An NINDS Grant NS05033 (JCC) supported this work. The University of Connecticut RAC, SURF and OUR programs provided additional support.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

우리는 도구와 쥐 및 인간에서 뇌의 심실 시스템의 무결성을 평가할 수있다 프로토콜을 제시한다. 이러한 도구는, 그러나, 또한, 14,21,22 또는 노화 과정에서 손상, 질환으로 인한 변화를 겪는 다른 뇌 구조 또는 기관 시스템에 적용될 수있다. 전략의 단면과 길이 MRI 시퀀스들의 정렬이 특정 영역 또는 관심있는 구조의 3 차원 볼륨 표현을 생성 할 수있는 소프트웨어의 인출 이점을 ?...

뇌실막 세포 단층 선 뇌척수액 (CSF) 및 격자 간 유체 (ISF) 1-3 간의 양방향 장벽 및 전송 기능을 제공하는 뇌의 심실 시스템. 이러한 기능은 뇌가 독성이없는 생리적 균형 2,3에서 유지하는 데 도움이됩니다. 부상 또는 질병을 통해이 안감의 일부의 인간 손실에서 다른 상피 라이닝에서 발견 회생 교체에 결과에 표시되지 않습니다; 오히려 뇌실막 셀 커버리지의 손실은 심실 표면에서 뇌실막 세포의 무 결함 영역을 커버하는 성상 세포의 메쉬 작업과 뇌실 주위 백질 as​​trogliosis 될 것으로 보인다. 중요한 CSF / ISF 교환 및 통관 메커니즘에 심각한 영향이 상피 층 1,2,4-7의 손실이 발생할 것으로 예상된다. 인간의 노화의 일반적인 기능은 측면 심실 (뇌실) 및 observ 등 관련 뇌실 주위 부종을 확대MRI 및 유체 감쇠 반전 회복 자기 공명 영상 (MRI / FLAIR) 8-14에 의해 에드. 뇌실과 심실 라이닝의 세포 조직 사이의 관계를 조사하기 위해, 사후 인간의 자기 공명 영상 시퀀스는 측면 뇌실 뇌실 주위 조직의 조직 학적 제제와 일치했다. 뇌실 가지 경우에서, 신경교 증의 실질적인 영역은 측면 뇌실 벽을 따라 뇌실막 세포 커버리지를 교체했다. 뇌실 확장이 자기 공명 영상 기반 볼륨 분석에 의해 감지되지 않은 경우, 뇌실막 세포 안감은 그대로이고 신경교 증은 심실 라이닝 (6)에 따라 검출되지 않았다. 이 조합 방식은 부분의 wholemount 준비 또는 전체 측면 뇌실 벽과 심실 볼륨 (6)의 3D 모델링을 사용하여 측면 뇌실 내벽의 세포 무결성의 첫 번째 포괄적 인 문서 자세히 변경을 나타냅니다. 여러 질환 (알츠하이머 병, 정신 분열증)과 부상 (외상성 뇌 손상)초기 신경 병리학 적 기능으로 뇌실을 보여줍니다. 이에 뇌실막 세포 라이닝의 지역의 삭박 정상 뇌실막 세포 기능을 방해하고 CSF / ISF 유체 및 용질 교환 사이의 항상성 균형을 손상 할 것으로 예상된다. 따라서, 기본 또는 이웃 뇌 구조에 심실 시스템, 그것의 세포 구성하고, 결과에 대한 변경 사항에 대해 더욱 철저한 검사는 궁극적으로 뇌실의 확대와 관련된 신경 병리학에 대한 자세한 내용을 공개하기 시작합니다. 함께 학적 조직 샘플에 대응하는 액세스가 제한된 조영 데이터의 부족, 특히 길이 데이터 시퀀스에서, 인간의 뇌 병리 분석 어렵게 만든다. 인간의 노화 또는 질병에있는 모델링 표현형은 종종 마우스 모델을 달성 할 수있는 동물 모델은 인간의 질병 개시 및 진행에 대한 질문을 탐구하기 위해 최선의 방법 중 하나가. 의 여러 연구건강한 젊은 마우스는 좌우 심실 벽의 cytoarchitecture 및 기본 줄기 세포 틈새 4,7-15을 설명했다. 이들 연구는 -6,15- 노화 통해 좌심실 벽의 3D 모델링 및 세포 분석을 포함하도록 확장되어왔다. 마우스는 비교적 강력한 subventicular 영역 (SVZ) -6,15- 라이닝 그대로 뇌실막 세포에 세포 틈새 바로 아래 줄기 표시 오히려 뇌실 주위 백질 신경교 증이나 뇌실 어느 쪽도, 세 생쥐에서 관찰된다. 따라서, 타격 종 특이 차이 -6,15- 노화 과정에서 일반적인 관리 및 뇌실 라이닝의 무결성에 모두 존재한다. 따라서, 인간에서 발견 조건을 심문하는 것이 가장 사용 마우스로 두 종 사이의 차이가 특징으로 적절 어떤 모델링 패러다임에서 고려 될 필요가있다. 여기, 우리는 모두 인간과 M의 측면 심실에 길이 변화와 관련된 뇌실 주위 조직을 평가하는 절차를 제시여러개. 우리의 절차는 세포의 조직과 구조 모두의 특성을 3D 렌더링 및 마우스와 인간의 심실 모두의 용적 측정, 및 뇌실 주위 조직의 전체 마운트 준비의 면역 조직 화학 분석의 사용을 포함한다. 이러한 절차는 함께 심실 시스템의 변화와 연관된 뇌실 조직을 특성화하는 수단을 제공한다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="881">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="44">
			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:227px;">Name of the Materal/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:363px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21600-069</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>19210</td>
			<td>Use at 4% in PBS, 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Normal Horse Serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16050</td>
			<td>10% in PBS-TX (v/v)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Normal Goat Serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16210</td>
			<td>10% in PBS-TX (v/v)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100 (TX)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td>0.1% in PBS (v/v)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vibratome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>VT1000S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Imager.M2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Camera</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu</td>
			<td>ORCA R2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microscope Stage Controller</td>
			<td>Ludl Electronic Products</td>
			<td>MAC 6000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereology software</td>
			<td>MBF Bioscience</td>
			<td colspan="2">Stereo Investigator 11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereology software</td>
			<td>ImageJ/NIH</td>
			<td>NIH freeware</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3D Reconstruction software</td>
			<td>MBF Bioscience</td>
			<td colspan="2">Neurolucida Explorer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>TCS SP2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MRI Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Freesurfer</td>
			<td colspan="2">https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki/DownloadAndInstall</td>
			<td>Segmentation and Volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ITK-Snap</td>
			<td>http://www.itksnap.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Segmentation and Volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Multi-image Analysis GUI (Mango)</td>
			<td>http://ric.uthscsa.edu/mango/</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Longitudinal overlay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Whole Mount Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">22.5&#176; microsurgical straight stab knife</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9854830</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">parafilm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">wax bottom dissecting dish&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pins</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">fine forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">aquapolymount</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissecting Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>MZ95</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Whole Mount Antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mouse anti-b-catenin</td>
			<td>BD Bioschiences, San Jose, CA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">goat anti-GFAP</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rabbit anti-AQP4 (aquaporin-4)</td>
			<td>&#160;Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Coronal Antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-S100&#946; antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4&#8217;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>D-1306</td>
			<td>10 &#181;g/mL in PBS</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

