이 작품은 보건 국립 연구소 (RO1 NS059043 및 RO1 ES015988), 국립 다중 경화증 학회, 빈혈 연구, Feldstein 의료 재단 로체 재단, 그리고 슈라 이너스 병원에서 보조금 지원 부분이다. 우리는 그의 제안을 데이빗에게 기쁨을 감사드립니다. 이 작품은 일부 보건 국립 연구소에서 WD 부여 (RO1 NS059043 및 RO1 ES015988), 국립 다중 경화증 학회 및 슈라 이너스 병원에서 지원했다. 우리는이 문서에 관한 더 경쟁 이익을 선언하지 않습니다.

P6 생쥐의 신생아 뇌 손상을 만드는 자세한 절차 : <ol><li> 출생 후의 일 6 (P6) 마우스는 유해 자극 (깊은 마취)에 응답하지 않는 문제의 지점에 얼음 간접 냉각과 함께 anesthetized 있습니다. </li><li> 알코올로 피부를 청소에 따라, 정중선 복부 절개는 목 앞쪽에에서 이루어집니다. </li><li> 해부 현미경, 오른쪽 일반적인 경동맥의 분기점은 부드럽게 retracting omohyoid 및 sternocleidomastoid 근육으로 접근합니다. </li><li> 경동맥 칼집 주변 근막을 제거하고, 근위 내부 지점은 후크와 함께 인근의 미주 신경 및 교감 신경에서 격리됩니다. 내부 경동맥은 다음 cauterizing 팁을 사용하는 불로 지졌죠 있습니다. </li><li> 소작 따라 피부 절개는 봉합하고, 다음 완전히 깨어하고는 댐에 반환까지 동물이 따뜻한 유지됩니다. </li><li> 한 시간 내고 후, 동물은 O 2에 도달 6.0 % 수준까지 질소로 주입 밀폐 챔버에 배치됩니다. 동물은 다음 hypoxia 35 분에 노출됩니다. </li><li> hypoxia 노출 후, 마우스는 30 분 가열 패드 (33 ° C)에 복구하고 강둑에 반환됩니다. 통합 hypoxia / 국소 빈혈과 감염 / 염증과 뇌 손상의 생성에, 동물은 다음 lipopolysaccharide의 0.015 ML (LPS, 1 MG / kg)와 intraperitoneally를 주입합니다. </li><li> post-hypoxia/ischemia 4 일, 마우스 그러면 다음 생리와 4 % paraformaldehyde로 perfused 유해 자극에 응답하지 않는 문제의 지점에 얼음 간접 냉각과 함께 anesthetized 있습니다. 뇌는이 제거되고 cryoprotected 있습니다. </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/1951/1951fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1" /> 그림 1. H &amp; E의 얼룩과 허혈성 / hypoxic 마우스 모델에서 뇌 손상의 특성화. (A) 경동맥 내고으로 ipsilateral 대뇌 백색 문제에 초점 괴사는 (화살표) contralateral 대뇌 백질 (B)에 비해,있다. Ipsilateral 괴사와 초점 microinfarcts은 해마 (C)와 ipsilateral 대뇌 백질의 부상과 함께 두뇌의 시상 (D)에서 관찰됩니다. 대표 결과 및 피규어 : hypoxia / 국소 빈혈 및 / 또는 감염 / 염증과 PVL의 마우스 모델은 hypoxia와 LPS의 주입에 노출 다음 일방적 경동맥에 의해 이루어 내고 있습니다. 우리는 적당한 PVL 모델로 새로운 마우스 모델을 정의하고 있습니다. 