이 작품은 국립 정신 건강 연구소와 국립 과학 재단 (National Science Foundation)에서 지원되었습니다. 박사 젠 Gutzman 박사 아만다 디킨스 많은 유용한 토론과 건설적인 비판에 대한 다른 Sive 연구소 회원, 전문 생선 축산을위한 올리비에 Paugois에 특별 감사드립니다.

1. Microinjection의 바늘과 셀 트램 준비 <ol><li> 제조업체의 지침에 따라 미네랄 오일과 함께 Eppendorf CellTram 오일 microinjector 장치를 입력합니다. </li><li> 셔터 계기 바늘 풀러를 사용하여 모세관 튜브를 당겨 microinjection의 바늘을 준비합니다. </li><li> Eppendorf CellTram에 연결 micromanipulator에 바늘을 탑재합니다. </li><li> 조심스럽게 바늘의 끝을 부러. 균일 팁 크기를 들어, 마이크로 미터로 측정하거나, 참조 바늘을 비교할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 모든 거품을 피하려면 조심하는 것 길이 아래로 기름을 밀어 CellTram을 사용하여 기름을 바늘의 길이를 입력합니다. </li></ol> 2. 태아 준비 <ol><li> 1-200 μl 피펫 팁과 1 % 아가로 오스 코팅 접시에 구멍을 찌르지하고, 아가로 오스 플러그를 제거합니다. 배아 미디어 (Westerfield 25에 따라 제작)으로 요리를 채 웁니다. </li><li> stereomicroscope에서 포셉, dechorionate 배아를 사용합니다. </li><li> dechorionated 배아를 전송아가로 오스 코팅 접시에. </li><li> 배아는 (Westerfield 25에 따라 변경) 이동 중지 할 때까지 배아를 마취시키기 위해서, 아가로 오스 요리에 Tricaine을 (0.1 밀리그램 / ML)를 추가합니다. </li></ol> 3. eCSF을 배수 <ol><li> 아가로 오스와 micromanipulator에 가장 가까운 자신의 뒤쪽 측면의 구멍에 꼬리와 동양의 배아, 뇌의 등 쪽의 시각화를 위해 수 있도록합니다. </li><li> rhombomere 0 / 1 힌지 지점 또는 hindbrain 뇌실 (그림 1A)의 가장 넓은 부분에 바늘을 배치합니다. </li><li> 난황에 뇌의 깊이 통과하지 않도록 것 hindbrain의 심실의주의 깊게 관통 지붕 판. </li><li> CellTram를 사용하여 eCSF을 배출하고 microinjection의 바늘에 유체를 수집합니다. 모든 세포를 방지 할주의하십시오. </li></ol> 4. 구성 분석에 대한 eCSF 수집 <ol><li> eCSF이 바늘에 수집되면, CellTram의 흡입을주의 깊게 중지합니다. </li><li> 모바늘 아래에서 음식을 같군 조심스럽게 원하는 버퍼를 포함하는 튜브에 바늘을 위치. </li><li> CellTram 사용하여 기름 솔루션을 오염을 막기 위해 노력하고 버퍼에 바늘의 eCSF을 배수한다. </li><li> 당신은 10,000 X g에서 eCSF, 스핀 eCSF와 함께 흡입 한 세포를 제거하기 위해. 수집 자세한 분석을 위해 -80에서 eCSF (표면에 뜨는) 및 저장 ° C까지 준비 오염. </li></ol> 5. 선택된 요소의 재 도입 <ol><li> 유체가 그 기간 내에 보충되어 있기 때문에, 원하는 시간 간격 동안 eCSF마다 2 시간을 배수한다. 온도를 배수 시간 포인트 사이에, 바늘을 제거하고 28.5 ° C에서 배아를 저장하거나 원하는. </li><li> 테스트 요소로 2 micropipette 바늘을로드합니다. </li><li> micromanipulator에 자리 바늘이 microinjector에 부착. </li><li> 오일과 조정 분사 시간 및 P의 방울 크기를 측정하여 한 NL로 사출 볼륨 조절ressure. </li><li> 이전과 같이 26 설명 뇌 심실에 1-2 NL를 삽입. </li></ol>

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관심 없음 충돌이 선언 없습니다.

