이 연구는 부분적으로 Israel Cancer Research Fund의 Research Career Development Award, Israeli National Nanotechnology Initiative의 보조금 및 Personalized Theranostics (VP-K)의 Nanomedicines에 대한 Focal Technology Area의 Helmsley 자선 신탁 및 National 보건 당국 R01GM076360 (XC에).

<ol>
	<li>Padler-Karavani, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aiming+at+the+sweet+side+of+cancer:+Aberrant+glycosylation+as+possible+target+for+personalized-medicine.">Aiming at the sweet side of cancer: Aberrant glycosylation as possible target for personalized-medicine.</a> Cancer Lett. 352 (1), 102-112 (2014).</li><li>Amon, R., Reuven, E. M., Leviatan Ben-Arye, ., Padler-Karavani, S., V, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycans+in+immune+recognition+and+response.">Glycans in immune recognition and response.</a> Carbohydr Res. 389, 115-122 (2014).</li><li>H&#228;uselmann, I., Borsig, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+tumor-cell+glycosylation+promotes+metastasis.">Altered tumor-cell glycosylation promotes metastasis.</a> Front Oncol. 4, (2014).</li><li>Tangvoranuntakul, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+uptake+and+incorporation+of+an+immunogenic+nonhuman+dietary+sialic+acid.">Human uptake and incorporation of an immunogenic nonhuman dietary sialic acid.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100 (21), 12045-12050 (2003).</li><li>Bardor, M., Nguyen, D. H., Diaz, S., Varki, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+uptake+and+incorporation+of+the+non-human+sialic+acid+N-glycolylneuraminic+acid+into+human+cells.">Mechanism of uptake and incorporation of the non-human sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid into human cells.</a> J Biol Chem. 280 (6), 4228-4237 (2005).</li><li>Padler-Karavani, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diversity+in+specificity,+abundance,+and+composition+of+anti-Neu5Gc+antibodies+in+normal+humans:+potential+implications+for+disease.">Diversity in specificity, abundance, and composition of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in normal humans: potential implications for disease.</a> Glycobiology. 18 (10), 818-830 (2008).</li><li>Padler-Karavani, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+xeno-autoantibodies+against+a+non-human+sialic+acid+serve+as+novel+serum+biomarkers+and+immunotherapeutics+in+cancer.">Human xeno-autoantibodies against a non-human sialic acid serve as novel serum biomarkers and immunotherapeutics in cancer.</a> Cancer Res. 71 (9), 3352-3363 (2011).</li><li>Cao, H., Chen, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+consideration+on+sialic+acid+chemistry.">General consideration on sialic acid chemistry.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 808, 31-56 (2012).</li><li>Deng, L., Chen, X., Varki, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploration+of+sialic+Acid+diversity+and+biology+using+sialoglycan+microarrays.">Exploration of sialic Acid diversity and biology using sialoglycan microarrays.</a> Biopolymers. 99 (10), 650-665 (2013).</li><li>Liang, C. H., Hsu, C. H., Wu, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sialoside+Arrays:+New+Synthetic+Strategies+and+Applications.">Sialoside Arrays: New Synthetic Strategies and Applications.</a> Top Curr Chem. 367, 125-149 (2015).</li><li>Song, X., Heimburg-Molinaro, J., Smith, D. F., Cummings, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycan+microarrays+of+fluorescently-tagged+natural+glycans.">Glycan microarrays of fluorescently-tagged natural glycans.</a> Glycoconj J. 32 (7), 465-473 (2015).</li><li>Muthana, S. M., Gildersleeve, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycan+microarrays:+powerful+tools+for+biomarker+discovery.">Glycan microarrays: powerful tools for biomarker discovery.</a> Cancer Biomark. 14 (1), 29-41 (2014).</li><li>Rillahan, C. D., Paulson, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycan+microarrays+for+decoding+the+glycome.">Glycan microarrays for decoding the glycome.</a> Annu Rev Biochem. 80, 797-823 (2011).</li><li>Heimburg-Molinaro, J., Song, X., Smith, D. F., Cummings, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+and+analysis+of+glycan+microarrays.">Preparation and analysis of glycan microarrays.</a> Curr Protoc Protein Sci. 12 (10), (2011).