전체 forebrain 통해 hematoxylin 및 - eosin (H &amp; E)와 스테인드 코로나 섹션 Neuropathological 심사에서 뉴런의 상대적인 살려주과 경동맥 내고 (그림 1A)에 ipsilateral 대뇌 반구의 중심 흰색 문제에 초점 괴사를 보여 overlying 대뇌 피질은 대뇌 백질 contralateral (그림의 1B)에 비해. 초점 인간 PVL의 특징이므로 초점 괴사성 백질에서, macrophages 및 반응 astrocytes 구성된 cellularity의 증가가 표시됩니다. contralateral 중앙 흰색 문제에 oligodendroglial 핵은 fascicular 같은 묶음으로 배열되어,이 아키텍처는 완전히 ipsilateral 측면에 초점 괴사에 의해 중단될 수 있습니다. 참고의, 우리는 ipsilateral 대뇌 백질의 부상과 두뇌에 ipsilateral 해마의 괴사 (그림 1C)와 시상 (초점 microinfarcts) (그림의 1D)를 관찰합니다. 인간 PVL는 또한 회색 물질의 병변을 동반으로부터 완전히 격리 발생하지 않습니다. 우리의 마우스 모델에 존재라고 생각되는 기능 - PVL의 특징은 부상 흰색 문제를 overlying 대뇌 피질의 살려주는, 완전한 상대,하지만하지 않습니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1951/1951fig2.jpg" alt="그림 2" /> 그림 2. periventricular leukomalacia의 마우스 모델에서 MBP 또는 O1의 흰색 물질 부상을 평가하기위한 0-5의 점수 규모. 우리의 마우스 모델은 phenotypic와 분자 수준 모두에서 PVL의 특징을 보여줍니다. 우리는 부상을 평가하는 myelin 기본 단백질 (MBP) 또는 O1 - 항원의 immunocytochemical 감지를 사용한 흰색 물질 부상을 (그림 2) 점수를 0에서 5 표준 규모를 설립하고, 흰 문제 병리학 (그림의 특징이 3.). 최근 않은 편견 stereological 분석은 초기 세미 양적 방법을 대체할 구현되었습니다. 또한, 기능성 결과에 흰색 물질 부상의 상호 효과에 대한 테스트를, 우리는 모터 기능에 대한 행동 검사를 수행합니다. 우리는 쥐가 P6에서 P10 - 21 다음의 hypoxia / 국소 빈혈 플러스 LPS를 공격할 모터 적자를 전시 것을 증명하고있다. 우리는 P10에서 부상 생쥐의 contralateral 사지 장애를 정의하는 0-4의 규모와 채점 기준을 설립-21. 일반적으로, 정상적인 마우스는 30 ° 경사면을 (4 점수)까지 질주하고 45 올라가 있습니다 ° 미끄럼하지 않고 경사면을 (3 점수). 부상자 마우스는 흰색 물질의 부상의 정도와 상관 관계에있는 낮은 점수를했습니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1951/1951fig3.jpg" alt="그림 3" /> 그림 3. MBP 또는 전자 현미경 (EM)로 O1 얼룩과 myelin 구조의 흰색 물질 부상의 특성화. MBP와 contralateral 흰색 물질에 비해 결합에 ipsilateral 대뇌 백질에 O1의 얼룩 쇼 myelin 손실. EM 시험은 결합에 contralateral 대뇌 백질에 myelinated axons를 보여줍 ipsilateral 흰색 문제에 대해 조직을 퇴화한. 우리는 PVL의 새로운 마우스 모델의 설립은 우리가 유치한 두뇌 PVL 같은 부상의 특정 메커니즘을 연구하도록 것으로 기대하고 있습니다. 우리는 관심의 개별 분자의 역할을 검토하고 neuroprotection의 목표를 평가하는 유전자 변형 마우스 변종을 사용 pathogenesis를 해결합니다.