3d modeling of the lateral ventricles and histological characterization of periventricular tissue in humans and mouse

The ventricular system carries and circulates cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and facilitates clearance of solutes and toxins from the brain. The functional units of the ventricles are ciliated epithelial cells termed ependymal cells, which line the ventricles and through ciliary action are capable of generating laminar flow of CSF at the ventricle surface. This monolayer of ependymal cells also provides barrier and filtration functions that promote exchange between brain interstitial fluids (ISF) and circulating CSF. Biochemical changes in the brain are thereby reflected in the composition of the CSF and destruction of the ependyma can disrupt the delicate balance of CSF and ISF exchange. In humans there is a strong correlation between lateral ventricle expansion and aging. Age-associated ventriculomegaly can occur even in the absence of dementia or obstruction of CSF flow. The exact cause and progression of ventriculomegaly is often unknown; however, enlarged ventricles can show regional and, often, extensive loss of ependymal cell coverage with ventricle surface astrogliosis and associated periventricular edema replacing the functional ependymal cell monolayer. Using MRI scans together with postmortem human brain tissue, we describe how to prepare, image and compile 3D renderings of lateral ventricle volumes, calculate lateral ventricle volumes, and characterize periventricular tissue through immunohistochemical analysis of en face lateral ventricle wall tissue preparations. Corresponding analyses of mouse brain tissue are also presented supporting the use of mouse models as a means to evaluate changes to the lateral ventricles and periventricular tissue found in human aging and disease. Together, these protocols allow investigations into the cause and effect of ventriculomegaly and highlight techniques to study ventricular system health and its important barrier and filtration functions within the brain.

