이 연구에 대한 재정 지원은 국가 핵심 연구 및 개발 프로그램 (2016YFC1200601)과 중국 국립 자연 과학 재단 (31390421)에 의해 제공되었습니다.

1. Whitefly 양육과 비밀 종 식별 <ol><li> 27 ± 1 ° C, 습도 70 ± 10 %, 빛 14 시간 : 어두운 곳에서 10 시간 동안 표준 조건에서 우리 속의 Gossypium hirsutum (Malvaceae) (cv. Zhe-Mian 1973)에 흰 반점 종을 유지한다. </li><li> 개별 성인 흰 반점을 수집하고 30 μl의 용해 버퍼 (10 MM 트리스, pH 8.4, 50 MM KCl, 0.45 % [wt / vol] Tween - 20, 0.2 % [wt / vol] 젤라틴, 0.45 % [vol / vol] Nonidet P 40, 60 g / mL 프로테이나 제 K). </li><li> 65 ° C에서 1 시간 동안 그리고 100 ° C에서 10 분 동안 균질 물을 품어 낸다. 참고 : 필요할 경우 65 ° C에서 배양 시간을 늘릴 수 있습니다. 100 ℃에서의 배양 시간은 Proteinase K를 충분히 비활성화시키고 DNA 손상을 피하기 위해 비판적으로 조절되어야합니다. </li><li> 미토콘드리아 시토크롬 옥시 다제 I 프라이머를 기반으로 한 whitefly DNA (1.3 절에서 획득)를 사용하여 중합 효소 연쇄 반응 (PCR)을 수행하십시오. COI-F : 5&#39;-TTGATTTTTTGGTCATCCAGAAGT-3 &#39; COI-R : 5&#39;-TAATATGGCAGATTAGTGCATTGGA-3 &#39; <ol><li> 1 U의 Taq DNA 중합 효소, 2.5 μL 10X 버퍼, 0.2 MM dNTP, 각 프라이머의 0.2 MM 및 whitefly DNA의 2 μL를 포함하는 25 μL의 최종 볼륨에서 PCR 반응을 수행하십시오. </li><li> 다음의 PCR 절차 조건을 사용하십시오 : 95 ℃에서 3 분간 변성 후 95 ℃에서 45 초 (변성), 50 ℃에서 45 초 (어닐링) 및 72 ℃에서 1 분간 (연장) 35 사이클 추가 확장을 위해 72 ℃에서 10 분. </li></ol></li><li> 권장 된 프로토콜로 DNA 겔 추출 키트를 사용하여 PCR 증폭 제품을 청소하십시오. </li><li> DNA 샘플 시퀀싱 시스템으로 제조사의 지시에 따라 정제 된 DNA 샘플을 시퀀싱합니다. </li><li> BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)를 사용하여 시퀀스를 분석하여 가자미 종의 식별 및 다른 특정 종의 오염 방지es. </li></ol> 2. 내분 해 식별 및 지역화 <ol><li> 흰 둥지 내의 각 endosymbiont의 특정 유전자를 증폭하기 위해 whitefly DNA (1.3 단계에서 얻음)에서 PCR을 수행하십시오 (PCR 처방은 1.4 절에 설명되어 있으며 PCR 절차와 프라이머는 표 1 에 나와 있습니다). </li><li> 이전에 발표 된 프로토콜 20 (1 % 아가로 오스 겔, 실행 버퍼로 트리스 - 아세테이트 - EDTA, 전압 5V / cm)에 따라 증폭 된 샘플을 아가로 오스 겔 전기 영동으로하여 각 세균의 특정 유전자를 확인하십시오. </li><li> 흰 반점 내에서 박테리아 종을 결정하기 위해 각 밴드를 복구하고 순서를 정하십시오 (1.5-1.7 절 참조). </li><li> 이전에 발표 된 프로토콜 19 에 따라 endosymbionts의 위치를 ​​식별하기 위해 whiteflies에 형광 in situ hybridizations (FISH)를 수행하십시오. 참고 : 필요한 경우 형광 탐침의 농도를 높이십시오. </li></ol&gt; 3. 투과 전자 현미경 (Transmission Electron Microscopy, TEM) <ol><li> 2.5 % [vol / vol] 글루 타르 알데히드를 함유 한 인산염 완충액 (0.1 M, pH 7.0)에서 흰 반점을 4 시간 동안 담그고 고정시킨다. </li><li> 인산염 완충액 (0.1 M, pH 7.0)에서 시료를 3 회, 매회 15 분 동안 씻으십시오. </li><li> 1 % [wt / vol] OsO 4 를 함유 한 인산염 완충액 (0.1 M, pH 7.0)에 시료를 2 시간 동안 담근다. </li><li> 매번 15 분씩 일련의 에탄올 (30 %, 50 %, 70 %, 80 %, 90 %, 95 % 및 