수동으로 zebrafish의 뇌 심실에서 eCSF을 배수하기 위해이 기술의 사용은 개발 중에 eCSF에 대한 요구 사항을 결정하는 데 유용합니다. 또한이 기술은 배아 발달의 과정을 통해 eCSF 단백질 프로파일의 설명을 할 수 있습니다. 이 시간 동안 다른 단백질의 식별은 CSF와 뇌 개발하는 동안 잠재적 인 역할의 기능에 추가로 조사를하게됩니다. amniotes에서 eCSF (IGF2, FGF2, retinoic 산, 그리고 apolipoproteins)에서 확?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 시약의 이름 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> 카탈로그 번호 </td></tr><tr><td> Eppendorf CellTram 오일 </td><td> Eppendorf </td><td> 516 000.025 </td></tr><tr><td> 미네랄 오일 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> M8410 </td></tr><tr><td> Tricaine 분말 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> A5040 </td></tr><tr><td> 모세관 튜브 </td><td> FHC 주식회사 </td><td> 30-30-1 </td></tr></tbody></table>

manual drainage of the zebrafish embryonic brain ventricles

중추 신경계 (CSF)는 뇌 심실 내에 포함 된 단백질이 풍부한 액체이다. 이 초기 척추 동물의 배아 발달 동안 존재하며, 수명이 다할 때까지 지속된다. 성인 CSF는, 뇌를 쿠션 폐기물을 제거하고 분비 분자의 1,2를 운반 것으로 생각됩니다. 성인 세 이상 배아에서 CSF의 대부분은 맥락막 얼기, 뇌 심실 3-5에 인접 매우 vascularized의 분비 지역 일련의에 의해 이루어집니다. zebrafish에서 맥락막 얼기 완전히 144시간 게시물 수정을 (hpf) 6시 형성된다. 이전에, 마우스 배아 CSF (eCSF)의 상당한 금액 등 zebrafish 및 기타 모두 척추 동물의 배아에 존재합니다. 여자에서 이러한 데이터와 연구는 neuroepithelium 개발의 초기 분비하고 사전에 맥락막 얼기 개발 7 eCSF의 주요 원인 일 수 있습니다하는 것이 좋습니다. eCSF는 약 세 배 더 많은 단백질 t을 포함가 개발 8,9 동안 중요한 역할을 할 수 있다는 한 성인 CSF를 제안. 여자와 마우스의 연구 eCSF, 유체 압력, 또는 이들의 조합에 분비 요소 neuroepithelium 10-20에서 neurogenesis, 유전자 발현, 세포 증식 및 세포 생존을 위해 중요하다는 것을 보여줍니다. 인간, 쥐, 마우스 및 여자 eCSF의 Proteomic 분석은 CSF 기능에 필요한 수 있습니다 많은 단백질을 확인했습니다. 이러한 세포 죽음과 확산 21-24에 참여 세포 외 기질 구성 요소, apolipoproteins, 삼투압 조절 단백질, 그리고 단백질이 포함되어 있습니다. 그러나, eCSF의 복잡한 기능은 대부분 알 수없는 수 있습니다. 우리는 따라서 eCSF 구성 요소의 식별 및 개발 중에 eCSF 요구 사항 분석을위한 수 있도록 zebrafish의 뇌 심실에서 eCSF을 제거하는 방법을 개발했습니다. 더 eCSF은 다른 척추 동물의 시스템 w에서 수집 할 수 있지만i 번째 큰 배아, eCSF은 zebrafish 개발의 초기 단계에서 수집하고, 이상 뇌 뇌실 볼륨이나 형태로 이어질 유전 또는 환경 조건 하에서 할 수 있습니다. eCSF의 제거 및 수집 분석에 심실에 선택 요소의 질량 spectrometric 분석, eCSF 기능의 조사, 그리고 재 도입의 기능을 할 수 있습니다. 따라서 초기 zebrafish의 배아의 접근성 개발 중 eCSF 기능의 상세 분석 할 수 있습니다.

