investigation but is well solved by optical mapping1,5,6. In this paper we present the instrumentation setup and experimental conditions for simultaneous optical mapping of Vm and CaT in mouse hearts with high spatio-temporal resolution using state-of-the-art CMOS imaging technology. Consistent optical recordings obtained with this method illustrate that simultaneous optical mapping of Langendorff perfused mouse hearts is both feasible and reliable.

This paper details the dissection procedure, instrumental setup, and experimental conditions during optical mapping of transmembrane potential (Vm) and intracellular calcium transient (CaT) in intact isolated Langendorff perfused mouse hearts.

마우스 중심에 액션 후보와 칼슘 과도의 광학 매핑

The mouse heart is a popular model for cardiovascular studies due to the existence of low cost technology for genetic engineering in this species. ...

연구

생체공학

Optical Imaging of Isolated Murine Ventricular Myocytes

The ability to isolate adult cardiac myocytes has permitted researchers to study a variety of cardiac pathologies at the single cell level. While advances in calcium sensitive dyes have permitted the robust optical recording of single cell calcium dynamics, recording of robust transmembrane optical voltage signals has remained difficult. Arguably, this is because of the low single to noise ratio, phototoxicity, and photobleaching of traditional potentiometric dyes. Therefore, single cell voltage measurements have long been confined to the patch clamp technique which while the gold standard, is technically demanding and low throughput. However, with the development of novel potentiometric dyes, large, fast optical responses to changes in voltage can be obtained with little to no phototoxicity and photobleaching. This protocol describes in detail how to isolate adult murine myocytes which can be used for cellular shortening, calcium, and optical voltage measurements. Specifically, the protocol describes how to use a ratiometric calcium dye, a single-excitation calcium dye, and a single excitation voltage dye. This approach can be used to assess the cardiotoxicity and arrhythmogenicity of various chemical agents. While phototoxicity is still an issue at the single cell level, methodology is discussed on how to reduce it.

We present the methodology for the isolation of murine myocytes and how to obtain voltage or calcium traces simultaneously with sarcomere shortening traces using fluorescence photometry with simultaneous digital cell geometry measurements.

고립 된 뮤린 심실 근세포의 광학 이미징

The ability to isolate adult cardiac myocytes has permitted researchers to study a variety of cardiac pathologies at the single cell level. While advances ...

Preclinical Cardiac Electrophysiology Assessment by Dual Voltage and Calcium Optical Mapping of Human Organotypic Cardiac Slices

Human cardiac slice preparations have recently been developed as a platform for human physiology studies and therapy testing to bridge the gap between animal and clinical trials. Numerous animal and cell models have been used to examine the effects of drugs, yet these responses often differ in humans. Human cardiac slices offer an advantage for drug testing in that they are directly derived from viable human hearts. In addition to having preserved multicellular structures, cell-cell coupling, and extracellular matrix environments, human cardiac tissue slices can be used to directly test the effect of innumerable drugs on adult human cardiac physiology. What distinguishes this model from other heart preparations, such as whole hearts or wedges, is that slices can be subjected to longer-term culture. As such, cardiac slices allow for studying the acute as well as chronic effects of drugs. Furthermore, the ability to collect several hundred to a thousand slices from a single heart makes this a high-throughput model to test several drugs at varying concentrations and combinations with other drugs at the same time. Slices can be prepared from any given region of the heart. In this protocol, we describe the preparation of left ventricular slices by isolating tissue cubes from the left ventricular free wall and sectioning them into slices using a high precision vibrating microtome. These slices can then either be subjected to acute experiments to measure baseline cardiac electrophysiological function or cultured for chronic drug studies. This protocol also describes dual optical mapping of cardiac slices for simultaneous recordings of transmembrane potentials and intracellular calcium dynamics to determine the effects of the drugs being investigated.

This protocol describes the procedure for sectioning and culturing human cardiac slices for preclinical drug testing and details the use of optical mapping for recording transmembrane voltage and intracellular calcium signals simultaneously from these slices.

인간 조직형 심장 슬라이스의 이중 전압 및 칼슘 광학 매핑에 의한 전임상 심장 전극생리학 평가

Human cardiac slice preparations have recently been developed as a platform for human physiology studies and therapy testing to bridge the gap between ...