100 %)로 샘플을 탈수하십시오. </li><li> 샘플을 100 % 아세톤에 20 분 동안 담그고 담그십시오. </li><li> 실온에서 1 시간 동안 100 % 아세톤과 100 % Spurr 수지 (1 : 1)의 혼합물에 샘플을 놓습니다. </li><li> 실온에서 3 시간 동안 100 % 아세톤 및 100 % 스퍼 르 수지 (1 : 3)의 혼합물에 샘플을 옮긴다. </li><li> 전달하고 샘플을 100 % Spurr 수지 (70 ° C에서 잠복)에 9 시간 이상 담그십시오. </li><li> 마이크로를 사용하여 흰 반점 샘플 섹션나에게. </li><li> 5 분에서 10 분 동안 절대 우라 닐 아세테이트에 담금으로써 초박막 (섹션 3.9에서 획득)에 얼룩을지게하고, 5 ~ 10 분 동안 50 % 알칼리성 납 시트 레이트에 담그십시오. 참고 : 섹션 3.1-3.10에서 사용 된 시약의 부피는 샘플에 따라 다릅니다. 샘플이 시약에 담겨 있는지 확인하십시오. </li><li> 투과 전자 현미경 (15,000X)에서 샘플을 관찰하여 추가로 사용할 박테리아의 위치, 모양 및 크기를 결정합니다 (4.6 절 참조). </li></ol> 4. 흰 파리 박테리아의 해부 및 정제 <ol><li> 현미경 슬라이드에 1x PBS 용액 100 μL를 추가합니다. 면화 잎에서 3, 4 th instar nymph를 골라 PBS 용액에 담그십시오. </li><li> 실체 현미경으로 미세 곤충 바늘을 사용하고 흰 반점 몸체에서 세균들을 꺼내십시오. <ol><li> 요정의 한쪽에있는 구멍을 부드럽게 자르고, 다른 쪽을 살짝 누릅니다.bacteriomes를 내보내는 쪽. </li></ol></li><li> 0.5-10 μL 피펫으로 20 μL 마이크로 로더를 장착하십시오 (박테리아의 크기에 맞게 끝 부분을 자릅니다). PBS 용액에서 개별 세균을 추출하여 마이크로 로더에 넣습니다. </li><li> bacteriome을 PBS 용액에 pipetting하고 박테리아를 추출하여 다른 흰 반점 조직의 오염을 제거하십시오. 3 번 반복하십시오. </li><li> 즉시 1x PBS 용액 60 μL가 들어있는 원심 튜브에 세균을 세척합니다. </li><li> 5 μm 필터 멤브레인을 통해 조립 된 박테리아를 주사기로 걸러냅니다 (박테리아의 크기와 흰 반점이있는 박테리아 세포의 핵으로 결정됨). 혼합 된 액체를 필터 멤브레인으로 완전히 이동 시키려면 여러 번 반복하십시오. 참고 : 더 나은 증폭 및 시퀀싱 결과를 얻으려면 100 개가 넘는 박테리아를 조립하십시오. 박테리아의 손실을 줄이기 위해 1x PBS 용액을 사용하여 필터 멤브레인을 먼저 적시십시오.막에 결합. </li></ol> 5. Endosymbiont 게놈의 증폭 <ol><li> 일부 수정과 함께 권장 프로토콜에 의해 DNA 증폭 키트를 사용하여 여액 (주로 흰 반점의 endosymbionts을 포함)을 증폭. <ol><li> 혈액 또는 세포에서 게놈 DNA의 증폭 프로토콜을 선택하고 이후 실험을 위해 버퍼 D2를 준비하십시오. </li><li> 원심 분리 튜브에 여과 액 1.5 μL (4.6 절 참조)을 직접 넣은 다음 1.5 μL의 Buffer D2를 넣고 잘 섞는다. </li><li> 얼음 위에서 10 분 동안 인큐베이션하고 1.5 ㎕의 정지 용액을 첨가한다. </li><li> 반응 완충액 15 μL와 DNA 중합 효소 1 μL를 첨가하고 부드럽게 섞는다. </li><li> 혼합물을 30 ° C에서 16 시간 동안 배양하고, 65 ° C에서 3 분간 교반한다. </li></ol></li><li> 박테리아를 위해 고안된 특정 프라이머를 사용하여 증폭 된 여과 액에서 PCR을 직접 수행하십시오 (필요한 경우 증폭 된 시료를 희석하십시오).박테리아 종을 확인하기 위해 테리아 (2.1 절 참조). </li><li> 이전에 발표 된 방법 21 (PCR 처방은 1.4 절에서 설명 됨)에 따라 whitefly 유전자 베타 - 액틴 및 EF1 프라이머를 사용하여 숙주 게놈의 오염 여부를 확인하기 위해 PCR을 실시하십시오. </li></ol> 6. Endosymbiont Metagenome 시퀀싱 <ol><li> 샘플의 품질을 테스트하고 시퀀싱을위한 기준을 충족하는지 여부를 확인하기 위해 시퀀싱 전에 증폭 된 여액을 분광 광도계 및 형광 측정기 (제조사의 지침에 따라)에 부탁하십시오. </li><li> 제작사의 지시에 따라 게놈 시퀀서에 증폭시킨다. </li></ol>