배수 뇌 뇌실의 예는 그림 1B-C에 표시됩니다. 그들은 eCSF (그림 1B 대 C) 부족으로 뇌 심실이 접혀 있습니다. 으로 등쪽 이미지 (그림 1B-C, 그리고 그림 2A-D) hindbrain의 neuroepithelium는 특성 형태를 유지하지하고 강력한 힌지 포인트에 가능성으로 인해 eCSF의 부족에도 불구하고 열려있는 것 같습니다.에서 볼 그러나, 측면 전망은 (그림 2A&#39;-D &#39;...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Manual Drainage of the Zebrafish Embryonic Brain Ventricles at JoVE.com

Manual Drainage of the Zebrafish Embryonic Brain Ventricles

우리는 뇌척수 (CSF)를 수집하고 배아 zebrafish의 뇌 심실 시스템 내에서 CSF 부족 시스템을 구축 할 수있는 방법을 제시한다. 이 태아의 뇌 발달 동안 CSF 구성 및 요구 사항의 추가 검사를 할 수 있습니다.

Zebrafish 배아 뇌 심실의 수동 배수

Cerebrospinal fluid  (CSF) is a protein rich fluid contained within the brain ventricles. It is  present during early vertebrate embryonic development and ...

manual-drainage-of-the-zebrafish-embryonic-brain-ventricles

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.9K 조회수.  Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 우리는 뇌척수 (CSF)를 수집하고 배아 zebrafish의 뇌 심실 시스템 내에서 CSF 부족 시스템을 구축 할 수있는 방법을 제시한다. 이 태아의 뇌 발달 동안 CSF 구성 및 요구 사항의 추가 검사를 할 수 있습니다.

비디오: Manual Drainage of the Zebrafish Embryonic Brain Ventricles

An Assay for Permeability of the Zebrafish Embryonic Neuroepithelium

The brain ventricular system is conserved among vertebrates and is composed of a series of interconnected cavities called brain ventricles, which form during the earliest stages of brain development and are maintained throughout the animal's life. The brain ventricular system is found in vertebrates, and the ventricles develop after neural tube formation, when the central lumen fills with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 1,2. CSF is a protein rich fluid that is essential for normal brain development and function3-6.
In zebrafish, brain ventricle inflation begins at approximately 18 hr post fertilization (hpf), after the neural tube is closed. Multiple processes are associated with brain ventricle formation, including formation of a neuroepithelium, tight junction formation that regulates permeability and CSF production. We showed that the Na,K-ATPase is required for brain ventricle inflation, impacting all these processes 7,8, while claudin 5a is necessary for tight junction formation 9. Additionally, we showed that "relaxation" of the embryonic neuroepithelium, via inhibition of myosin, is associated with brain ventricle inflation.
To investigate the regulation of permeability during zebrafish brain ventricle inflation, we developed a ventricular dye retention assay. This method uses brain ventricle injection in a living zebrafish embryo, a technique previously developed in our lab10, to fluorescently label the cerebrospinal fluid. Embryos are then imaged over time as the fluorescent dye moves through the brain ventricles and neuroepithelium. The distance the dye front moves away from the basal (non-luminal) side of the neuroepithelium over time is quantified and is a measure of neuroepithelial permeability (Figure 1). We observe that dyes 70 kDa and smaller will move through the neuroepithelium and can be detected outside the embryonic zebrafish brain at 24 hpf (Figure 2).
This dye retention assay can be used to analyze neuroepithelial permeability in a variety of different genetic backgrounds, at different times during development, and after environmental perturbations. It may also be useful in examining pathological accumulation of CSF. Overall, this technique allows investigators to analyze the role and regulation of permeability during development and disease.

We describe a live whole animal quantitative measurement for permeability of the embryonic zebrafish brain. The technique analyzes the ability to retain cerebrospinal fluid and molecules of different molecular weights within the neural tube lumen and quantifies their movement out of the ventricles. This method is useful for determining differences in epithelial permeability and maturation during development and disease.

Zebrafish 배아 Neuroepithelium의 투과율에 대한 분석

The brain ventricular system is conserved among vertebrates and is composed of a series of interconnected cavities called brain ventricles, which form ...

연구

신경과학

Micromanipulation of Gene Expression in the Adult Zebrafish Brain Using Cerebroventricular Microinjection of Morpholino Oligonucleotides

Manipulation of gene expression in tissues is required to perform functional studies. In this paper, we demonstrate the cerebroventricular microinjection (CVMI) technique as a means to modulate gene expression in the adult zebrafish brain. By using CVMI, substances can be administered into the cerebroventricular fluid and be thoroughly distributed along the rostrocaudal axis of the brain. We particularly focus on the use of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides, which are potent tools for knocking down gene expression in vivo. In our method, when applied, morpholino molecules are taken up by the cells lining the ventricular surface. These cells include the radial glial cells, which act as neurogenic progenitors. Therefore, knocking down gene expression in the radial glial cells is of utmost importance to analyze the widespread neurogenesis response in zebrafish, and also would provide insight into how vertebrates could sustain adult neurogenesis response. Such an understanding would also help the efforts for clinical applications in human neurodegenerative disorders and central nervous system regeneration. Thus, we present the cerebroventricular microinjection method as a quick and efficient way to alter gene expression and neurogenesis response in the adult zebrafish forebrain. We also provide troubleshooting tips and other useful information on how to carry out the CVMI procedure.