Electrophysiological Assessment of Murine Atria with High-Resolution Optical Mapping

Recent genome-wide association studies targeting atrial fibrillation (AF) have indicated a strong association between the genotype and electrophysiological phenotype in the atria. That encourages us to utilize a genetically-engineered mouse model to elucidate the mechanism of AF. However, it is difficult to evaluate the electrophysiological properties in murine atria due to their small size. This protocol describes the electrophysiological evaluation of atria using an optical mapping system with a high temporal and spatial resolution in Langendorff perfused murine hearts. The optical mapping system is assembled with dual high-speed complementary metal oxide semiconductor cameras and high magnification objective lenses, to detect the fluorescence of a voltage-sensitive dye and Ca2+ indicator. To focus on the assessment of murine atria, optical mapping is performed with an area of 2 mm &#215; 2 mm or 10 mm x 10 mm, with a 100 &#215; 100 resolution (20 &#181;m/pixel or 100 &#181;m/pixel) and sampling rate of up to 10 kHz (0.1 ms) at maximum. A 1-French size quadripolar electrode pacing catheter is placed into the right atrium through the superior vena cava avoiding any mechanical damage to the atrium, and pacing stimulation is delivered through the catheter. An electrophysiological study is performed with programmed stimulation including constant pacing, burst pacing, and up to triple extrastimuli pacing. Under a spontaneous or pacing rhythm, the optical mapping recorded the action potential duration, activation map, conduction velocity, and Ca2+ transient individually in the right and left atria. In addition, the programmed stimulation also determines the inducibility of atrial tachyarrhythmias. Precise activation mapping is performed to identify the propagation of the excitation in the atrium during an induced atrial tachyarrhythmia. Optical mapping with a specialized setting enables a thorough electrophysiological evaluation of the atrium in murine pathological models.

This protocol describes the electrophysiological evaluation of murine atria utilizing an optical mapping system with a high temporal and spatial resolution, including dual recordings of the membrane voltage and Ca2+ transient under programmed stimulation through a specialized electrode catheter.

고해상도 광학 매핑 Murine Atria electrophysiological 평가

Recent genome-wide association studies targeting atrial fibrillation (AF) have indicated a strong association between the genotype and ...

의학

Isolation and Kv Channel Recordings in Murine Atrial and Ventricular Cardiomyocytes

KCNE genes encode for a small family of Kv channel ancillary subunits that form heteromeric complexes with Kv channel alpha subunits to modify their functional properties. Mutations in KCNE genes have been found in patients with cardiac arrhythmias such as the long QT syndrome and/or atrial fibrillation. However, the precise molecular pathophysiology that leads to these diseases remains elusive. In previous studies the electrophysiological properties of the disease causing mutations in these genes have mostly been studied in heterologous expression systems and we cannot be sure if the reported effects can directly be translated into native cardiomyocytes. In our laboratory we therefore use a different approach. We directly study the effects of KCNE gene deletion in isolated cardiomyocytes from knockout mice by cellular electrophysiology - a unique technique that we describe in this issue of the Journal of Visualized Experiments. The hearts from genetically engineered KCNE mice are rapidly excised and mounted onto a Langendorff apparatus by aortic cannulation. Free Ca2+ in the myocardium is bound by EGTA, and dissociation of cardiac myocytes is then achieved by retrograde perfusion of the coronary arteries with a specialized low Ca2+ buffer containing collagenase. Atria, free right ventricular wall and the left ventricle can then be separated by microsurgical techniques. Calcium is then slowly added back to isolated cardiomyocytes in a multiple step comprising washing procedure. Atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes of healthy appearance with no spontaneous contractions are then immediately subjected to electrophysiological analyses by patch clamp technique or other biochemical analyses within the first 6 hours following isolation.

Kv channel dysfunction is associated with cardiac arrhythmias. In order to study the molecular mechanisms that lead to such arrhythmias we utilize a systematic protocol for isolation of atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes from Kv channel ancillary subunit knockout mice. Isolated cardiomyocytes can then immediately be used for cellular electrophysiological studies, biochemical or immunofluorescence (IF) assays.

손쥐 심방과 심실 Cardiomyocytes의 절연 및 KV 채널 레코딩

KCNE genes encode for a small family of Kv channel ancillary subunits that form heteromeric complexes with Kv channel alpha subunits to modify their ...