</li><li>Park, S., Gildersleeve, J. C., Blixt, O., Shin, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbohydrate+microarrays.">Carbohydrate microarrays.</a> Chem Soc Rev. 42 (10), 4310-4326 (2013).</li><li>Struwe, W. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+minimum+information+required+for+a+glycomics+experiment+(MIRAGE)+project:+sample+preparation+guidelines+for+reliable+reporting+of+glycomics+datasets.">The minimum information required for a glycomics experiment (MIRAGE) project: sample preparation guidelines for reliable reporting of glycomics datasets.</a> Glycobiology. 26 (9), 907-910 (2016).</li><li>Liu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+minimum+information+required+for+a+glycomics+experiment+(MIRAGE)+project:+improving+the+standards+for+reporting+glycan+microarray-based+data.">The minimum information required for a glycomics experiment (MIRAGE) project: improving the standards for reporting glycan microarray-based data.</a> Glycobiology. , (2016).</li><li>Hara, S., Yamaguchi, M., Takemori, Y., Furuhata, K., Ogura, H., Nakamura, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+mono-O-acetylated+N-acetylneuraminic+acids+in+human+and+rat+sera+by+fluorometric+high-performance+liquid+chromatography.">Determination of mono-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acids in human and rat sera by fluorometric high-performance liquid chromatography.</a> Anal Biochem. 179 (1), 162-166 (1989).</li><li>Padler-Karavani, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-comparison+of+protein+recognition+of+sialic+acid+diversity+on+two+novel+sialoglycan+microarrays.">Cross-comparison of protein recognition of sialic acid diversity on two novel sialoglycan microarrays.</a> J Biol Chem. 287 (27), 22593-22608 (2012).</li><li>Padler-Karavani, V., Varki, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potential+impact+of+the+non-human+sialic+acid+N-glycolylneuraminic+acid+on+transplant+rejection+risk.">Potential impact of the non-human sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid on transplant rejection risk.</a> Xenotransplantation. 18 (1), 1-5 (2011).</li><li>Samraj, A. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+red+meat-derived+glycan+promotes+inflammation+and+cancer+progression.">A red meat-derived glycan promotes inflammation and cancer progression.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 112 (2), 542-547 (2015).</li><li>Pearce, O. M., L&#228;ubli, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sialic+acids+in+cancer+biology+and+immunity.">Sialic acids in cancer biology and immunity.</a> Glycobiology. 26 (2), 111-128 (2016).</li><li>Alisson-Silva, F., Kawanishi, K., Varki, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+risk+of+diseases+associated+with+red+meat+intake:+Analysis+of+current+theories+and+proposed+role+for+metabolic+incorporation+of+a+non-human+sialic+acid.">Human risk of diseases associated with red meat intake: Analysis of current theories and proposed role for metabolic incorporation of a non-human sialic acid.</a> Mol Aspects Med. 51, 16-30 (2016).</li><li>Pearce, O. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inverse+hormesis+of+cancer+growth+mediated+by+narrow+ranges+of+tumor-directed+antibodies.">Inverse hormesis of cancer growth mediated by narrow ranges of tumor-directed antibodies.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 111 (16), 5998-6003 (2014).</li><li>Pham, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+a+novel+human-specific+xeno-auto-antibody+response+against+vascular+endothelium.">Evidence for a novel human-specific xeno-auto-antibody response against vascular endothelium.</a> Blood. 114 (25), 5225-5235 (2009).</li><li>Reuven, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+immunogenic+Neu5Gc+in+bioprosthetic+heart+valves.">Characterization of immunogenic Neu5Gc in bioprosthetic heart valves.</a> Xenotransplantation. 23 (5), 381-392 (2016).</li><li>Ghaderi, D., Taylor, R. E., Padler-Karavani, V., Diaz, S., Varki, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implications+of+the+presence+of+N-glycolylneuraminic+acid+in+recombinant+therapeutic+glycoproteins.">Implications of the presence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid in recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 28 (8), 863-867 (2010).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