면역 염색 50 μm의 관상 섹션과 3D 재구성 (그림 3)에 따라 마우스 측면 심실의 윤곽 추적은 볼륨 데이터가 질병이나 부상에 대한 모델 시스템으로 마우스를 사용하여 다른 실험 패러다임에서 수집 할 수 있습니다. 이 절차에 긴급 뇌실 벽이 서로 접착 영역을 배제한다. 심실의 영역 subsegmenting 각 영역 (도 3C)에 대해 다른 색을 지정함으로써, 인접한 절편을 준수 할 수 있고, ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 3D Modeling of the Lateral Ventricles and Histological Characterization of Periventricular Tissue in Humans and Mouse at JoVE.com

3D Modeling of the Lateral Ventricles and Histological Characterization of Periventricular Tissue in Humans and Mouse

Using MRI scans (human), 3D imaging software, and immunohistological analysis, we document changes to the brain&#8217;s lateral ventricles. Longitudinal 3D mapping of lateral ventricle volume changes and characterization of periventricular cellular changes that occur in the human brain due to aging or disease are then modeled in mice.

인간과 마우스의 뇌실 주위 조직의 측면 심실 및 조직 학적 특성의 3D 모델링

The ventricular system carries and circulates cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and facilitates clearance of solutes and toxins from the brain. The functional ...

3d-modeling-lateral-ventricles-histological-characterization

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.9K 조회수.  University of Connecticut. Using MRI scans (human), 3D imaging software, and immunohistological analysis, we document changes to the brain’s lateral ventricles. Longitudinal 3D mapping of lateral ventricle volume changes and characterization of periventricular cellular changes that occur in the human brain due to aging or disease are then modeled in mice. 

비디오: 3D Modeling of the Lateral Ventricles and Histological Characterization of Periventricular Tissue in Humans and Mouse

Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia

We describe a protocol for establishing mouse models of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). PVL is the predominant form of brain injury in premature infants and the most common antecedent of cerebral palsy. PVL is characterized by periventricular white matter damage with prominent oligodendroglial injury. Hypoxia/ischemia with or without systemic infection/inflammation are the primary causes of PVL. We use P6 mice to create models of neonatal brain injury by the induction of hypoxia/ischemia with or without systemic infection/inflammation with unilateral carotid ligation followed by exposure to hypoxia with or without injection of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Immunohistochemistry of myelin basic protein (MBP) or O1 and electron microscopic examination show prominent myelin loss in cerebral white matter with additional damage to the hippocampus and thalamus. Establishment of mouse models of PVL will greatly facilitate the study of disease pathogenesis using available transgenic mouse strains, conduction of drug trials in a relatively high throughput manner to identify candidate therapeutic agents, and testing of stem cell transplantation using immunodeficiency mouse strains.

We established mouse models of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), the predominant brain injury in premature infants characterized by periventricular white matter lesions. Hypoxia/ischemia with/without systemic infection are the primary causes of PVL. Unilateral carotid ligation and hypoxia exposure with/without lipopolysaccharide injection creates PVL-like lesions in P6 mice.

Periventricular Leukomalacia의 마우스 모델

We describe a protocol for establishing mouse models of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). PVL is the predominant form of brain injury in premature ...