<ol>
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T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequencing+and+comparison+of+the+Rickettsia+genomes+from+the+whitefly+Bemisia+tabaci+Middle+East+Asia+Minor+I.">Sequencing and comparison of the Rickettsia genomes from the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Middle East Asia Minor I.</a> Insect Sci. 23 (4), 531-542 (2016).</li><li>Gottlieb, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+localization+of+a+Rickettsia+sp.+in+Bemisia+tabaci+(HomopteraAleyrodidae).">Identification and localization of a Rickettsia sp. in Bemisia tabaci (HomopteraAleyrodidae).</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72 (5), 3646-3652 (2006).</li><li>Zhang, C. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+temporal+changes+of+primary+and+secondary+bacterial+symbionts+and+whitefly+host+fitness+following+antibiotic+treatments.">Differential temporal changes of primary and secondary bacterial symbionts and whitefly host fitness following antibiotic treatments.</a> Sci. Rep. 5, 15898 (2015).</li><li>Shan, H. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+changes+of+symbiont+density+and+host+fitness+after+rifampicin+treatment+in+a+whitefly+of+the+Bemisia+tabaci+species+complex.">Temporal changes of symbiont density and host fitness after rifampicin treatment in a whitefly of the Bemisia tabaci species complex.</a> Insect Sci. 23 (2), 200-214 (2016).</li><li>Zchori-Fein, E., Brown, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diversity+of+prokaryotes+asscociated+with+Bemisia+tabaci+(Gennadius)+(Hemiptera:+Aleyrodidae).">Diversity of prokaryotes asscociated with Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).</a> Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 95 (6), 711-718 (2002).</li><li>Thao, M. L., Baumann, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolutionary+relationships+of+primary+prokaryotic+endosymbionts+of+whiteflies+and+their+hosts.">Evolutionary relationships of primary prokaryotic endosymbionts of whiteflies and their hosts.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (6), 3401-3406 (2004).</li><li>Zchori-Fein, E., Perlman, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution+of+the+bacterial+symbiont+Cardinium+in+arthropods.">Distribution of the bacterial symbiont Cardinium in arthropods.</a> Mol. Ecol. 13 (7), 2009-2016 (2004).</li><li>O'Neill, S. L., Giordano, R., Colbert, A. M., Karr, T. L., Robertson, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=116S+rRNA+phylogenetic+analysis+of+the+bacterial+endosymbionts+associated+with+cytoplasmic+incompatibility+in+insects.">116S rRNA phylogenetic analysis of the bacterial endosymbionts associated with cytoplasmic incompatibility in insects.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89 (7), 2699-2702 (1992).</li><li>Nirgianaki, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wolbachia+infections+of+the+whitefly+Bemisia+tabaci.">Wolbachia infections of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci.</a> Curr. Microbiol. 47 (2), 93-101 (2003).</li><li>Everett, K. D., Thao, M. L., Horn, M., Dyszynski, G. E., Baumann, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+chlamydiae+in+whiteflies+and+scale+insects:+endosymbionts+'Candidatus+Fritschea+bemisiae'+strain+Falk+and+'Candidatus+Fritschea+eriococci'+strain+Elm.">Novel chlamydiae in whiteflies and scale insects: endosymbionts 'Candidatus Fritschea bemisiae' strain Falk and 'Candidatus Fritschea eriococci' strain Elm.</a> Int. J. Syst. Evol. Micr. 55, 1581-1587 (2005).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

Since the endosymbionts within whiteflies cannot be cultured in vitro, dissection and assembling bacteriocytes is an effective way to obtain enough genetic material of endosymbionts. Before dissection, the species of whitefly and endosymbionts involved should be explicitly confirmed. The whitefly B. tabaci is a species complex with more than 35 morphologically indistinguishable species and different cryptic species may contain different endosymbionts. Portiera is uniformly harbored as an obliga...