성공적인 glycan microarray 제작에는 신중한 계획이 필요하며 프로토콜에 몇 가지 중요한 단계가 포함됩니다. 여기에는 (1) 모든 후속 매개 변수 ( 예 : 거리, 간격, 샘플 양 및 인쇄)를 정의하는 블록 및 플레이트 레이아웃 계획. (2) 핀을 클리닝하고 핀의 완전성을 보장하는 것, 이는 스팟 동질성을 제어하는 ​​데 중요합니다. (3) 인쇄 중 습도를 높게 유지하며, 장시간 인쇄시 샘플 증발을 피하?...

Sias는 척추 동물의 세포 표면 당 단백질과 당지질의 글리 칸 쇄를 덮는 산성 당입니다. Sia 발현은 암세포 1 에서 변형되고 진행 및 / 또는 전이와 관련이있다 2 , 3 . 포유 동물의 주요 시아 형태의 두 Neu5Ac 및 수산화 형태, Neu5Gc 2이다. 인간은 CMAH 효소를 암호화하는 유전자의 특정 불활 화 때문에 Neu5Gc를 합성 할 수 없다. 이 비인간적 인 Sia는 Neu5Gc가 풍부한식이 요법 ( 예 : 붉은 고기)에서 유래하여 &quot;자기&quot;로 인간 세포에 대사 적으로 결합합니다 4 , 5 . Neu5Gc는 인간 상피와 내피의 세포 표면에 낮은 수준으로 존재하지만 특히 암종에 축적됩니다. Neu5Gc는 인체 체액 성 면역계에 의해 외국으로 인정됩니다 2 , 6 .Neu5Gc 글리 칸의 항원 복잡성은 모든 인간 6 항 Neu5Gc 항체 반응의 복잡성에 의해 반사, Neu5Gc 수정, 연결, 기본 글리 칸과 비계, 그 밀도 등의 여러 수준에서 발생할 수 있습니다. 이러한 항체의 일부는 암 바이오 마커 및 잠재적 immunotherapeutics (7)의 역할을한다. 다른 sialoglycans (8)의 화학 효소 적 합성의 출현 당쇄 마이크로 어레이 기술 (9) (10)의 사용에 의해 용이 항체의 더 심도 깊은 분석을위한 방법을 닦았다. 따라서, 천연 및 합성 탄수화물의 큰 도서관의 촉진 준비와 조작으로, 글리 칸 마이크로 어레이는 생체 분자 (10), (11)의 무수히 많은 탄수화물의 상호 작용을 조사하기위한 강력한 높은 처리량 기술이있다, </sup&gt; 12 , 13 . 배열 형태로, 최소량의 물질이 사용되며, 생물학적으로 관련이있는 글리 칸의 다가의 디스플레이는 단일 실험에서 수천 개의 결합 상호 작용을 조사 할 수 있습니다. 중요한 것은,이 기술은 바이오 마커 발견 및 12, 다양한 시료 7에 대한 면역 반응을 모니터링에 적용될 수있다. 성공적인 glycan microarray 제작에는 3 가지 중요한 측면, 즉 프린터 로봇 유형, glycan 접합 화학 및 검출 광학을 고려해야합니다. 인쇄 기기 고려 사항에 관해서는 접촉 및 비접촉식 프린터의 두 가지 기술을 사용할 수 있습니다. 접촉 프린팅에서 1-48 강철 핀을 글리 칸 용액이 들어있는 멀티 웰 원판에 담궈 유리 슬라이드 표면에 직접 접촉시켜 관능 화 된 유리 슬라이드에 얼룩을지게합니다. 솔루션 금액 de슬라이드에 생존하는 것은 슬라이드 표면의 느린 지속 시간의 함수입니다. 일반적으로 샘플은 슬라이드 표면에 인쇄되기 전에 먼저 유리 블록 (균질 한 지점에 도달하기 위해)에서 미리 얼룩을지게됩니다. 비접촉식 프린터 ( 예 : 압전기 프린터)에서 글리 칸은 제어 된 전기 신호를 사용하여 유리 모세관에서 인쇄됩니다. 접촉 식 인쇄에 비해 더 정밀한 인쇄를 달성하기 위해 전기 신호를 미세하게 조정할 수 있습니다. 스폿의 크기와 형태 또한 비교적 균질합니다. 추가적인 이점은 인쇄 후 시료를 원판에 재활용하는 것입니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 피에조 전자 프린터의 가장 큰 단점은 인쇄 팁 제한 (4 또는 8)으로 매우 긴 인쇄 시간을 초래하며 슬라이드 안정성, 온도, 습도 및 샘플 증발에 특별한주의가 요구됩니다. 비접촉식 잉크젯 프린터에는 더 큰 샘플 용적이 필요합니다 14 . <p class = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; 인쇄 방법에 대한 제한된 사용 가능한 옵션과는 대조적으로, 글리 칸 접합 화학은 선택할 수있는 많은 옵션이있는보다 복잡한 고려 사항입니다. 선택된 고정화 화학은 글리 칸의 활성 그룹 및 슬라이드 표면 반응성 모두를 고려해야한다. 합성 적으로 합성되거나 자연적으로 분리 된 특정 마이크로 어레이 표면 상에 고정화 될 글리 칸은 모두 동일한 반응기를 필요로한다. 또한, glycans은 순수하고 균질해야합니다. 한편, 고정화 표면 및 화학은 재현성 및 신뢰성있는 부착 밀도를 제공해야한다. 공유 결합 또는 비공유 (물리적 흡수) 부착 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 으로 다중 고정화 방법이 개발되었다. Uninitiate를위한 인쇄 된 glycan microarray 기술에 관한 매우 자세한 정보는연구원은 훌륭한 리뷰 13 , 15를 참조하십시오. 중요한 것은 글리코 믹스 실험 (MIRAGE) 이니셔티브에 대한 최근의 최소 필요한 정보는 샘플 준비 (16)과이 성장하는 분야의 표준을 개선하기 위해 (17)을 분석 글리 칸 마이크로 어레이 데이터를보고하기위한 지침을 설명합니다. 여기, 우리는 16 웰 형식의 특정 연락처 나노 프린터를 사용하여 sialoglycan microarrays의 제조에 대한 자세한 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 각 글리 칸은 에폭시 활성화 유리 슬라이드에 대한 공유 결합을 매개하는 1 차 아민을 가지고 있습니다. 우리는 또한 다양한 인간 혈청 시료, 항체 및 Sia 결합 식물 렉틴을 사용하여 한 슬라이드의 개발과 분석을 설명합니다. Sialoglycan 마이크로 어레이 분석은 어레이 제조, 프로세싱, 개발 및 분석을 포함한 몇 가지 주요 단계를 포함합니다. 어레이 제작에는 ar 계획이 필요합니다.나노 그리드 및 소스 플레이트 준비, 나노 프린터 프로그래밍, 슬라이드 인쇄 등의 작업을 수행 할 수 있습니다. 이어서 슬라이드를 처리, 개발 및 분석합니다 ( 그림 1 ).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1205">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:269px;">Primary-amine containing sialoglycans</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Glycohub, Inc., Davis, CA, USA (http://www.glycohub.com/services)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Contact info@glycohubusa.com for compound requests</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Printed glycans</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:269px;">Monosodium phosphate monohydrate</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">S9638</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Printing buffer component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Disodium phosphate heptahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">S9390</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Printing buffer component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Hy-Labs</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">BP-507/500D</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Printing buffer/ incubation/washing buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Tris-base</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">T1503</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Slide blocking reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">G-7893</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Printing buffer component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Ethanolamine</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Thermo-Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">0700/08</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Slide blocking reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Ovalbumin (Grade V)</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">A5503</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Slide Blocking protein</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">P7949</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Slide washing detergent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Alexa 555-Hydrazide</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Thermo-Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">A20501MP</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Marker on array</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:269px;">ChromPure Human IgG, whole molecule</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">009-000-003</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Printing