연구

신경과학

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options. We seek to define how neural immune signaling modulates the susceptibility to migraine, modeled in vitro using spreading depression (SD), as a means to develop novel therapeutic targets for episodic and chronic migraine. SD is the likely cause of migraine aura and migraine pain. It is a paroxysmal loss of neuronal function triggered by initially increased neuronal activity, which slowly propagates within susceptible brain regions. Normal brain function is exquisitely sensitive to, and relies on, coincident low-level immune signaling. Thus, neural immune signaling likely affects electrical activity of SD, and therefore migraine. Pain perception studies of SD in whole animals are fraught with difficulties, but whole animals are well suited to examine systems biology aspects of migraine since SD activates trigeminal nociceptive pathways. However, whole animal studies alone cannot be used to decipher the cellular and neural circuit mechanisms of SD. Instead, in vitro preparations where environmental conditions can be controlled are necessary. Here, it is important to recognize limitations of acute slices and distinct advantages of hippocampal slice cultures. Acute brain slices cannot reveal subtle changes in immune signaling since preparing the slices alone triggers: pro-inflammatory changes that last days, epileptiform behavior due to high levels of oxygen tension needed to vitalize the slices, and irreversible cell injury at anoxic slice centers. 
In contrast, we examine immune signaling in mature hippocampal slice cultures since the cultures closely parallel their in vivo counterpart with mature trisynaptic function; show quiescent astrocytes, microglia, and cytokine levels; and SD is easily induced in an unanesthetized preparation. Furthermore, the slices are long-lived and SD can be induced on consecutive days without injury, making this preparation the sole means to-date capable of modeling the neuroimmune consequences of chronic SD, and thus perhaps chronic migraine. We use electrophysiological techniques and non-invasive imaging to measure neuronal cell and circuit functions coincident with SD. Neural immune gene expression variables are measured with qPCR screening, qPCR arrays, and, importantly, use of cDNA preamplification for detection of ultra-low level targets such as interferon-gamma using whole, regional, or specific cell enhanced (via laser dissection microscopy) sampling. Cytokine cascade signaling is further assessed with multiplexed phosphoprotein related targets with gene expression and phosphoprotein changes confirmed via cell-specific immunostaining. Pharmacological and siRNA strategies are used to mimic and modulate SD immune signaling.

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are immense healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options. We seek to define how neural immune signaling modulates the susceptibility to migraine, modeled in vitro using spreading depression in hippocampal slice cultures, as a means to develop novel therapeutic targets.

스프 레딩 우울증을 사용하여 에피소드와 만성 두통의 신경 면역 신호를 모델링 체외에서</em

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options.  We seek to define how neural immune ...

Cerebrovascular Casting of the Adult Mouse for 3D Imaging and Morphological Analysis

Vascular imaging is crucial in the clinical diagnosis and management of cerebrovascular diseases, such as brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs). Animal models are necessary for studying the etiopathology and potential therapies of cerebrovascular diseases. Imaging the vasculature in large animals is relatively easy. However, developing vessel imaging methods of murine brain disease models is desirable due to the cost and availability of genetically-modified mouse lines. Imaging the murine cerebral vascular tree is a challenge. In humans and larger animals, the gold standard for assessing the angioarchitecture at the macrovascular (conductance) level is x-ray catheter contrast-based angiography, a method not suited for small rodents.
In this article, we present a method of cerebrovascular casting that produces a durable skeleton of the entire vascular bed, including arteries, veins, and capillaries that may be analyzed using many different modalities. Complete casting of the microvessels of the mouse cerebrovasculature can be difficult; however, these challenges are addressed in this step-by-step protocol. Through intracardial perfusion of the vascular casting material, all vessels of the body are casted. The brain can then be removed and clarified using the organic solvent methyl salicylate. Three dimensional imaging of the brain blood vessels can be visualized simply and inexpensively with any conventional brightfield microscope or dissecting microscope. The casted cerebrovasculature can also be imaged and quantified using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT)1. In addition, after being imaged, the casted brain can be embedded in paraffin for histological analysis.
The benefit of this vascular casting method as compared to other techniques is its broad adaptation to various analytic tools, including brightfield microscopic analysis, CT scanning due to the radiopaque characteristic of the material, as well as histological and immunohistochemical analysis. This efficient use of tissue can save animal usage and reduce costs. We have recently demonstrated application of this method to visualize the irregular blood vessels in a mouse model of adult BAVM at a microscopic level2, and provide additional images of the malformed vessels imaged by micro-CT scan. Although this method has drawbacks and may not be ideal for all types of analyses, it is a simple, practical technique that can be easily learned and widely applied to vascular casting of blood vessels throughout the body.

In this article, we present a simple, practical technique for cerebrovascular casting that is easy to perform and can be utilized to image the vascular tree of the adult mouse brain.