상대적 숙주와 친밀한 공생 관계를 형성하는 박테리아는 절지 동물에서 널리 퍼져있다 1 . endosymbionts는 거의 모든 발달 단계 5 에서 영양 대사, 번식, 환경 스트레스에 대한 반응 2 , 3 , 4 등과 같은 숙주의 양상에 영향을 미치는 것으로 입증되었습니다. 그러나 협회를 뒷받침하는 메커니즘은 아직 많이 알려져 있지 않습니다. 유전체학은 박테리아의 잠재적 인 기능과 역할을 연구 할 때 우선 순위이며 중요합니다. 분류 학적 상태, 기능 유전자, 대사 경로, 분비 시스템과 같은 몇 가지 기본 정보는 공생에서 공생 공생체의 잠재적 역할에 대한 조명을 밝히는 게놈 서열로부터 추론 할 수 있습니다. 높은 처리량 시퀀싱의 개발로 방대한 세균 게놈이 시퀀싱되었습니다여러 가지 기능이 밝혀졌다. 내배체는 진딧물 7 , 벌레 8 , 유문 9 , 갈색 planthoppers 10 및 매미 11 과 같은 반월에서 매우 중요합니다. 예를 들어, 진딧물의 Buchnera 는 필수적인 공생체 로서 진딧물 유전체 12 의 유전자와 함께 필수 아미노산 생합성에 관여하는 것으로 입증되었습니다. 또한 Buchnera의 전사 조절 또한 밝혀졌다. psyllids에서는 Carsonella 가 서열화되어 가장 작은 박테리아 게놈을 14 번 발견했습니다. endosymbionts의 이러한 모든 특징은 게놈 서열을 기반으로하고 유추됩니다. 이러한 endosymbionts가 시험 관내 에서 배양 될 수 없기 때문에, seq에 적합한 박테리아를 분리하기 위해 여러 가지 접근법이 적용되었습니다어젠 싱. 진딧물에서, endosymbionts는 원심 분리 및 여과를 통해 추출하고 추가 게놈 및 transcriptomic 분석 5에 적용 됩니다. 갈색 딱정벌레에서는 곤충 게놈 전체와 함께 내분비물이 서열화됩니다 10 . Whitefly B. tabaci 는 35 종 이상의 형태 학적으로 구분할 수없는 종 (비밀 종)을 포함하고있는 종 복합체이며, 그 중 2 종의 침입 종이 전 세계에 침입하여 농산물에 막대한 피해를 입혔습니다 15 . 주목할 점은 B. tabaci 종의 내분비는 해충의 발생에 중요성을 보여 주었다. 현재까지, 8 종의 endosymbiont가 흰 반딧불에서 확인되었다. 그 중 하나는 obligent symbiont, Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum, 7 명의 보조 공생 자인 Hamiltonella , Rickettsia , Arsenophonus , Cardinium ,em&gt; Wolbachia, Fritschea 및 Hemipteriphilus 는 17 , 18을 정의했다. 이전에 기술 된 반 형제와 달리 흰 반점 B. tabaci 는 길이가 1mm에 불과한 매우 작은 벌레입니다. 대부분의 endosymbionts는 bacteriocytes 19 ( B. tabaci 에서 세균을 더 형성하는 symbionts를 포함하는 특수 세포)에 국한되어 있습니다. 또한, 이러한 내재화는 시험 관내에서 배양 할 수 없다. B. tabaci 에서 endosymbionts를 얻는 유일한 방법은 박테리아를 해부하는 것입니다. 그러나 해부학에 어려움이 있습니다. 첫째, 깨지기 쉬운 세균은 흰 반점의 다른 조직과 항상 연결되어 분리되기 어렵습니다. 두 번째로, 흰 반점의 작은 크기는 충분한 박테리아의 고립을 제한합니다. 세 번째로, 세균 내에서 내재물 (endosymbion)이 번식하여 한 종의 세균을 얻기가 매우 복잡합니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="775">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="53">
			<td height="53" style="height:53px;width:243px;">Taq DNA polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Takara</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">R001A</td>
			<td style="width:296px;">including rTaq, 10&#215;Buffer and dNTP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="53">
			<td height="53" style="height:53px;width:243px;">Gel DNA extraction kit</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">28704</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="53">
			<td height="53" style="height:53px;width:243px;">DNA sample sequencing system</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">ABI</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">ABI-3730XL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="53">
			<td height="53" style="height:53px;width:243px;">Microtome</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">EM UC7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="53">
			<td height="53" style="height:53px;width:243px;">Transmission electron microscopy</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Hitachi</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">H-7650 TEM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="53">
			<td height="53" style="height:53px;width:243px;">Stereo microscope</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Stemi 2000-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="53">
			<td height="53" style="height:53px;width:243px;">20 &#956;L microloader</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">F2771951</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="53">
			<td height="53" style="height:53px;width:243px;">Filter holder</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">SX0001300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="53">
			<td height="53" style="height:53px;width:243px;">Filter membrane filter</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">SMWP001300</td>
			<td>5.0 &#956;m SMWP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="53">
			<td height="53" style="height:53px;width:243px;">REPLI-g UltraFast Mini Kit</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">150033</td>
			<td>DNA amlification kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="53">
			<td height="53" style="height:53px;width:243px;">NanoDrop</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">NanoDrop 2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="53">
			<td height="53" style="height:53px;">Qubit Fluorometer</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Q33216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="53">
			<td height="53" style="height:53px;width:243px;">Genome Sequencer</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Illumina</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Hiseq 2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methods for the extraction of endosymbionts from the whitefly bemisia tabaci