생물학

Optocardiography and Electrophysiology Studies of Ex Vivo Langendorff-perfused Hearts

Small animal models are most commonly used in cardiovascular research due to the availability of genetically modified species and lower cost compared to larger animals. Yet, larger mammals are better suited for translational research questions related to normal cardiac physiology, pathophysiology, and preclinical testing of therapeutic agents. To overcome the technical barriers associated with employing a larger animal model in cardiac research, we describe an approach to measure physiological parameters in an isolated, Langendorff-perfused piglet heart. This approach combines two powerful experimental tools to evaluate the state of the heart: electrophysiology (EP) study and simultaneous optical mapping of transmembrane voltage and intracellular calcium using parameter sensitive dyes (RH237, Rhod2-AM). The described methodologies are well suited for translational studies investigating the cardiac conduction system, alterations in action potential morphology, calcium handling, excitation-contraction coupling and the incidence of cardiac alternans or arrhythmias.

The objective of this study was to establish a method for investigating cardiac dynamics using a translational animal model. The described experimental approach incorporates dual-emission optocardiography in conjunction with an electrophysiological study to assess electrical activity in an isolated, intact porcine heart model.

전 비보 랑엔도르프-퍼블릭 하트의 검문 및 전기생리학 연구

Small animal models are most commonly used in cardiovascular research due to the availability of genetically modified species and lower cost compared to ...

Microelectrode Array Recording of Sinoatrial Node Firing Rate to Identify Intrinsic Cardiac Pacemaking Defects in Mice

The sinoatrial node (SAN), located in the right atrium, contains the pacemaker cells of the heart, and dysfunction of this region can cause tachycardia or bradycardia. Reliable identification of cardiac pacemaking defects requires the measurement of intrinsic heart rates by largely preventing the influence of the autonomic nervous system, which can mask rate deficits. Traditional methods to analyze intrinsic cardiac pacemaker function include drug-induced autonomic blockade to measure in vivo heart rates, isolated heart recordings to measure intrinsic heart rates, and sinoatrial strip or single-cell patch-clamp recordings of sinoatrial pacemaker cells to measure spontaneous action potential firing rates. However, these more traditional techniques can be technically challenging and difficult to perform. Here, we present a new methodology to measure intrinsic cardiac firing rate by performing microelectrode array (MEA) recordings of whole-mount sinoatrial node preparations from mice. MEAs are composed of multiple microelectrodes arranged in a grid-like pattern for recording in vitro extracellular field potentials. The method described herein has the combined advantage of being relatively faster, simpler, and more precise than previous approaches for recording intrinsic heart rates, while also allowing easy pharmacological interrogation.

This protocol aims to describe a new methodology to measure intrinsic cardiac firing rate using microelectrode array recording of the whole sinoatrial node tissue to identify pacemaking defects in mice. Pharmacological agents can also be introduced in this method to study their effects on intrinsic pacemaking.

중고심 노드 발사 속도의 마이크로 전극 어레이 기록으로 마우스의 본질적인 심장 페이스메이킹 결함을 식별합니다.

The sinoatrial node (SAN), located in the right atrium, contains the pacemaker cells of the heart, and dysfunction of this region can cause tachycardia or ...

Isolation of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Vibratome-Cut Myocardial Slices

The isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes from animal and human hearts is a fundamental method in cardiac research. Animal cardiomyocytes are commonly isolated by coronary perfusion with digestive enzymes. However, isolating human cardiomyocytes is challenging because human myocardial specimens usually do not allow for coronary perfusion, and alternative isolation protocols result in poor yields of viable cells. In addition, human myocardial specimens are rare and only regularly available at institutions with on-site cardiac surgery. This hampers the translation of findings from animal to human cardiomyocytes. Described here is a reliable protocol that enables efficient isolation of ventricular myocytes from human and animal myocardium. To increase the surface-to-volume ratio while minimizing cell damage, myocardial tissue slices 300 &#181;m thick are generated from myocardial specimens with a vibratome. Tissue slices are then digested with protease and collagenase. Rat myocardium was used to establish the protocol and quantify yields of viable, calcium-tolerant myocytes by flow-cytometric cell counting. Comparison with the commonly used tissue-chunk method showed significantly higher yields of rod-shaped cardiomyocytes (41.5 &#177; 11.9 vs. 7.89 &#177; 3.6%, p &#60; 0.05). The protocol was translated to failing and non-failing human myocardium, where yields were similar as in rat myocardium and, again, markedly higher than with the tissue-chunk method (45.0 &#177; 15.0 vs. 6.87 &#177; 5.23 cells/mg, p &#60; 0.05). Notably, with the protocol presented it is possible to isolate reasonable numbers of viable human cardiomyocytes (9&#8211;200 cells/mg) from minimal amounts of tissue (&#60;50 mg). Thus, the method is applicable to healthy and failing myocardium from both human and animal hearts. Furthermore, it is possible to isolate excitable and contractile myocytes from human tissue specimens stored for up to 36 h in cold cardioplegic solution, rendering the method particularly useful for laboratories at institutions without on-site cardiac surgery.