3D 이미징 및 형태학의 분석을위한 성인 마우스 뇌혈관 캐스팅

Vascular imaging is crucial in the clinical diagnosis and management of cerebrovascular diseases, such as brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs). ...

Tissue Preparation and Immunostaining of Mouse Sensory Nerve Fibers Innervating Skin and Limb Bones

Detection and primary processing of physical, chemical and thermal sensory stimuli by peripheral sensory nerve fibers is key to sensory perception in animals and humans. These peripheral sensory nerve fibers express a plethora of receptors and ion channel proteins which detect and initiate specific sensory stimuli. Methods are available to characterize the electrical properties of peripheral sensory nerve fibers innervating the skin, which can also be utilized to identify the functional expression of specific ion channel proteins in these fibers. However, similar electrophysiological methods are not available (and are also difficult to develop) for the detection of the functional expression of receptors and ion channel proteins in peripheral sensory nerve fibers innervating other visceral organs, including the most challenging tissues such as bone. Moreover, such electrophysiological methods cannot be utilized to determine the expression of non-excitable proteins in peripheral sensory nerve fibers. Therefore, immunostaining of peripheral/visceral tissue samples for sensory nerve fivers provides the best possible way to determine the expression of specific proteins of interest in these nerve fibers. So far, most of the protein expression studies in sensory neurons have utilized immunostaining procedures in sensory ganglia, where the information is limited to the expression of specific proteins in the cell body of specific types or subsets of sensory neurons. Here we report detailed methods/protocols for the preparation of peripheral/visceral tissue samples for immunostaining of peripheral sensory nerve fibers. We specifically detail methods for the preparation of skin or plantar punch biopsy and bone (femur) sections from mice for immunostaining of peripheral sensory nerve fibers. These methods are not only key to the qualitative determination of protein expression in peripheral sensory neurons, but also provide a quantitative assay method for determining changes in protein expression levels in specific types or subsets of sensory fibers, as well as for determining the morphological and/or anatomical changes in the number and density of sensory fibers during various pathological states. Further, these methods are not confined to the staining of only sensory nerve fibers, but can also be used for staining any types of nerve fibers in the skin, bones and other visceral tissue.

Immunocytochemical identification of peripheral sensory nerve fiber subtypes (and detection of protein expression therein) are key to the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying peripheral sensation. Here we describe methods for preparation of peripheral/visceral tissue samples, such as skin and limb bones, for specific immunostaining of peripheral sensory nerve fibers.

피부와 사지 본즈 Innervating 마우스 감각 신경 섬유의 조직 준비 및 Immunostaining

Detection and primary processing of physical, chemical and thermal sensory stimuli by peripheral sensory nerve fibers is key to sensory perception in ...

Manual Drainage of the Zebrafish Embryonic Brain Ventricles

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a protein rich fluid contained within the brain ventricles. It is present during early vertebrate embryonic development and persists throughout life. Adult CSF is thought to cushion the brain, remove waste, and carry secreted molecules1,2. In the adult and older embryo, the majority of CSF is made by the choroid plexus, a series of highly vascularized secretory regions located adjacent to the brain ventricles3-5. In zebrafish, the choroid plexus is fully formed at 144 hours post fertilization (hpf)6. Prior to this, in both zebrafish and other vertebrate embryos including mouse, a significant amount of embryonic CSF (eCSF) is present . These data and studies in chick suggest that the neuroepithelium is secretory early in development and may be the major source of eCSF prior to choroid plexus development7.
eCSF contains about three times more protein than adult CSF, suggesting that it may have an important role during development8,9. Studies in chick and mouse demonstrate that secreted factors in the eCSF, fluid pressure, or a combination of these, are important for neurogenesis, gene expression, cell proliferation, and cell survival in the neuroepithelium10-20. Proteomic analyses of human, rat, mouse, and chick eCSF have identified many proteins that may be necessary for CSF function. These include extracellular matrix components, apolipoproteins, osmotic pressure regulating proteins, and proteins involved in cell death and proliferation21-24. However, the complex functions of the eCSF are largely unknown.
We have developed a method for removing eCSF from zebrafish brain ventricles, thus allowing for identification of eCSF components and for analysis of the eCSF requirement during development. Although more eCSF can be collected from other vertebrate systems with larger embryos, eCSF can be collected from the earliest stages of zebrafish development, and under genetic or environmental conditions that lead to abnormal brain ventricle volume or morphology. Removal and collection of eCSF allows for mass spectrometric analysis, investigation of eCSF function, and reintroduction of select factors into the ventricles to assay their function. Thus the accessibility of the early zebrafish embryo allows for detailed analysis of eCSF function during development.