박테리아 공동체는 그들의 숙주와 친밀한 관계를 형성하고 대부분의 경우 숙주에게 이점을줍니다. 유전체 정보는 숙주에서 세균 공생체의 기능과 진화를 연구하는 데 중요합니다. 대부분의 공생 균 은 시험 관내 에서 배양 될 수 없으므로, 게놈 시퀀싱을위한 박테리아의 적절한 양을 분리하는 방법은 매우 중요합니다. 흰 반점 Bemisia tabaci 에서 여러 가지 내인성이 확인되었고 여러 가지 접근법을 통해 해충의 발생과 번식에 중요 할 것으로 예측됩니다. 그러나 협회를 뒷받침하는 메커니즘은 아직 많이 알려져 있지 않습니다. 장애물은 부분적으로 세균 증식 억제 물질 인 흰가루병에있는 내막 곰팡이가 숙주 세포에서 분리되기 어렵다는 사실에서 기인합니다. 여기에서 우리는 주로 해면체 B. tabaci 에서 endosymbionts의 동정, 추출 및 정제를위한 단계별 프로토콜을보고한다 .켜고 여과하십시오. 다른 endosymbiont 종의 혼합물이긴하지만,이 방법에 의해 준비된 endosymbiont 샘플은 B. tabaci 에서 endosymbionts의 가능한 역할의 후속 게놈 시퀀싱 및 분석에 적합합니다. 이 방법은 다른 곤충에서 내재물을 분리하는 데 사용될 수도 있습니다.

B. tabaci 단지의 중동 아시아 소아 1 (MEAM1) 종은 여기서 설명을 위해 예로 취했다. 흰가루병을 키우기위한 면화와 흰가루병의 여러 발달 단계가 면화 식물, 성충과 흰빛 반딧불이의 1 , 2, 4 번 족장 약충을 포함하여 그림 1에 나와 있습니다 (3 번 황충은 4 번 황후 요정과 유사하게 보입니다. ). 4 th instar 님?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for the Extraction of Endosymbionts from the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci at JoVE.com

Methods for the Extraction of Endosymbionts from the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci

여기, 우리는 해부 및 여과를 통해 흰 반점 Bemisia tabaci 에서 endosymbionts를 분리하는 프로토콜을 제시한다. 증폭 후, DNA 샘플은 endosymbionts와 whitefly 사이의 mutualism의 후속 시퀀싱 및 연구에 적합합니다.

Whitefly에서 Endosymbionts의 추출을위한 방법<em&gt; 베미 시아 타바시</em

Bacterial symbionts form an intimate relationship with their hosts and confer advantages to the hosts in most cases. Genomic information is critical to ...

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Biology

Methods for the Extraction of Endosymbionts from the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci

9.8K 조회수.  Zhejiang University.  여기, 우리는 해부 및 여과를 통해 흰 반점 Bemisia tabaci 에서 endosymbionts를 분리하는 프로토콜을 제시한다. 증폭 후, DNA 샘플은 endosymbionts와 whitefly 사이의 mutualism의 후속 시퀀싱 및 연구에 적합합니다. 

비디오: Methods for the Extraction of Endosymbionts from the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci

Methods for Patch Clamp Capacitance Recordings from the Calyx

We demonstrate the basic techniques for presynaptic patch clamp recording at the calyx of Held, a mammalian central nervous system nerve terminal. Electrical recordings from the presynaptic terminal allow the measurement of action potentials, calcium channel currents, vesicle fusion (exocytosis) and subsequent membrane uptake (endocytosis). The fusion of vesicles containing neurotransmitter causes the vesicle membrane to be added to the cell membrane of the calyx. This increase in the amount of cell membrane is measured as an increase in capacitance. The subsequent reduction in capacitance indicates endocytosis, the process of membrane uptake or removal from the calyx membrane. Endocytosis, is necessary to maintain the structure of the calyx and it is also necessary to form vesicles that will be filled with neurotransmitter for future exocytosis events. Capacitance recordings at the calyx of Held have made it possible to directly and rapidly measure vesicular release and subsequent endocytosis in a mammalian CNS nerve terminal. In addition, the corresponding postsynaptic activity can be simultaneously measured by using paired recordings. Thus a complete picture of the presynaptic and postsynaptic electrical activity at a central nervous system synapse is achievable using this preparation. Here, the methods for slice preparation, morphological features for identification of calyces of Held, basic patch clamping techniques, and examples of capacitance recordings to measure exocytosis and endocytosis are presented.