component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Biotinylated- SNA</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">B-1305</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Plant Lectin &#8211; binding Sia-alpha2&#8211;6-linked</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Biotinylated-MALII</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">B-1265</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Plant Lectin &#8211; binding Sia-alpha2&#8211;3-linked</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Chicken-anti Neu5Gc IgY</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">BioLegend</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">146903</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Primary detection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Cy3-Streptavidin</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">016-160-0848</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Biotin binding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Cy3-anti Human IgG</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">109-165-088</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Secondary detection against human IgG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Cy3-anti Chicken IgY</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">703-165-155</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Secondary detection against chicken IgY</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Human sera samples</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Israeli Blood Bank</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Primary detection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Compressed Nitrogen (Grade 5)</td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:476px;">General dusting/drying tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Epoxy-coated slides</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">40044</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Slides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:269px;">Epoxy-coated slides</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">PolyAn</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">2D 104-00-221</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Slides. In this type of slides the surface is more hydrophobic (compared to Coring slides) therefore the glycans Print Buffer would need to be supplemented with 0.005% Tween-20 to obtain 100 &#181;m size spots.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">384-well microtiter plate</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Genetix</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">2070</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Printing plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">VWR lab marker</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">52877-310</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Slide labeling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Staining Tube</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">ArrayIt</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">MST</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Slide developing tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Staining bath</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">25608-904</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Slide developing tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Slides glass holders</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">631-9321</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Slide developing tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">GenePix Scanner</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Molecular devices</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">4000B</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Slide scanner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">LM-60 NanoPrinter</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">ArrayIt</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">LM-60</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Array printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Pins</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">ArrayIt</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">946MP3</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Printing pins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">ProPlate Module</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Grace Bio-Labs</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">P37004</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Slide developing module</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Distilled water</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Bio-Lab</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">2321020500</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Required for arrayer and humidifier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:269px;">Electronic Multi Pippete, 8 Channel , volume range 2-125 &#956;L</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Thermo-Fisher Scientific (Matrix)</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">MA-2131 Impact2 Equalizer 384</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Multi pippete for sample dispansing into 384-well plate</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