We present a method to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and to create a system which lacks CSF within the embryonic zebrafish brain ventricular system. This allows for further examination of CSF composition and its requirement during embryonic brain development.

Zebrafish 배아 뇌 심실의 수동 배수

Cerebrospinal fluid  (CSF) is a protein rich fluid contained within the brain ventricles. It is  present during early vertebrate embryonic development and ...

Intact Histological Characterization of Brain-implanted Microdevices and Surrounding Tissue

Research into the design and utilization of brain-implanted microdevices, such as microelectrode arrays, aims to produce clinically relevant devices that interface chronically with surrounding brain tissue. Tissue surrounding these implants is thought to react to the presence of the devices over time, which includes the formation of an insulating "glial scar" around the devices. However, histological analysis of these tissue changes is typically performed after explanting the device, in a process that can disrupt the morphology of the tissue of interest.
Here we demonstrate a protocol in which cortical-implanted devices are collected intact in surrounding rodent brain tissue. We describe how, once perfused with fixative, brains are removed and sliced in such a way as to avoid explanting devices. We outline fluorescent antibody labeling and optical clearing methods useful for producing an informative, yet thick tissue section. Finally, we demonstrate the mounting and imaging of these tissue sections in order to investigate the biological interface around brain-implanted devices.

Here we present a histological method for capturing, labeling, optically clearing, and imaging the intact brain tissue interface around chronically implanted microdevices in rodent brain tissue. Results from the techniques comprising this method are useful for understanding the impact of various penetrating brain-implants on their surrounding tissue.

뇌 이식 Microdevices과 주변 조직의 손상 조직 학적 특성

Research  into the design and utilization of brain-implanted microdevices, such as  microelectrode arrays, aims to produce clinically relevant devices ...

Non-invasive Assessment of Changes in Corticomotoneuronal Transmission in Humans

The corticospinal pathway is the major pathway connecting the brain with the muscles and is therefore highly relevant for movement control and motor learning. There exists a number of noninvasive electrophysiological methods investigating the excitability and plasticity of this pathway. However, most methods are based on quantification of compound potentials and neglect that the corticospinal pathway consists of many different connections that are more or less direct. Here, we present a method that allows testing excitability of different fractions of the corticospinal transmission. This so called H-reflex conditioning technique allows one to assess excitability of the fastest (monosynaptic) and also polysynaptic corticospinal pathways. Furthermore, by using two different stimulation sites, the motor cortex and the cervicomedullary junction, it allows not only differentiation between cortical and spinal effects but also assessment of transmission at the corticomotoneural synapse. In this manuscript, we describe how this method can be used to assess corticomotoneural transmission after low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, a method that was previously shown to reduce excitability of cortical cells. Here we demonstrate that not only cortical cells are affected by this repetitive stimulation but also transmission at the corticomotoneuronal synapse at the spinal level. This finding is important for the understanding of basic mechanisms and sites of neuroplasticity. Besides investigation of basic mechanisms, the H-reflex conditioning technique may be applied to test changes in corticospinal transmission following behavioral (e.g., training) or therapeutic interventions, pathology or aging and therefore allows a better understanding of neural processes that underlie movement control and motor learning.

The aim of the present study was to assess changes in transmission at the corticomotoneuronal synapses in humans after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. For this purpose, an electrophysiological method is introduced that allows assessment of pathway specific corticospinal transmission, i.e. differentiation of fast, direct corticospinal pathways from polysynaptic connections.

인간의 코르티 코돈 구강 내 전달의 비 침습적 평가

The corticospinal pathway is the major pathway connecting the brain with the muscles and is therefore highly relevant for movement control and motor ...