We demonstrate the basic techniques for presynaptic patch clamp recording at the calyx of Held, a mammalian central nervous system nerve terminal.

칼리에서 패치 클램프 커패시턴스 레코딩을위한 방법

We demonstrate the basic techniques for presynaptic patch clamp recording at the calyx of Held, a mammalian central nervous system nerve terminal. ...

연구

생물학

Micro-dissection of Rat Brain for RNA or Protein Extraction from Specific Brain Region

Micro-dissection of rat brain into various regions is extremely important for the study of different neurodegenerative diseases. This video demonstrates micro-dissection of four major brain regions include olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus in fresh rat brain tissue. Useful tips for quick removal of respective regions to avoid RNA and protein degradation of the tissue are given.

Micro-dissection of rat brain into various regions is extremely important for the study of different neurodegenerative diseases. This video demonstrates micro-dissection of four major brain regions include olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus in fresh rat brain tissue. Useful tips for quick removal of respective regions to avoid RNA and protein degradation of the tissue are given.

RNA 또는 특정 뇌 영역에서 단백질 추출에 대한 쥐 두뇌의 마이크로 해부

Micro-dissection of rat brain into various regions is extremely important for the study of different neurodegenerative diseases. This video demonstrates ...

RNA Extraction from Neuroprecursor Cells Using the Bio-Rad Total RNA Kit

바이오 - 래드 총 RNA 키트를 사용 Neuroprecursor 셀에서 RNA 추출

Electrophysiological Methods for Recording Synaptic Potentials from the NMJ of Drosophila Larvae

In this video, we describe the electrophysiological methods for recording synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila larva. The larval neuromuscular system is a model synapse for the study of synaptic physiology and neurotransmission, and is a valuable research tool that has defined genetics and is accessible to experimental manipulation. Larvae can be dissected to expose the body wall musculature, central nervous system, and peripheral nerves. The muscles of Drosophila and their innervation pattern are well characterized and muscles are easy to access for intracellular recording. Individual muscles can be identified by their location and orientation within the 8 abdominal segments, each with 30 muscles arranged in a pattern that is repeated in segments A2 - A7. Dissected drosophila larvae are thin and individual muscles and bundles of motor neuron axons can be visualized by transillumination1. Transgenic constructs can be used to label target cells for visual identification or for manipulating gene products in specific tissues. In larvae, excitatory junction potentials (EJP&#8217;s) are generated in response to vesicular release of glutamate from the motoneurons at the synapse. In dissected larvae, the EJP can be recorded in the muscle with an intracellular electrode. Action potentials can be artificially evoked in motor neurons that have been cut posterior to the ventral ganglion, drawn into a glass pipette by gentle suction and stimulated with an electrode. These motor neurons have distinct firing thresholds when stimulated, and when they fire simultaneously, they generate a response in the muscle. Signals transmitted across the NMJ synapse can be recorded in the muscles that the motor neurons innervate. The EJP&#8217;s and minature excitatory junction potentials (mEJP&#8217;s) are seen as changes in membrane potential. Electrophysiological responses are recorded at room temperature in modified minimal hemolymph-like solution2 (HL3) that contains 5 mM Mg2+ and 1.5 mM Ca2+. Changes in the amplitude of evoked EJP&#8217;s can indicate differences in synaptic function and structure. Digitized recordings are analyzed for EJP amplitude, mEJP frequency and amplitude, and quantal content.

Here we describe electrophysiological methods for measuring synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila larva. Evoked release is initiated artificially by stimulating the motor neuron axons, and transmission through the NMJ can be measured by the postsynaptic response evoked in the muscle.

Drosophila의 애벌레의 NMJ에서 시냅틱 후보를 녹음 Electrophysiological 방법

In this video, we describe the electrophysiological methods for recording synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila larva. ...

Methods for the Study of the Zebrafish Maxillary Barbel

Barbels are skin sensory appendages found in fishes, reptiles and amphibians. The zebrafish, Danio rerio, develops two pairs of barbels- a short nasal pair and a longer maxillary pair. Barbel tissue contains cells of ectodermal, mesodermal and neural crest origin, including skin cells, glands, taste buds, melanocytes, circulatory vessels and sensory nerves. Unlike most adult tissue, the maxillary barbel is optically clear, allowing us to visualize the development and maintenance of these tissue types throughout the life cycle. 
This video shows early development of the maxillary barbel (beginning approximately one month post-fertilization) and demonstrates a surgical protocol to induce regeneration in the adult appendage (&gt;3 months post-fertilization). Briefly, the left maxillary barbel of an anesthetized fish is elevated with sterile forceps just distal to the caudal edge of the maxilla. A fine, sterile spring scissors is positioned against the forceps to cut the barbel shaft at this level, establishing an anatomical landmark for the amputation plane. Regenerative growth can be measured with respect to this plane, and in comparison to the contralateral barbel. Barbel tissue regenerates rapidly, reaching maximal regrowth within 2 weeks of injury.
Techniques for analyzing the regenerated barbel include dissecting and embedding matched pairs of barbels (regenerate and control) in the wells of a standard DNA electrophoresis gel. Embedded specimens are conveniently photographed under a stereomicroscope for gross morphology and morphometry, and can be stored for weeks prior to downstream applications such as paraffin histology, cryosectioning, and/or whole mount immunohistochemistry. These methods establish the maxillary barbel as a novel in vivo tissue system for studying the regenerative capacity of multiple cell types within the genetic context of zebrafish.