<ol>
	<li>Volpe, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Neurology of newborn. , 217-276 (2001).</li><li>Deng, W., Pleasure, J., Pleasure, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progress+in+periventricular+leukomalacia.">Progress in periventricular leukomalacia.</a> Arch. Neurol. 65, 1291-1295 (2008).</li><li>Follett, P. L., Deng, W., Dai, W., Talos, D. M., Massillon, L. J., Rosenberg, P. A., Volpe, J. J., Jensen, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glutamate+receptor-mediated+oligodendrocyte+toxicity+in+periventricular+leukomalacia:+a+protective+role+for+topiramate.">Glutamate receptor-mediated oligodendrocyte toxicity in periventricular leukomalacia: a protective role for topiramate.</a> J. Neurosci. 24, 4412-4420 (2004).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

개발 뇌에 부상은 치명적인 신경학 결과로 연결됩니다. 놀랍, perinatal 뇌 손상의 패턴은 높은 연령에 따라 달라집니다. 용어 영유아에서는 주로 특성의 연결 손실로 대뇌 피질에 영향을 미칩니다. 그러나, 조기 유아에서 그것이 선택적으로 개발 oligodendrocytes로 유명 부상과 대뇌 백질에 영향을 미치는, 장애 periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)를 칭했다. 조기 유아의 뇌 손상의 문제의 크기가 특이합니다. 조기 전달 및 개선 신생아 집중 치료가 1,500g 아래 birthweight 즉, 매우 낮은 출생 - 중량 유아와 함께 매년 출생 전세계 13,000,000 조기 유아 (미국에서 약 56,000)의 생존의 거의 90 % LED있다. 생존자의 약 10 % 이후에 뇌성 마비를 전시하고 약 50 %가인지하고 행동 적자 있습니다. PVL은시기 상조 영유아에서 가장 중요한 뇌 병리학 기본 뇌성 마비입니다. pathogenesis 잘 1,2 이해되지 않았기 때문에 PVL에 대한 구체적인 치료는 현재 부분적으로 존재하지 않습니다. PVL의 병인가 multifactorial지만, perinatal은 산모 자궁 내 감염 hypoxia / 국소 빈혈은 PVL의 주요 원인으로 생각됩니다. P7에서 쥐에서 PVL의 hypoxic / 허혈성 모델은 이전에 3 설립되었습니다. 이 모델은시기 상조 유아에서 PVL과 비슷한 점에서 고유합니다. 이 모델의 특징은 회색 물질의 경색을 특징으로하는 스트로크 모델의 대다수와는 대조적으로, 선택 흰색 물질 병리학입니다. 그러나, 쥐에서 hypoxic - 허혈성 모델의 한계는 간과해서는 안됩니다. 첫째, PVL의 병인은 종종 multifactorial입니다. hypoxia / 국소 빈혈, 모성 - 태아 감염 / 염증 이외에 강하게 PVL과 관련된 것입니다. 따라서, 결합 hypoxia / 국소 빈혈과 감염 / 염증 가능성이 더 PVL와 같은 모델을 만들 것이다. oligodendroglial 차별은 주로 설치류 동물의 출생 후의 행사이기 때문에 최선을 PVL 병변 (회임의 24~32주)에 대한 가장 큰 위험의 인간 발달 기간 상호 쥐 연령은 출생 후의 수 있습니다. 그것이 출생 후의 연령에 산모 - 태아 감염 / 염증을 생산하는 것은 불가능로서 PVL의 쥐 모델을 생성하기 위해 관련 출생 후의 발달 단계에서 감염을 시뮬레이트하기 위해 합리적인 것입니다. 우리는 더 많은 임상 관련 PVL 병변을 생산, P6에서 생쥐에서 hypoxic / 허혈성 모델 LPS 주입을 결합 모색했습니다. 둘째, 분자의 원인이되는 역할에 대한 최적의 증명 개념 실험 방법은 유전자 변형 생쥐의 사용을 요구, 유전자 조작은 마우스보다 쥐 훨씬 어렵습니다. 따라서, 우리는 마우스 쥐에서 PVL 우리의 실험 모델을 변환하기 위해 모색하고있다. 2) 치료 잠재력을 지닌 후보 요원을 발견할 약물 실험의 전도,, immunodeficient 마우스 변종을 사용하여 줄기 세포의 유틸리티 3) 테스트 PVL의 마우스 모델은 크게 가능한 유전자 변형 마우스 변종을 사용하여 질병 생물학과 pathogenesis 1) 연구를 촉진합니다.

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<td>&nbsp;</td>
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mouse models of periventricular leukomalacia

우리는 periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)의 마우스 모델을 구축을위한 프로토콜을 설명합니다. PVL는 조기 유아와 뇌성 마비의 가장 일반적인 행사에 뇌 손상의 주된 형태입니다. PVL는 저명한 oligodendroglial 부상 periventricular 흰색 물질의 손상이 특징입니다. 전신 감염 / 염증 여부와 상관없이 Hypoxia / 국소 빈혈은 PVL의 주요 원인입니다. 우리는 함께 hypoxia / 국소 빈혈의 유도하거나 또는 내독소의 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)의 주입없이 hypoxia에 노출 다음 일방적 경동맥 내고 함께 체계적 감염 / 염증없이 신생아 뇌 손상의 모델을 만들 수 P6 생쥐를 사용합니다. myelin 기본 단백질 (MBP) 또는 O1 및 전자 현미경 검사의 Immunohistochemistry은 해마와 시상에 추가 손상과 뇌성 흰색 문제에 저명한 myelin 손실을 보여줍니다. PVL의 마우스 모델의 확립은 크게 면역 결핍 마우스 변종을 사용하여 사용 가능한 유전자 변형 마우스 변종, 후보 치료 요원을 식별하기 위해 상대적으로 높은 처리량 방식으로 마약 재판의 전도, 그리고 줄기 세포 이식의 테스트를 사용하여 질병 pathogenesis의 연구를 용이하게합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia at JoVE.com

Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia

우리는 periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), periventricular 흰색 물질 병변을 특징으로 조기 유아의 지배 뇌 손상의 마우스 모델을 만들었습니다. 와 / 전신 감염없이 Hypoxia / 국소 빈혈은 PVL의 주요 원인입니다. 일방적 경동맥 내고과 lipopolysaccharide 주입없이 /로 hypoxia 노출 P6 생쥐의 PVL과 같은 병변을 만듭니다.

Periventricular Leukomalacia의 마우스 모델

We describe a protocol for establishing mouse models of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). PVL is the predominant form of brain injury in premature ...

mouse-models-of-periventricular-leukomalacia

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

29.7K 조회수.  University of California, Davis. 우리는 periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), periventricular 흰색 물질 병변을 특징으로 조기 유아의 지배 뇌 손상의 마우스 모델을 만들었습니다. 와 / 전신 감염없이 Hypoxia / 국소 빈혈은 PVL의 주요 원인입니다. 일방적 경동맥 내고과 lipopolysaccharide 주입없이 /로 hypoxia 노출 P6 생쥐의 PVL과 같은 병변을 만듭니다.

비디오: Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia

A Simple Composite Phenotype Scoring System for Evaluating Mouse Models of Cerebellar Ataxia

We describe a protocol for the rapid and sensitive quantification of disease severity in mouse models of cerebella ataxia. It is derived from previously published phenotype assessments in several disease models, including spinocerebellar ataxias, Huntington s disease and spinobulbar muscular atrophy. Measures include hind limb clasping, ledge test, gait and kyphosis. Each measure is recorded on a scale of 0-3, with a combined total of 0-12 for all four measures. The results effectively discriminate between affected and non-affected individuals, while also quantifying the temporal progression of neurodegenerative disease phenotypes. Measures may be analyzed individually or combined into a composite phenotype score for greater statistical power. The ideal combination of the four described measures will depend upon the disorder in question. We present an example of the protocol used to assess disease severity in a transgenic mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7).
Albert R. La Spada and Gwenn A. Garden contributed to this manuscript equally.

We describe a protocol for the rapid and sensitive quantification of disease severity in mouse models of cerebellar ataxia. Measures include hind limb clasping, ledge test, gait and kyphosis. This protocol effectively discriminates between affected and non-affected individuals, and detects the progression of affected individuals over time.

소뇌 운동 실조증의 마우스 모델을 평가하기위한 간단한 복합 표현형 점수 시스템

We describe a protocol for the rapid and sensitive quantification of disease severity in mouse models of cerebella ataxia. It is derived from previously ...

연구

신경과학

Multiple-mouse Neuroanatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and evaluating mouse models of human disease. MRI is an excellent modality for investigating genetically altered animals. It is capable of whole brain coverage, can be used in vivo, and provides multiple contrast mechanisms for investigating different aspects of neuranatomy and physiology. The advent of high-field scanners along with the ability to scan multiple mice simultaneously allows for rapid phenotyping of novel mutations.
Effective mouse MRI studies require attention to many aspects of experiment design. In this article, we will describe general methods to acquire quality images for mouse phenotyping using a system that images mice concurrently in shielded transmit/receive radio frequency (RF) coils in a common magnet (Bock et al., 2003). We focus particularly on anatomical phenotyping, an important and accessible application that has shown a high potential for impact in many mouse models at our imaging centre. Before we can provide the detailed steps to acquire such images, there are important practical considerations for both in vivo brain imaging (Dazai et al., 2004) and ex vivo brain imaging (Spring et al., 2007) that should be noted. These are discussed below.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an increasingly popular tool for examining the phenotype of genetically altered mice. This article illustrates the methods necessary to achieve high-throughput phenotyping of genetically altered mice using multiple-mouse MRI.

여러 마우스 Neuroanatomical 자기 공명 영상

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and ...