Live Imaging of the Ependymal Cilia in the Lateral Ventricles of the Mouse Brain

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various neurological deficits. The current ex vivo live imaging of motile ependymal cilia technique allows for a detailed study of ciliary dynamics following several steps. These steps include: mice euthanasia with carbon dioxide according to protocols of The University of Toledo&#8217;s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC); craniectomy followed by brain removal and sagittal brain dissection with a vibratome or sharp blade to obtain very thin sections through the brain lateral ventricles, where the ependymal cilia can be visualized. Incubation of the brain&#8217;s slices in a customized glass-bottom plate containing Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)/High-Glucose at 37 &#176;C in the presence of 95%/5% O2/CO2 mixture is essential to keep the tissue alive during the experiment. A video of the cilia beating is then recorded using a high-resolution differential interference contrast microscope. The video is then analyzed frame by frame to calculate the ciliary beating frequency. This allows distinct classification of the ependymal cells into three categories or types based on their ciliary beating frequency and angle. Furthermore, this technique allows the use of high-speed fluorescence imaging analysis to characterize the unique intracellular calcium oscillation properties of ependymal cells as well as the effect of pharmacological agents on the calcium oscillations and the ciliary beating frequency. In addition, this technique is suitable for immunofluorescence imaging for ciliary structure and ciliary protein localization studies. This is particularly important in disease diagnosis and phenotype studies. The main limitation of the technique is attributed to the decrease in live motile cilia movement as the brain tissue starts to die.

Using high-resolution differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, an ex vivo observation of the beating of motile ependymal cilia located within the mouse brain ventricles is demonstrated by live-imaging. The technique allows a recording of the unique ciliary beating frequency and beating angle as well as their intracellular calcium oscillation pacing properties.

마우스 뇌의 좌우 심실의 뇌실막 섬모의 라이브 영상

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various ...

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous system. Overexpression of desired genes is just as possible as shRNA mediated loss-of-function studies. Therefore it offers a wide range of applications. The feasibility to target particular cells in a distinct area further increases the range of potential applications of this very useful method. For efficiently targeting specific regions knowledge about the subtleties, such as the embryonic stage, the voltage to apply and most importantly the position of the electrodes, is indispensable.
Here, we provide a detailed protocol that allows for specific and efficient in utero electroporation of several regions of the C57BL/6 mouse central nervous system. In particular it is shown how to transfect regions the develop into the retrosplenial cortex, the motor cortex, the somatosensory cortex, the piriform cortex, the cornu ammonis 1-3, the dentate gyrus, the striatum, the lateral septal nucleus, the thalamus and the hypothalamus. For this information about the appropriate embryonic stage, the appropriate voltage for the corresponding embryonic stage is provided. Most importantly an angle-map, which indicates the appropriate position of the positive pole, is depicted. This standardized protocol helps to facilitate efficient in utero electroporation, which might also lead to a reduced number of animals.

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

This protocol describes in detail how to specifically transfect different regions in the C57BL/6 central nervous system via in utero electroporation. Included in this protocol are detailed instructions for transfections of regions that develop into the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, lateral septal nucleus and striatum.

코어 텍스, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, 횡 중격 Nucleus-과 줄무늬 별<em&gt; 자궁 내</em&gt; C57BL / 6 마​​우스에서 Electroporation에

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous ...

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their post-natal development, abundance, and accessibility, CGNs are an ideal model to study neuronal processes, including neuronal development, neuronal migration, and physiological neuronal activity stimulation. In addition, CGN cultures provide an excellent model for studying different modes of cell death including excitotoxicity and apoptosis. Within a week in culture, CGNs express N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a specific ionotropic glutamate receptor with many critical functions in neuronal health and disease. The addition of low concentrations of NMDA in conjunction with membrane depolarization to rodent primary CGN cultures has been used to model physiological neuronal activity stimulation while the addition of high concentrations of NMDA can be employed to model excitotoxic neuronal injury. Here, a method of isolation and culturing of CGNs from 6 day old pups as well as genetic manipulation of CGNs by adenoviruses and lentiviruses are described. We also present optimized protocols on how to stimulate NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and DNA damage following transduction of these neurons.

This protocol describes a simple method for isolating and culturing primary mouse cerebral granule neurons (CGNs) from 6-7 day old pups, efficient transduction of CGNs for loss and gain of function studies, and modelling NMDA-induced neuronal excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced cell death, DNA-damage, and oxidative stress using the same culture model.

신경 죽음 및 마우스 기본 소 뇌과 립 신경에 변성을 모델링

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their ...