In this article, we demonstrate a method for manipulation of gene expression in the ventricular cells of the adult zebrafish telencephalon using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides. We present this method as an efficient and quick protocol that can be used for functional studies in the adult vertebrate brain.

모르 올리고 뉴클레오티드의 Cerebroventricular 미세 주입을 사용하여 성인 Zebrafish의 두뇌에서 유전자 발현의 미세 조작

Manipulation of gene expression in tissues is  required to perform functional studies. In this paper, we demonstrate the  cerebroventricular ...

Patch Clamp Recordings from Embryonic Zebrafish Mauthner Cells

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key neurons involved in a characteristic behavior known as the C-start or escape response that occurs when the organism perceives a threat. The M-cell has been extensively studied in adult goldfish where it has been shown to receive a wide range of excitatory, inhibitory and neuromodulatory signals1. We have been examining M-cell activity in embryonic zebrafish in order to study aspects of synaptic development in a vertebrate preparation. In the late 1990s Ali and colleagues developed a preparation for patch clamp recording from M-cells in zebrafish embryos, in which the CNS was largely intact2,3,4. The objective at that time was to record synaptic activity from hindbrain neurons, spinal cord neurons and trunk skeletal muscle while maintaining functional synaptic connections within an intact brain-spinal cord preparation. This preparation is still used in our laboratory today. To examine the mechanisms underlying developmental synaptic plasticity, we record excitatory (AMPA and NMDA-mediated)5,6 and inhibitory (GABA and glycine) synaptic currents from developing M-cells. Importantly, this unique preparation allows us to return to the same cell (M-cell) from preparation to preparation to carefully examine synaptic plasticity and neuro-development in an embryonic organism. The benefits provided by this preparation include 1) intact, functional synaptic connections onto the M-cell, 2) relatively inexpensive preparations, 3) a large supply of readily available embryos 4) the ability to return to the same cell type (i.e. M-cell) in every preparation, so that synaptic development at the level of an individual cell can be examined from fish to fish, and 5) imaging of whole preparations due to the transparent nature of the embryos.

We have developed an intact brain-spinal cord preparation to record and monitor electrical activity via patch clamp recording from the Mauthner neurons and other reticulospinal cells in zebrafish embryos. Thus, we are able to record excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents, voltage-gated channel activity and action potentials from key neurons in a developing embryo.

배아 Zebrafish의 MAUTHNER 세포에서 패치 클램프 녹음

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large  reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key  neurons involved in a characteristic ...

A Comprehensive Protocol for Manual Segmentation of the Medial Temporal Lobe Structures

The present paper describes a comprehensive protocol for manual tracing of the set of brain regions comprising the medial temporal lobe (MTL): amygdala, hippocampus, and the associated parahippocampal regions (perirhinal, entorhinal,&#160;and parahippocampal proper). Unlike most other tracing protocols available, typically focusing on certain MTL areas (e.g., amygdala and/or hippocampus), the integrative perspective adopted by the present tracing guidelines allows for clear localization of all MTL subregions. By integrating information from a variety of sources, including extant tracing protocols separately targeting various MTL structures, histological reports, and brain atlases, and with the complement of illustrative visual materials, the present protocol provides an accurate, intuitive, and convenient guide for understanding the MTL anatomy. The need for such tracing guidelines is also emphasized by illustrating possible differences between automatic and manual segmentation protocols. This knowledge can be applied toward research involving not only structural MRI investigations but also structural-functional colocalization and fMRI signal extraction from anatomically defined ROIs, in healthy and clinical groups alike.

The present work provides a comprehensive set of guidelines for manually tracing the medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures. This protocol can be applied to research involving structural and/or combined structural-functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigations of the MTL, in both healthy and clinical groups.