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease process and may be a useful behavioral marker for early detection. Earlier detection in neurodegenerative disease is a major goal in the field because this is when neuroprotective therapies have the best potential to be effective. Therefore, in preclinical studies testing novel neuroprotective strategies in rodent models of neurodegenerative disease, olfactory assessment could be highly useful in determining therapeutic potential of compounds and translation to the clinic. In the present study we describe a battery of olfactory assays that are useful in measuring olfactory function in mice. The tests presented in this study were chosen because they measure olfaction abilities in mice related to food odors, social odors, and non-social odors. These tests have proven useful in characterizing novel genetic mouse models of Parkinson&#8217;s disease as well as in testing potential disease-modifying therapies.

Impairment in olfactory function is a common feature in many neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson, Alzheimer, and Huntington diseases. In the present article, we describe a set of tests for assessing olfaction discrimination and detection in mice that can be used to measure olfactory abilities in mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases.

신경 퇴행성 질환의 마우스 모델에 대한 후각 분석 실험

In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease process ...

3D Modeling of the Lateral Ventricles and Histological Characterization of Periventricular Tissue in Humans and Mouse

The ventricular system carries and circulates cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and facilitates clearance of solutes and toxins from the brain. The functional units of the ventricles are ciliated epithelial cells termed ependymal cells, which line the ventricles and through ciliary action are capable of generating laminar flow of CSF at the ventricle surface. This monolayer of ependymal cells also provides barrier and filtration functions that promote exchange between brain interstitial fluids (ISF) and circulating CSF. Biochemical changes in the brain are thereby reflected in the composition of the CSF and destruction of the ependyma can disrupt the delicate balance of CSF and ISF exchange. In humans there is a strong correlation between lateral ventricle expansion and aging. Age-associated ventriculomegaly can occur even in the absence of dementia or obstruction of CSF flow. The exact cause and progression of ventriculomegaly is often unknown; however, enlarged ventricles can show regional and, often, extensive loss of ependymal cell coverage with ventricle surface astrogliosis and associated periventricular edema replacing the functional ependymal cell monolayer. Using MRI scans together with postmortem human brain tissue, we describe how to prepare, image and compile 3D renderings of lateral ventricle volumes, calculate lateral ventricle volumes, and characterize periventricular tissue through immunohistochemical analysis of en face lateral ventricle wall tissue preparations. Corresponding analyses of mouse brain tissue are also presented supporting the use of mouse models as a means to evaluate changes to the lateral ventricles and periventricular tissue found in human aging and disease. Together, these protocols allow investigations into the cause and effect of ventriculomegaly and highlight techniques to study ventricular system health and its important barrier and filtration functions within the brain.

Using MRI scans (human), 3D imaging software, and immunohistological analysis, we document changes to the brain&#8217;s lateral ventricles. Longitudinal 3D mapping of lateral ventricle volume changes and characterization of periventricular cellular changes that occur in the human brain due to aging or disease are then modeled in mice.

인간과 마우스의 뇌실 주위 조직의 측면 심실 및 조직 학적 특성의 3D 모델링

The ventricular system carries and circulates cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and facilitates clearance of solutes and toxins from the brain. The functional ...

Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer's Mouse Models

Neurotransmitter disruption is often a key component of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), playing a role in the pathology underlying Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, and anxiety. Traditionally, microdialysis has been the most common (lauded) technique to examine neurotransmitter changes that occur in these disorders. But because microdialysis has the ability to measure slow 1-20 minute changes across large areas of tissue, it has the disadvantage of invasiveness, potentially destroying intrinsic connections within the brain and a slow sampling capability. A relatively newer technique, the microelectrode array (MEA), has numerous advantages for measuring specific neurotransmitter changes within discrete brain regions as they occur, making for a spatially and temporally precise approach. In addition, using MEAs is minimally invasive, allowing for measurement of neurotransmitter alterations in vivo. In our laboratory, we have been specifically interested in changes in the neurotransmitter, glutamate, related to Alzheimer's disease pathology. As such, the method described here has been used to assess potential hippocampal disruptions in glutamate in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Briefly, the method used involves coating a multi-site microelectrode with an enzyme very selective for the neurotransmitter of interest and using self-referencing sites to subtract out background noise and interferents. After plating and calibration, the MEA can be constructed with a micropipette and lowered into the brain region of interest using a stereotaxic device. Here, the method described involves anesthetizing rTg(TauP301L)4510 mice and using a stereotaxic device to precisely target sub-regions (DG, CA1, and CA3) of the hippocampus.

Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer&#039;s Mouse Models

Here, we describe the setup, software navigation, and data analysis for a spatially and temporally precise method of measuring tonic and phasic extracellular glutamate changes in vivo using enzyme-linked microelectrode arrays (MEA).