The zebrafish maxillary barbel is an integumentary sense organ containing ectodermal, mesodermal and neural crest derivatives. Importantly, the adult barbel can regenerate after proximal amputation. This video introduces maxillary barbel development and demonstrates a surgical protocol to induce regeneration, followed by collection, embedding and downstream imaging of barbel specimens.

Zebrafish 상악 바벌의 연구 방법

Barbels are skin sensory appendages found in fishes, reptiles and amphibians.  The zebrafish, Danio rerio, develops two pairs of barbels- a short nasal ...

Extraction of the EPP Component from the Surface EMG

A surface electromyogram (EMG), especially when recorded near the neuromuscular junction, is expected to contain the endplate potential (EPP) component which can be extracted with an appropriate signal filter. Two factors are important: the EMG must be recorded in monopolar fashion, and the recording must be done so the low frequency signal corresponding the EPP is not eliminated. This report explains how to extract the EPP component from the EMG of the masseter muscle in a human subject. The surface EMG is recorded from eight sites using traditional disc electrodes aligned along over the muscle, with equal inter-electrode distance from the zygomatic arch to the angle of mandible in response to quick gum clenching. A reference electrode is placed on the tip of the nose. The EPP component is extracted from the raw EMGs by applying a high-cut digital filter (2nd dimension Butterworth filter) with a range of 10-35 Hz. When the filter is set to 10 Hz, the extracted EPP wave deflects either negative or positive depending on the recording site. The difference in the polarity reflects the sink-source relation of the end plate current, with the site showing the most negative deflection corresponding to the neuromuscular junction. In the case of the masseter muscle, the neuromuscular junction is estimated to be located in the inferior portion close to the angle of mandible. The EPP component exhibits an interesting oscillation when the cut-off frequency of the high-cut digital filter is set to 30 Hz. The EPP oscillation indicates that muscle contraction is adjusted in an intermittent manner. Abnormal tremors accompanying various sorts of diseases may be substantially due to this EPP oscillation, which becomes slower and is difficult to cease.

The endplate potential (EPP) component can be extracted from the surface EMG using a digital filter. The extracted EPP shows oscillation with a frequency of about 30 Hz.

표면 EMG에서 EPP 구성 요소의 추출

A surface electromyogram (EMG), especially when recorded near the neuromuscular junction, is expected to contain the endplate potential (EPP) component ...

Budding Yeast Protein Extraction and Purification for the Study of Function, Interactions, and Post-translational Modifications

Homogenization by bead beating is a fast and efficient way to release DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites from budding yeast cells, which are notoriously hard to disrupt. Here we describe the use of a bead mill homogenizer for the extraction of proteins into buffers optimized to maintain the functions, interactions and post-translational modifications of proteins. Logarithmically growing cells expressing the protein of interest are grown in a liquid growth media of choice. The growth media may be supplemented with reagents to induce protein expression from inducible promoters (e.g. galactose), synchronize cell cycle stage (e.g. nocodazole), or inhibit proteasome function (e.g. MG132). Cells are then pelleted and resuspended in a suitable buffer containing protease and/or phosphatase inhibitors and are either processed immediately or frozen in liquid nitrogen for later use. Homogenization is accomplished by six cycles of 20 sec&#160;bead-beating (5.5 m/sec), each followed by one minute incubation on ice. The resulting homogenate is cleared by centrifugation and small particulates can be removed by filtration. The resulting cleared whole cell extract (WCE) is precipitated using 20% TCA for direct analysis of total proteins by SDS-PAGE followed by Western blotting. Extracts are also suitable for affinity purification of specific proteins, the detection of post-translational modifications, or the analysis of co-purifying proteins. As is the case for most protein purification protocols, some enzymes and proteins may require unique conditions or buffer compositions for their purification and others may be unstable or insoluble under the conditions stated. In the latter case, the protocol presented may provide a useful starting point to empirically determine the best bead-beating strategy for protein extraction and purification. We show the extraction and purification of an epitope-tagged SUMO E3 ligase, Siz1, a cell cycle regulated protein that becomes both sumoylated and phosphorylated, as well as a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase subunit, Slx5.