내측 측두엽 구조의 수동 분할을위한 포괄적 인 프로토콜

The present paper describes a comprehensive protocol for manual tracing of the set of brain regions comprising the medial temporal lobe (MTL): amygdala, ...

Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two vascular networks of the embryonic forebrain, pial and periventricular, are spatially distinctive and have different origins and growth patterns. Endothelial cells from the pial and periventricular vascular networks have unique gene expression profiles and functions. Here we present a step-by-step protocol for isolation, culture, and verification of pure populations of endothelial cells from the periventricular vascular network (PVECs) of the embryonic forebrain (telencephalon). In this approach, telencephalon devoid of pial membrane obtained from embryonic day 15 mice is minced, digested with collagenase/dispase, and dispersed mechanically into a single cell suspension. PVECs are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-CD-31/PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to MicroBeads using a strong magnetic separation method. Purified cells are cultured on collagen 1&#160;coated culture dishes in endothelial cell culture medium until they become confluent and further subcultured. PVECs obtained with this protocol exhibit cobblestone and spindle shaped phenotypes, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Purity of PVEC cultures was established with endothelial cell markers. In our hands, this method reliably and consistently yields pure populations of PVECs. This protocol will benefit studies aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into forebrain angiogenesis, understanding PVEC interactions, and cross-talks with neuronal cell types and holds tremendous potential for therapeutic angiogenesis.

This video demonstrates an easy and reliable strategy for preparation of pure cultures of endothelial cells from the embryonic forebrain within 10-12 days and will be useful for research focused on many aspects of cerebral angiogenesis.

배아 전뇌에서 내피 세포의 분리 및 문화

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two ...

Electrophysiological Recording in the Brain of Intact Adult Zebrafish

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram recordings. This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments, allowing recording of neural activity. Immobilization of the adult requires a mechanism to deliver dissolved oxygen to the gills in lieu of buccal and opercular movement. With our technique, animals are immobilized and perfused with habitat water to fulfill this requirement. A craniotomy is performed under tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222; tricaine) anesthesia to provide access to the brain. The primary electrode is then positioned within the craniotomy window to record extracellular brain activity. Through the use of a multitube perfusion system, a variety of pharmacological compounds can be administered to the adult fish and any alterations in the neural activity can be observed. The methodology not only allows for observations to be made regarding changes in neurological activity, but it also allows for comparisons to be made between larval and adult zebrafish. This gives researchers the ability to identify the alterations in neurological activity due to the introduction of various compounds at different life stages.

This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments to allow recordings and manipulation of neural activity in an intact animal.

온전한 성인 Zebrafish의의 뇌에 전기 생리학 기록

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram ...

Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the developing cerebral cortex, abnormal mitosis of neural progenitors can cause defects in brain size and function. Hence, there is a critical need for tools to understand the mechanisms of neural progenitor mitosis. Cortical development in rodents is an outstanding model for studying this process. Neural progenitor mitosis is commonly examined in fixed brain sections. This protocol will describe in detail an approach for live imaging of mitosis in ex vivo embryonic brain slices. We will describe the critical steps for this procedure, which include: brain extraction, brain embedding, vibratome sectioning of brain slices, staining and culturing of slices, and time-lapse imaging. We will then demonstrate and describe in detail how to perform post-acquisition analysis of mitosis. We include representative results from this assay using the vital dye Syto11, transgenic mice (histone H2B-EGFP and centrin-EGFP), and in utero electroporation (mCherry-&#945;-tubulin). We will discuss how this procedure can be best optimized and how it can be modified for study of genetic regulation of mitosis. Live imaging of mitosis in brain slices is a flexible approach to assess the impact of age, anatomy, and genetic perturbation in a controlled environment, and to generate a large amount of data with high temporal and spatial resolution. Hence this protocol will complement existing tools for analysis of neural progenitor mitosis.

Neural progenitor mitosis is a critical parameter of neurogenesis. Much of our understanding of neural progenitor mitosis is based on analysis of fixed tissue. Live imaging in embryonic brain slices is a versatile technique to assess mitosis with high temporal and spatial resolution in a controlled environment.

개발 마우스 배아의 피질 유사 분열의 라이브 영상

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the ...