Presented is a protocol for the isolation of human and animal ventricular cardiomyocytes from vibratome-cut myocardial slices. High yields of calcium-tolerant cells (up to 200 cells/mg) can be obtained from small amounts of tissue (&#60;50 mg). The protocol is applicable to myocardium exposed to cold ischemia for up to 36 h.

진동절단 심근슬라이스에서 인간 심실 심근세포의 분리

The isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes from animal and human hearts is a fundamental method in cardiac research. Animal cardiomyocytes are commonly ...

Isolation of High Quality Murine Atrial and Ventricular Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and L-Type Calcium Current

Mouse models play a crucial role in arrhythmia research and allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis including altered ion channel function and calcium handling. For this purpose, atrial or ventricular cardiomyocytes of high quality are necessary to perform patch-clamp measurements or to explore calcium handling abnormalities. However, the limited yield of high-quality cardiomyocytes obtained by current isolation protocols does not allow both measurements in the same mouse. This article describes a method to isolate high-quality murine atrial and ventricular myocytes via retrograde enzyme-based Langendorff perfusion, for subsequent simultaneous measurements of calcium transients and L-type calcium current from one animal. Mouse hearts are obtained, and the aorta is rapidly cannulated to remove blood. Hearts are then initially perfused with a calcium-free solution (37 &#176;C) to dissociate the tissue at the level of intercalated discs and afterwards with an enzyme solution containing little calcium to disrupt extracellular matrix (37 &#176;C). The digested heart is subsequently dissected into atria and ventricles. Tissue samples are chopped into small pieces and dissolved by carefully pipetting up and down. The enzymatic digestion is stopped, and cells are stepwise reintroduced to physiologic calcium concentrations. After loading with a fluorescent Ca2+-indicator, isolated cardiomyocytes are prepared for simultaneous measurement of calcium currents and transients. Additionally, isolation pitfalls are discussed and patch-clamp protocols and representative traces of L-type calcium currents with simultaneous calcium transient measurements in atrial and ventricular murine myocytes isolated as described above are provided.

Isolation of High Quality Murine Atrial and Ventricular Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and L-Type Calcium Current

Mouse models allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis. For this purpose, high quality cardiomyocytes are necessary to perform patch-clamp measurements. Here, a method to isolate murine atrial and ventricular myocytes via retrograde enzyme-based Langendorff perfusion, which allows simultaneous measurements of calcium-transients and L-type calcium current, is described.

Ca2+ 과도 현상 및 L형 칼슘 전류의 동시 측정을 위한 고품질 쥐 심방 및 심실 근세포의 분리

Mouse models play a crucial role in arrhythmia research and allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis including altered ion channel function and ...

Generation of Porcine Ventricular Slices: A Vibratome-based Technique to Prepare Ultra-thin Slices of Pig Heart Tissue

Source: Ou, Q. et. al., <a href="https://www.jove.com/v/60913">Slicing and Culturing Pig Hearts under Physiological Conditions.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2020)
This video demonstrates a vibratome-based procedure to generate viable, ultra-thin sections of pig heart. The prepared tissue slices can be cultured and used as model systems for pharmacological testing.

돼지 심실 절편의 생성: 돼지 심장 조직의 초박형 절편을 준비하기 위한 비브라톰 기반 기술

Source: Ou, Q. et. al., Slicing and Culturing Pig Hearts under Physiological Conditions. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)
This video demonstrates a vibratome-based ...