The preparation of high quality yeast cell extracts is a necessary first step in the analysis of individual proteins or entire proteomes. Here we describe a fast, efficient, and reliable homogenization protocol for budding yeast cells that has been optimized to preserve protein functions, interactions, and post-translational modifications.

함수의 연구, 상호 작용, 그리고 번역 후 수정을위한 신진 효모 단백질 추출 및 정제

Homogenization by bead beating is a fast and efficient way to release DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites from budding yeast cells, which are notoriously ...

The Infiltration-centrifugation Technique for Extraction of Apoplastic Fluid from Plant Leaves Using Phaseolus vulgaris as an Example

The apoplast is a distinct extracellular compartment in plant tissues that lies outside the plasma membrane and includes the cell wall. The apoplastic compartment of plant leaves is the site of several important biological processes, including cell wall formation, cellular nutrient and water uptake and export, plant-endophyte interactions and defence responses to pathogens. The infiltration-centrifugation method is well established as a robust technique for the analysis of the soluble apoplast composition of various plant species. The fluid obtained by this method is commonly known as apoplast washing fluid (AWF). The following protocol describes an optimized vacuum infiltration and centrifugation method for AWF extraction from Phaseolus vulgaris (French bean) cv. Tendergreen leaves. The limitations of this method and the optimization of the protocol for other plant species are discussed. Recovered AWF can be used in a wide range of downstream experiments that seek to characterize the composition of the apoplast and how it varies in response to plant species and genotype, plant development and environmental conditions, or to determine how microorganisms grow in apoplast fluid and respond to changes in its composition.

The Infiltration-centrifugation Technique for Extraction of Apoplastic Fluid from Plant Leaves Using Phaseolus vulgaris as an Example

This protocol details the optimized extraction of apoplast washing fluid from plant leaves, using French bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) as a model example.

공장에서 유체 Apoplastic의 추출을위한 침투-원심 분리 기술을 사용하여 잎<em&gt; 위 Phaseolus 심상</em&gt; 예를 들어

The apoplast is a distinct extracellular compartment in plant tissues that lies outside the plasma membrane and includes the cell wall. The apoplastic ...

Filtration Isolation of Nucleic Acids:  A Simple and Rapid DNA Extraction Method

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad to extract cellular DNA from whole blood in less than 2 min. The blood specimen is treated with detergent, mixed briefly and applied by pipet to the separation membrane. The lysate wicks into the blotting pad due to capillary action, capturing the genomic DNA on the surface of the separation membrane. The extracted DNA is retained on the membrane during a simple wash step wherein PCR inhibitors are wicked into the absorbent blotting pad. The membrane containing the entrapped DNA is then added to the PCR reaction without further purification. This simple method does not require laboratory equipment and can be easily implemented with inexpensive laboratory supplies. Here we describe a protocol for highly sensitive detection and quantitation of HIV-1 proviral DNA from 100 &#181;l whole blood as a model for early infant diagnosis of HIV that could readily be adapted to other genetic targets.

We describe here a simple and rapid paper-based DNA extraction method of HIV proviral DNA from whole blood detected by quantitative PCR. This protocol can be extended for use in detecting other genetic markers or using alternative amplification methods.

핵산의 여과 분리 : 간단하고 신속한 DNA 추출 방법

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad ...

Methods for the Isolation, Culture, and Functional Characterization of Sinoatrial Node Myocytes from Adult Mice

Sinoatrial node myocytes (SAMs) act as the natural pacemakers of the heart, initiating each heart beat by generating spontaneous action potentials (APs). These pacemaker APs reflect the coordinated activity of numerous membrane currents and intracellular calcium cycling. However the precise mechanisms that drive spontaneous pacemaker activity in SAMs remain elusive. Acutely isolated SAMs are an essential preparation for experiments to dissect the molecular basis of cardiac pacemaking. However, the indistinct anatomy, complex microdissection, and finicky enzymatic digestion conditions have prevented widespread use of acutely isolated SAMs. In addition, methods were not available until recently to permit longer-term culture of SAMs for protein expression studies. Here we provide a step-by-step protocol and video demonstration for the isolation of SAMs from adult mice. A method is also demonstrated for maintaining adult mouse SAMs in vitro and for expression of exogenous proteins via adenoviral infection. Acutely isolated and cultured SAMs prepared via these methods are suitable for a variety of electrophysiological and imaging studies.

Methods are demonstrated for the isolation of sinoatrial node myocytes (SAMs) from adult mice for patch clamp electrophysiology or imaging studies. Isolated cells can be used directly or can be maintained in culture to permit expression of proteins of interest, such as genetically encoded reporters.

성인 마우스에서 동방 노드 근육 세포의 분리, 문화 및 기능 특성화하는 방법

Sinoatrial node myocytes (SAMs) act as the natural pacemakers of the heart, initiating each heart beat by generating spontaneous action potentials (APs). ...