profiling anti-neu5gc igg in human sera with a sialoglycan microarray assay

세포는 일반적으로 암에서 변형되고 시알 산 (Sia) 발현의 변화를 포함하는 탄수화물 사슬 (glycans)의 외투로 덮여 있습니다. 이들은 9 탄소 백본을 가지고 있으며 세포 표면에 척추 동물의 glycan을 캡핑하는 산성 당입니다. 포유 동물의 주요 Sia 형태 중 두 가지는 N- 아세틸 뉴 라민 산 (Neu5Ac)과 N- 히드 록 실화 형태 인 N- 글리콜 노 뉴라민 산 (Neu5Gc)입니다. 인간은 cytidine 5&#39;monophosphate-Neu5Ac (CMP-Neu5Ac) hydroxylase (CMAH)를 암호화하는 유전자의 불 활성화 때문에 내인성 Neu5Gc를 생성 할 수 없다. 외래 Neu5Gc는 붉은 육류 및 유제품의식이 섭취를 통해 인간 세포에 의해 획득되고 이후 세포 표면의 다양한 글리 칸에 주로 나타나 암종에 축적됩니다. 결과적으로 인간은 암 및 기타 만성 염증 매개 질환에서 다양한 역할을하는 순환 Neu5Gc 항체를 가지고 있으며 잠재적 인 진단 및 치료제가되고있다rgets. 여기, 우리는 인간 항체에서 이러한 안티 Neu5Gc 항체를 평가하는 높은 처리량 sialoglycan microarray 분석을 설명합니다. Neu5Gc 함유 글리 칸과 각각 일치하는 대조군 쌍 (Neu5Ac 함유 글리 칸)은 각각 핵심 1 차 아민과 함께 에폭시 코팅 유리 슬라이드에 공유 결합되어 있습니다. 우리는 인쇄 당 최대 896 개의 어레이를 생성 할 수있는 특정 나노 프린터를 사용하여 16- 웰 포맷으로 56 개의 슬라이드를 인쇄하는 것을 예시합니다. 각 슬라이드는 안티 Neu5Gc 항체 특이성, 강도 및 다양성의 평가를 위해 16 개의 다른 인간 혈청 샘플을 스크리닝하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 프로토콜은이 견고한 도구의 복잡성을 설명하고 배열 형식으로 다양한 임상 샘플에서 Neu5Gc식이 탄수화물 항원에 대한 반응을 조사하고자하는 사람들을위한 기본 지침을 제공합니다.

배열 인쇄, 개발 및 분석 : 여러 개의 glycan 시료와 human IgG STD 곡선을 가진 sialoglycan microarray를 16 개 블록으로 인쇄하려면 모든 시료가 슬라이드 당 16 개의 블록과 동일한 인쇄 작업에서 모든 슬라이드에 가능한 한 균일하게 인쇄되도록 철저한 보정이 필요합니다. 따라서 각 시료 유형, 슬라이드 유형 및 제조, 384-well plate type, 습?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Profiling Anti-Neu5Gc IgG in Human Sera with a Sialoglycan Microarray Assay at JoVE.com

Profiling Anti-Neu5Gc IgG in Human Sera with a Sialoglycan Microarray Assay

Sialoglycan Microarray Assay를 사용하여 Human Sera에서 Anti-Neu5Gc IgG 프로파일 링

시알로 글리 칸 마이크로 어레이 분석은 인체 혈청에서 항 -Neu5Gc 항체를 평가하는 데 사용될 수있어 암 및 기타 만성 염증 매개 질환에 대한 잠재적 인 고효율 진단 분석법이됩니다.

Cells are covered with a cloak of carbohydrate chains (glycans) that is commonly altered in cancer and that includes variations in sialic acid (Sia) ...

profiling-anti-neu5gc-igg-human-sera-with-sialoglycan-microarray

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.4K 조회수.  Tel Aviv University.  시알로 글리 칸 마이크로 어레이 분석은 인체 혈청에서 항 -Neu5Gc 항체를 평가하는 데 사용될 수있어 암 및 기타 만성 염증 매개 질환에 대한 잠재적 인 고효율 진단 분석법이됩니다. 

비디오: Profiling Anti-Neu5Gc IgG in Human Sera with a Sialoglycan Microarray Assay

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential pharmaceutical compounds and gene therapy approaches have progressed into clinical trials. With improvement in muscle function being the most important end point in these trials, a lot of emphasis has been placed on setting up reliable, reproducible, and easy to perform functional tests to pre clinically assess muscle function, strength, condition, and coordination in the mdx mouse model for DMD. Both invasive and noninvasive tests are available. Tests that do not exacerbate the disease can be used to determine the natural history of the disease and the effects of therapeutic interventions (e.g. forelimb grip strength test, two different hanging tests using either a wire or a grid and rotarod running). Alternatively, forced treadmill running can be used to enhance disease progression and/or assess protective effects of therapeutic interventions on disease pathology. We here describe how to perform these most commonly used functional tests in a reliable and reproducible manner. Using these protocols based on standard operating procedures enables comparison of data between different laboratories.