Conditional Genetic Transsynaptic Tracing in the Embryonic Mouse Brain

Anatomical path tracing is of pivotal importance to decipher the relationship between brain and behavior. Unraveling the formation of neural circuits during embryonic maturation of the brain however is technically challenging because most transsynaptic tracing methods developed to date depend on stereotaxic tracer injection. To overcome this problem, we developed a binary genetic strategy for conditional genetic transsynaptic tracing in the mouse brain. Towards this end we generated two complementary knock-in mouse strains to selectively express the bidirectional transsynaptic tracer barley lectin (BL) and the retrograde transsynaptic tracer Tetanus Toxin fragment C from the ROSA26 locus after Cre-mediated recombination. Cell-specific tracer production in these mice is genetically encoded and does not depend on mechanical tracer injection. Therefore our experimental approach is suitable to study neural circuit formation in the embryonic murine brain. Furthermore, because tracer transfer across synapses depends on synaptic activity, these mouse strains can be used to analyze the communication between genetically defined neuronal populations during brain development at a single cell resolution. Here we provide a detailed protocol for transsynaptic tracing in mouse embryos using the novel recombinant ROSA26 alleles. We have utilized this experimental technique in order to delineate the neural circuitry underlying maturation of the reproductive axis in the developing female mouse brain.

Capitalizing on a binary genetic strategy we provide a detailed protocol for neural circuit tracing in mice that express complementary transsynaptic tracers after Cre-mediated recombination. Because cell-specific tracer production is genetically encoded, our experimental approach is suitable to study the formation and maturation of neural circuitry during murine embryonic brain development at a single cell resolution.

배아 마우스의 뇌에 추적 조건부 유전 Transsynaptic

Anatomical path tracing is of pivotal importance to decipher the relationship between brain and behavior. Unraveling the formation of neural circuits ...

Live Imaging of the Ependymal Cilia in the Lateral Ventricles of the Mouse Brain

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various neurological deficits. The current ex vivo live imaging of motile ependymal cilia technique allows for a detailed study of ciliary dynamics following several steps. These steps include: mice euthanasia with carbon dioxide according to protocols of The University of Toledo&#8217;s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC); craniectomy followed by brain removal and sagittal brain dissection with a vibratome or sharp blade to obtain very thin sections through the brain lateral ventricles, where the ependymal cilia can be visualized. Incubation of the brain&#8217;s slices in a customized glass-bottom plate containing Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)/High-Glucose at 37 &#176;C in the presence of 95%/5% O2/CO2 mixture is essential to keep the tissue alive during the experiment. A video of the cilia beating is then recorded using a high-resolution differential interference contrast microscope. The video is then analyzed frame by frame to calculate the ciliary beating frequency. This allows distinct classification of the ependymal cells into three categories or types based on their ciliary beating frequency and angle. Furthermore, this technique allows the use of high-speed fluorescence imaging analysis to characterize the unique intracellular calcium oscillation properties of ependymal cells as well as the effect of pharmacological agents on the calcium oscillations and the ciliary beating frequency. In addition, this technique is suitable for immunofluorescence imaging for ciliary structure and ciliary protein localization studies. This is particularly important in disease diagnosis and phenotype studies. The main limitation of the technique is attributed to the decrease in live motile cilia movement as the brain tissue starts to die.

Using high-resolution differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, an ex vivo observation of the beating of motile ependymal cilia located within the mouse brain ventricles is demonstrated by live-imaging. The technique allows a recording of the unique ciliary beating frequency and beating angle as well as their intracellular calcium oscillation pacing properties.

마우스 뇌의 좌우 심실의 뇌실막 섬모의 라이브 영상

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various ...

Exposure of the Pig CNS for Histological Analysis: A Manual for Decapitation, Skull Opening, and Brain Removal

Pigs have become increasingly popular in large-animal translational neuroscience research as an economically and ethically feasible substitute to non-human primates. The large brain size of the pig allows the use of conventional clinical brain imagers and the direct use and testing of neurosurgical procedures and equipment from the human clinic. Further macroscopic and histological analysis, however, requires postmortem exposure of the pig central nervous system (CNS) and subsequent brain removal. This is not an easy task, as the pig CNS is encapsulated by a thick, bony skull and spinal column. The goal of this paper and instructional video is to describe how to expose and remove the postmortem pig brain and the pituitary gland in an intact state, suitable for subsequent macroscopic and histological analysis.

The goal of this paper and instructional video is to describe how to expose and remove the postmortem pig brain and pituitary gland in an intact state, suitable for subsequent macroscopic and histological analysis.