Name: exploring deep space - uncovering the anatomy of periventricular structures to reveal the lateral ventricles of the human brain
Uploaded: 2017-10-22T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Exploring Deep Space - Uncovering the Anatomy of Periventricular Structures to Reveal the Lateral Ventricles of the Human Brain at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank the donors and their families for their generous gift. Thank you to Mr. Xiao Xuan Li who recorded the video and helped with video editing; Ms. Hannah Lewis and Mr. Louis Szabo for providing technical support; and Professor Jan Provis for reviewing the video and providing input to the video content.

All methods described here have been approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Australian National University. To create the ventricular model we used the Klingler fiber dissection technique12,14. The Klingler technique is a tactile dissection method that involves removing small portions of the gray matter of the cortex and peeling off bundles of nerve fibers, thus providing a step-by-step guide through the tissue layers from the surface to the deep ...

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The purpose of this paper was to devise a dissection guide for dissemination to teachers and students that could be used to enhance teaching and learning of the deep ventricular and periventricular structures of the human brain. We have devised a step-by-step guide with accompanying images, together with a video resource, that can be used to aid understanding of the morphology of the ventricles and their associated structures. The dissection technique itself is not new. Fiber dissection has been previously used for the s...

Many students struggle to comprehend the negative spaces of the ventricular system, located deep within the human brain1,2. Commonly used resources available for students to study the ventricles provide relatively crude representations of the intricate 3D relationships of these deep cerebral structures. Understanding the 3D anatomy of the ventricular system and related structures is particularly important in neurosurgery because access to the ventricular system is one of the most utilised techniques to measure intracranial pressure, decompress the ventricular system, and administer medications3. In addition, rapid advancements in medical imaging have necessitated the development of skills in the interpretation of 3D anatomy.
Two-dimensional (2D) sections of the brain in different planes are typically used to visualise the deep brain structures that form the boundaries of the negative ventricular spaces4. However, 2D slices of the brain alone are insufficient to enable students to understand the full extent of the 3D architecture of the ventricles and the fine details of the region such as fiber bundles connecting the cortex and subcortical structures5. Consequently, educators have to rely on the students&#39; own ability to compute a comprehensible 3D conception of the ventricles4. Students who struggle with spatial awareness find it extremely difficult to create this 3D image. Whilst plastic models and ventricular casts provide a 3D representation of the ventricular system, they fail to demonstrate the comprehensive relationships that form the boundaries of the ventricles. Students often mindlessly remove parts of the plastic model to access the ventricular system and understand its interconnections. In this process, they frequently overlook the detailed relative positions of each structure and lose understanding of their relationships (e.g.&#160;formation of the roof of the lateral ventricles by the corpus callosum).
The development of new computerised teaching tools has addressed some of these limitations. However, many of these models are limited to static text and images and do not take advantage of the interactivity offered by these new technologies7,8. Whilst interactive technologies enable the user to rotate 3D computer models to study multiple viewpoints, this can confuse some users especially novices who find it challenging to orientate structures6. Furthermore, interactive computer resources have been shown to be less effective in teaching more complex anatomical structures6. Thus, one of the challenges in neuroanatomy education is to provide students with resources that enable them to adequately visualize the ventricles and appreciate their 3D structure and anatomical relationships including the delicate associative, projection, and commissural fiber bundles that form complex relationships with the periventricular structures2.
Dissection has been shown to be an excellent educational method for learning anatomy7,8. A recent study provides evidence of the benefits of student dissection in learning neuroanatomy. In 2016, Rae et al. found improved short-term and long-term retention of neuroanatomy knowledge in students participating in dissections9. Whilst advances in technology continue to improve the accuracy and interactivity of 3D computer models, the knowledge acquired through hands-on dissection cannot be replicated digitally at the present time10.
In this study, we aimed to produce a reproducible dissection of a human brain. We chose a fiber dissection method because that allows preservation of the delicate fiber bundles and periventricular gray matter structures to better define the negative space of the ventricles.
Here we present a comprehensive step-by-step guide for creating a prosection model of the ventricles and periventricular structures together with an accompanying training video for use in neuroanatomy teaching and learning. These resources can be used for teaching and learning the neuroanatomy of the brain by both educators and students.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="615">
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Scalpel Blade No 15</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Swann-Morton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0205</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Scalpel blade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scalpel Blade No 11</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Swann-Morton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0203</td>
			<td>Scalpel blade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scalpel Blade No 24</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Swann-Morton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0211</td>
			<td>Scalpel blade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Long Scalpel handle No3L</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Swann-Morton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0913</td>
			<td>Scalpel handle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Short Scalpel handle No4G</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Swann-Morton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0934</td>
			<td>Scalpel handle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Scissors</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Atraumatic Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Atraumatic forceps</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Toothed Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Toothed forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Genelyn Arterial Enhanced</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">GMS Inovations</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AE-475</td>
			<td>Arterial embalming media</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

exploring deep space - uncovering the anatomy of periventricular structures to reveal the lateral ventricles of the human brain

Anatomy students are typically provided with two-dimensional (2D) sections and images when studying cerebral ventricular anatomy and students find this challenging. Because the ventricles are negative spaces located deep within the brain, the only way to understand their anatomy is by appreciating their boundaries formed by related structures. Looking at a 2D representation of these spaces, in any of the cardinal planes, will not enable visualisation of all of the structures that form the boundaries of the ventricles. Thus, using 2D sections alone requires students to compute their own mental image of the 3D ventricular spaces. The aim of this study was to develop a reproducible method for dissecting the human brain to create an educational resource to enhance student understanding of the intricate relationships between the ventricles and periventricular structures. To achieve this, we created a video resource that features a step-by-step guide using a fiber dissection method to reveal the lateral and third ventricles together with the closely related limbic system and basal ganglia structures. One of the advantages of this method is that it enables delineation of the white matter tracts that are difficult to distinguish using other dissection techniques. This video is accompanied by a written protocol that provides a systematic description of the process to aid in the reproduction of the brain dissection. This package offers a valuable anatomy teaching resource for educators and students alike. By following these instructions educators can create teaching resources and students can be guided to produce their own brain dissection as a hands-on practical activity. We recommend that this video guide be incorporated into neuroanatomy teaching to enhance student understanding of the morphology and clinical relevance of the ventricles.

This method of dissection exposes the ventricular system by separating the brain into an anterior and a posterior part (Figure 7 and Figure 8). The posterior part offers an internal view to the collateral trigone from which the posterior and inferior horns can be seen extending to the occipital and temporal lobes, respectively (Figure 8). In the inferior/temporal horn the hippocampus...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Exploring Deep Space - Uncovering the Anatomy of Periventricular Structures to Reveal the Lateral Ventricles of the Human Brain at JoVE.com

Exploring Deep Space - Uncovering the Anatomy of Periventricular Structures to Reveal the Lateral Ventricles of the Human Brain

This paper demonstrates the effective use of a fiber dissection method to reveal the superficial white matter tracts and periventricular structures of the human brain, in three-dimensional space, to aid student comprehension of ventricular morphology.

Anatomy students are typically provided with two-dimensional (2D) sections and images when studying cerebral ventricular anatomy and students find this ...

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