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

The primary outcome measure in clinical trials for neuromuscular disorders is generally improved muscle function. Therefore, assessing the effect of potential therapeutic compounds on muscle performance pre clinically in mouse models is of great importance. We here describe several functional tests to address this.

의 기능적 성능을 평가<em&gt; MDX</em&gt; 마우스 모델

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential ...

연구

행동분석학

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

정신 분열증에 대한 가족 성 위험이 높은 아동의 정서적 괴짜 작업을 사용하여 이마 관자 - 변연계의 활동의 측정

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in different areas of their brain for the localization of their seizure focus and eloquent areas. After implantation, the patient must remain in the hospital until the pathological area of brain is found and possibly resected. During this time, these patients offer a unique opportunity to the research community because any number of behavioral paradigms can be performed to uncover the neural correlates that guide behavior. Here we present a method for recording brain activity from intracranial implants as subjects perform a behavioral task designed to assess decision-making and reward encoding. All electrophysiological data from the intracranial electrodes are recorded during the behavioral task, allowing for the examination of the many brain areas involved in a single function at time scales relevant to behavior. Moreover, and unlike animal studies, human patients can learn a wide variety of behavioral tasks quickly, allowing for the ability to perform more than one task in the same subject or for performing controls. Despite the many advantages of this technique for understanding human brain function, there are also methodological limitations that we discuss, including environmental factors, analgesic effects, time constraints and recordings from diseased tissue. This method may be easily implemented by any institution that performs intracranial assessments; providing the opportunity to directly examine human brain function during behavior.

Patients implanted with intracranial electrodes provide a unique opportunity to record neurological data from multiple areas of the brain while the patient performs behavioral tasks. Here, we present a method of recording from implanted patients that can be reproducible at other institutions with access to this patient population.

두개 내 전극 피사체에 행동 작업 수행

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in ...

Substantiating Appropriate Motion Capture Techniques for the Assessment of Nordic Walking Gait and Posture in Older Adults

Nordic walking (NW) has become a safe and simple form of exercise in recent years, and in studying this gait pattern, various data collection techniques have been employed, each with positives and negatives. The aim was to determine the effect of NW on older adult gait and posture and to determine optimal use of different data collection systems in both short and long duration analysis. Gait and posture during NW and normal walking were assessed in 17 healthy older adults (age: 69 &#177; 7.3). Participants performed two trials of 6 Minute Walk Tests (6MWT) (1 with poles (WP) and 1 without poles (NP)) and 6 trials of a 5m walk (3 WP and 3 NP). Motion was recorded using two systems, a 6-sensor accelerometry system and an 8-camera 3-dimensional motion capture system, in order to quantify spatial-temporal, kinematic, and kinetic parameters.
With both systems, participants demonstrated increased stride length and double support and decreased gait speed and cadence WP compared to NP (p &#60;0.05). Also, with motion capture, larger single support time was found WP (p &#60;0.05). With 3-D capture, smaller hip power generation and moments of force were found at heel contact and pre-swing as well as smaller knee power absorption at heel contact, pre-swing, and terminal swing WP compared to NP, when assessed over one cycle (p &#60;0.05). Also, WP yielded smaller moments of force at heel contact and terminal swing along with larger moments at mid-stance of a gait cycle (p &#60;0.05). No changes were found for posture.
NW seems appropriate for promoting a normal gait pattern in older adults. Three-dimensional motion capture should primarily be used during short duration gait analysis (i.e. single gait cycle), while accelerometry systems should be primarily employed in instances requiring longer duration analysis such as during the 6MWT.

The aim was to substantiate optimal use of data collection techniques for Nordic walking gait and posture analysis. Three-dimensional motion capture should be used during short duration analysis (i.e. single gait cycle), while accelerometry should be employed for longer duration analysis (i.e. repeated cycles) like a 6 Minute Walk Test.

이전 성인의 노르딕 워킹 보행의 평가와 자세에 대한 적절한 모션 캡처 기술을 실증

Nordic walking (NW) has become a safe and simple form of exercise in recent years, and in studying this gait pattern, various data collection techniques ...