효소 기반의 바이오 센서를 사용하면 알츠하이머 병 마우스 모델에서 토닉과 Phasic이 품목을 측정하는

Neurotransmitter disruption is often a key component of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), playing a role in the pathology underlying ...

Exploring Deep Space - Uncovering the Anatomy of Periventricular Structures to Reveal the Lateral Ventricles of the Human Brain

Anatomy students are typically provided with two-dimensional (2D) sections and images when studying cerebral ventricular anatomy and students find this challenging. Because the ventricles are negative spaces located deep within the brain, the only way to understand their anatomy is by appreciating their boundaries formed by related structures. Looking at a 2D representation of these spaces, in any of the cardinal planes, will not enable visualisation of all of the structures that form the boundaries of the ventricles. Thus, using 2D sections alone requires students to compute their own mental image of the 3D ventricular spaces. The aim of this study was to develop a reproducible method for dissecting the human brain to create an educational resource to enhance student understanding of the intricate relationships between the ventricles and periventricular structures. To achieve this, we created a video resource that features a step-by-step guide using a fiber dissection method to reveal the lateral and third ventricles together with the closely related limbic system and basal ganglia structures. One of the advantages of this method is that it enables delineation of the white matter tracts that are difficult to distinguish using other dissection techniques. This video is accompanied by a written protocol that provides a systematic description of the process to aid in the reproduction of the brain dissection. This package offers a valuable anatomy teaching resource for educators and students alike. By following these instructions educators can create teaching resources and students can be guided to produce their own brain dissection as a hands-on practical activity. We recommend that this video guide be incorporated into neuroanatomy teaching to enhance student understanding of the morphology and clinical relevance of the ventricles.

This paper demonstrates the effective use of a fiber dissection method to reveal the superficial white matter tracts and periventricular structures of the human brain, in three-dimensional space, to aid student comprehension of ventricular morphology.

깊은 공간-인간 두뇌의 측면 심 공개 뇌 구조 해부학 적 탐구

Anatomy students are typically provided with two-dimensional (2D) sections and images when studying cerebral ventricular anatomy and students find this ...

Establishing Mouse Models for Zika Virus-induced Neurological Disorders Using Intracerebral Injection Strategies: Embryonic, Neonatal, and Adult

The Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus currently endemic in North, Central, and South America. It is now established that the ZIKV can cause microcephaly and additional brain abnormalities. However, the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of ZIKV in the developing brain remains unclear. Intracerebral surgical methods are frequently used in neuroscience research to address questions about both normal and abnormal brain development and brain function. This protocol utilizes classical surgical techniques and describes methods that allow one to model ZIKV-associated human neurological disease in the mouse nervous system. While direct brain inoculation does not model the normal mode of virus transmission, the method allows investigators to ask targeted questions concerning the consequence after ZIKV infection of the developing brain. This protocol describes embryonic, neonatal, and adult stages of intraventricular inoculation of ZIKV. Once mastered, this method can become a straightforward and reproducible technique that only takes a few hours to perform.

Here we describe a method for establishing a model of Zika virus-induced microcephaly in mouse. This protocol includes methods for embryonic, neonatal, and adult-stage intracerebral inoculation of the Zika virus.

Zika 바이러스 유도 신경 장애 Intracerebral 주입 전략을 사용 하 여 마우스 모델을 수립: 배아, 신생아, 및 성인

The Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus currently endemic in North, Central, and South America. It is now established that the ZIKV can cause microcephaly ...

Adult Mouse DRG Explant and Dissociated Cell Models to Investigate Neuroplasticity and Responses to Environmental Insults Including Viral Infection

This protocol describes an ex vivo model of mouse-derived dorsal root ganglia (DRG) explant and in vitro DRG-derived co-culture of dissociated sensory neurons and glial satellite cells. These are useful and versatile models to investigate a variety of biological responses associated with physiological and pathological conditions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) ranging from neuron-glial interaction, neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, and viral infection. The usage of DRG explant is scientifically advantageous compared to simplistic single cells models for multiple reasons. For instance, as an organotypic culture, the DRG explant allows ex vivo transfer of an entire neuronal network including the extracellular microenvironment that play a significant role in all the neuronal and glial functions. Further, DRG explants can also be maintained ex vivo for several days and the culture conditions can be perturbed as desired. In addition, the harvested DRG can be further dissociated into an in vitro co-culture of primary sensory neurons and satellite glial cells to investigate neuronal-glial interaction, neuritogenesis, axonal cone interaction with the extracellular microenvironment, and more general, any aspect associated with the neuronal metabolism. Therefore, the DRG-explant system offers a great deal of flexibility to study a wide array of events related to biological, physiological, and pathological conditions in a cost-effective manner.