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The purpose of the method is to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments on laboratory rodent models. The EPM test is based on the rodents&#39; proclivity toward protected, enclosed dark spaces and unconditioned fear of open spaces and heights, and their innate intense motivation to explore novel environments. The EPM test is a widely used behavioral test for investigating the anxiolytic or anxiogenic responses of rodents given drugs that are known to affect behavior. Observation demonstrating a decreased proportion of time spent on closed arms, an increased proportion of time spent on open arms, a reduced number of entries to closed arms, and an elevated number of entries to open arms measured by the EPM test may reflect reduced anxiety levels. Using this method, the effect of exogenous ketone supplements on anxiety-related behavior is tested in Sprague Dawley (SPD) rats. Exogenous ketone supplements are chronically fed to the rats for 83 days or subchronically and acutely orally gavaged, daily for 7 days, before conducting the EPM test. Behavioral data collection is performed using the SMART video tracking system by a blinded observer at the end of the treatments. The main findings indicate that the EPM test is an effective method to detect the ketone supplement-induced anxiolytic effect and can be considered a sensitive measure to assess changes in anxiety behavior associated with drug- or metabolic-based therapies.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate changes in the anxiety level of rodent animal models. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test, used together with a video tracking software, provides a reliable method to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments in preclinical laboratory scenarios.

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The ...

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is currently a paucity of research exploring how preschool children with autism understand sentences using different types of cues. The mechanisms underlying sentence comprehension remains largely unclear. The present study presents a protocol to examine the sentence comprehension abilities of preschool children with autism. More specifically, a visual world paradigm of eye-tracking is used to explore the moment-to-moment sentence comprehension in the children. The paradigm has multiple advantages. First, it is sensitive to the time course of sentence comprehension and thus can provide rich information about how sentence comprehension unfolds over time. Second, it requires minimal task and communication demands, so it is ideal for testing children with autism. To further minimize the computational burden of children, the present study measures eye movements that arise as automatic responses to linguistic input rather than measuring eye movements that accompany conscious responses to spoken instructions.

We present a protocol to examine the use of morphological cues during real-time sentence comprehension by children with autism.

자폐증을 가진 아이 들 중국어 말하기에서 문장 독 해 공부를 시각적인 세계 패러다임을 사용 하 여

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is ...

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has been described. The exercise-induced cTnT response distorts the diagnostic role of the cTnT assay. Although high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) is growing in popularity and concerns remain about its safety, available data related to cTnT release after HIE is limited, which hampers the use of HIE as a health intervention. Here, we present three representative HIE protocols [traditional HIE (repeated 4 min cycling at 90% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 3 min rest, 200 kJ/session); sprint interval exercise (SIE, repeated 1 min cycling at 120% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 1.5 min rest, 200 kJ/session); and repeated sprint exercise (RSE, 40 x 6 s all-out sprints interspersed with 9 s rest)] and one representative MCE protocol (continuous cycling exercise at an intensity of 60% V&#775;O2max, 200 kJ/session). Forty-seven sedentary, overweight young women were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HIE, SIE, RSE, and MCE). Six bouts of respective exercise were performed by every single group, with each being 48 h apart. Meanwhile, for four groups, the duration of the entire testing period was identical, being 10 days. Before and after the first and final exercise bouts, an assessment was conducted of cTnT. The current study provides a frame of reference giving a clear picture of how a specific exercise session affects the circulating cTnT concentration at the early stage of training. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise, especially for HIE.

Here, we present protocols of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise to observe the response of circulating cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentration to acute exercise over 10 days. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise.

훈련의 초기 단계에서 심장 트로포닌 T 수준에 고강도 간격 운동과 중간 강도 연속 운동의 영향

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has ...

High-Throughput Method for Measuring Alcohol Sedation Time of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster provides an excellent model to study the genetic underpinnings of alcohol sensitivity. In contrast to studies in human populations, the Drosophila model allows strict control over genetic background, and virtually unlimited numbers of individuals of the same genotype can be reared rapidly under well-controlled environmental conditions without regulatory restrictions and at relatively low cost. Flies exposed to ethanol undergo physiological and behavioral changes that resemble human alcohol intoxication, including loss of postural control, sedation, and development of tolerance. Here, we describe a simple, low-cost, high-throughput assay for assessing alcohol sedation sensitivity in large numbers of single flies. The assay is based on video recording of single flies introduced without anesthesia in 24-well cell culture plates in a set-up that enables synchronous initiation of alcohol exposure. The system enables a single person to collect individual ethanol sedation data on as many as 2,000 flies within an 8 h work period. The assay can, in principle, be extended to assess the effects of exposure to any volatile substance and applied to measure effects of acute toxicity of volatiles on other insects, including other fly species.

High-Throughput Method for Measuring Alcohol Sedation Time of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

Current methods to measure alcohol sensitivity in Drosophila are designed to test groups of flies. We present a simple, low-cost, high-throughput assay for assessing alcohol sedation sensitivity in large numbers of single flies. The method does not require specialized tools and can be performed in any laboratory using common materials.

Drosophila melanogaster provides an excellent model to study the genetic underpinnings of alcohol sensitivity. In contrast to studies in human ...

Iterative Development of an Innovative Smartphone-Based Dietary Assessment Tool: Traqq

To collect dietary intake data in a fast and reliable manner, a flexible and innovative smartphone application (app) called Traqq was developed (iOS/Android). This app can be used as a food record and&#160;24-h recall (or shorter recall periods). Different sampling schemes can be created on either prespecified or random days/times within a predetermined period for both methods, with&#160;push notifications to urge the participants to register their food intake. In case of non-response, notifications are automatically rescheduled to ensure complete data collection. For use as a food record, respondents can access the app and log their food intake throughout the day. Food records close automatically at the end of the day; recalls close after submission of the consumed items. The recall as well as the food record module provide access to an extensive food list based on the Dutch food composition database (FCDB), which can be accustomed to fit different research purposes. When selecting a food item, respondents are simultaneously prompted to insert portion size, i.e., in household measures (e.g., cups, spoons, glasses), standard portion sizes (e.g., small, medium, large), or weight in grams, and eating occasion/time of consumption. Portion size options can be adjusted, e.g., only entry in grams in case of a weighed food record or time of consumption instead of eating occasion). The app also includes a My Dishes function, which allows the respondent to create their own recipes or product combinations (e.g., a daily breakfast) and only report the total quantity consumed. Subsequently, the app accounts for yield and retention factors. The data are stored on a secure server. If desired, additional questions, i.e., in general or those related to specific food items or eating occasions can be incorporated. This paper describes the development of the system (app and backend), including expert evaluations and usability testing.

This article describes the protocol for the development of an innovative smartphone-based dietary assessment application Traqq, including expert evaluations and usability testing.

혁신적인 스마트폰 기반 식이 평가 도구의 반복적 개발: Traqq

To collect dietary intake data in a fast and reliable manner, a flexible and innovative smartphone application (app) called Traqq was developed ...

Using a Murine Model of Psychosocial Stress in Pregnancy as a Translationally Relevant Paradigm for Psychiatric Disorders in Mothers and Infants

The peripartum period is considered a sensitive period where adverse maternal exposures can result in long-term negative consequences for both mother and offspring, including the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Risk factors linked to the emergence of affective dysregulation in the maternal-infant dyad have been extensively studied. Exposure to psychosocial stress during pregnancy has consistently emerged as one of the strongest predictors. Several rodent models have been created to explore this association; however, these models rely on the use of physical stressors or a limited number of psychosocial stressors presented in a repetitive fashion, which do not accurately capture the type, intensity, and frequency of stressors experienced by women. To overcome these limitations, a chronic psychosocial stress (CGS) paradigm was generated that employs various psychosocial insults of different intensity presented in an unpredictable fashion. The manuscript describes this novel CGS paradigm where pregnant female mice, from gestational day 6.5 to 17.5, are exposed to various stressors during the day and overnight. Day stressors, two per day separated by a 2 h break, range from exposure to foreign objects or predator odor to frequent changes in bedding, removal of bedding, and cage tilting. Overnight stressors include continuous light exposure, changing cage mates, or wetting bedding. We have previously shown that exposure to CGS results in the development of maternal neuroendocrine and behavioral abnormalities, including increased stress reactivity, the emergence of fragmented maternal care patterns, anhedonia, and anxiety-related behaviors, core features of women suffering from perinatal mood and anxiety disorders. This CGS model, therefore, becomes a unique tool that can be used to elucidate molecular defects underlying maternal affective dysregulation, as well as trans-placental mechanisms that impact fetal neurodevelopment and result in negative long-term behavioral consequences in the offspring.

The chronic psychosocial stress (CGS) paradigm employs clinically relevant stressors during pregnancy in mice to model psychiatric disorders of mothers and infants. Here, we provide a step-by-step procedure of applying the CGS paradigm and downstream assessments to validate this model.

어머니와 유아에 있는 정신 장애에 대한 번역 관련 패러다임으로 임신에 있는 심리사회적 긴장의 Murine 모형을 이용하

The peripartum period is considered a sensitive period where adverse maternal exposures can result in long-term negative consequences for both mother and ...