In this report, the advantages of organotypic cultures and dissociated primary cultures of mouse-derived dorsal root ganglia are highlighted to investigate a wide range of mechanisms associated with neuron-glial interaction, neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, and response to viral infection.

성인 마우스 DRG Explant와 해리 셀 모델 Neuroplasticity 바이러스 성 감염을 포함 한 환경 모욕에 대 한 응답을 조사 하

This protocol describes an ex vivo model of mouse-derived dorsal root ganglia (DRG) explant and in vitro DRG-derived co-culture of dissociated sensory ...

In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurement of Compound Muscle Action Potential from the Forelimbs in Mouse Models of Motor Neuron Degeneration

Assessing the functionality of the nerve axon provides detailed information on the progression of neuromuscular disorders. Electrophysiological recordings provide a sensitive approach to measure nerve conduction in humans and rodent models. To broaden the technical possibilities for electromyography in mice, the measurement of compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) from the brachial plexus nerve in the forelimb using needle electrodes is described here. CMAP recordings after stimulating the sciatic nerve in hindlimbs have been previously described. The newly introduced method here allows for the evaluation of the nerve conductivity at an additional site, and thus provides a more profound overview of the neuromuscular functionality. The technique provides information on both the relative number of functional axons and the myelination level. Thereby, this method can be applied to assess both axonal diseases as well as demyelinating conditions. This minimally invasive method does not require extraction of the nerve and therefore it is suitable for repeated measurements for longitudinal follow-up in the same animal. Similar recordings are performed in clinical setups to emphasize the translational relevance of the method.

In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurement of Compound Muscle Action Potential from the Forelimbs in Mouse Models of Motor Neuron Degeneration

The measurement of nerve conduction is a useful tool to assess mouse models of neurodegeneration but it is frequently only applied to stimulate the sciatic nerve in hindlimbs. Here, we describe a technique to measure compound muscle action potential (CMAP) in vivo in the mouse forelimb muscles innervated by the brachial plexus.

Vivo에서 모터 신경 퇴보의 마우스 모델에서 앞 발에서 복합 근육 활동 전위의 electrophysiological 측정

Assessing the functionality of the nerve axon provides detailed information on the progression of neuromuscular disorders. Electrophysiological recordings ...

A Behavioral Screen for Heat-Induced Seizures in Mouse Models of Epilepsy

Transgenic mouse models have proved to be powerful tools in studying various aspects of human neurological disorders, including epilepsy. The SCN1A-associated genetic epilepsies comprise a wide spectrum of seizure disorders with incomplete penetrance and clinical variability. SCN1A mutations can result in a large variety of seizure phenotype ranging from simple, self-limited fever-associated febrile seizures (FS), moderate-level genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) to more severe Dravet Syndrome (DS). Although FS are commonly seen in children below 6-7 years of age who do not have genetic epilepsy, FS in GEFS+ patients continue to occur into adulthood. Traditionally, experimental FS have been induced in mice by exposing the animal to a stream of dry air or heating lamps, and the rate of change in body temperature is often not well controlled. Here, we describe a custom-built heating chamber, with a plexiglass front, that is fitted with a digital temperature controller and a heater-equipped electric fan, which can send heated forced air into the test arena in a temperature-controlled manner. The body temperature of a mouse placed in the chamber, monitored through a rectal probe, can be increased to 40-42 &#176;C in a reproducible manner by increasing the temperature inside the chamber. Continual visual monitoring of the animals during the heating period demonstrates induction of heat-induced seizures in mice carrying an FS mutation at a body temperature that does not elicit behavioral seizures in wild-type litter mates. Animals can be easily removed from the chamber and placed on a cooling pad to rapidly return body temperature to normal. This method provides for a simple, rapid, and reproducible screening protocol for the occurrence of heat-induced seizures in epilepsy mouse models.

The goal of the method is to screen for hyperthermia or heat-induced seizures in mouse models. The protocol describes the use of a custom-built chamber with continuous monitoring of the body temperature to determine whether elevated body temperature leads to seizures.

Methods Article

Periventricular Leukomalacia의 마우스 모델