Name: an array-based comparative genomic hybridization platform for efficient detection of copy number variations in fast neutron-induced medicago truncatula mutants
Uploaded: 2017-11-08T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 32 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutant

이 작품의 자금에서 제공 됩니다 일부 권한을 부여 하 여 NSF 식물 게놈 연구 (IOS-1127155).

참고: 그림 1 배열 CGH 프로토콜에 대 한 5 단계를 보여 줍니다. 그들은: 1); 식물 재료의 준비 2) 격리의 고품질 DNA 샘플; 3) 레이블 및 정화의 DNA 샘플; 4) 교 잡, 세척, 그리고 검색의 전체 게놈 배열; 그리고 5) CGH 데이터 분석. M. truncatula 전체 게놈 타일링 어레이 50000 개 이상의 유전자 나 게놈 (참조 자료의 테이블)에 유전자 모델을 대상으로 하는 971,041 독특한 올리고 프로브의 총 포함 되어 있습니다. 고유의 프로브 간격 약 모든 150의 기본적인 쌍 (bp) exonic 지역 및 261에 M. truncatula 게놈의 intronic 지역에서 bp.
 1. 식물 재료의 준비 <ol><li>Scarify 야생 타입 (WT; M. truncatula cv Jemalong A17)와 8 분에 대 한 집중된 한 황산을 가진 FN6191 돌연변이 씨앗 (재료의 표 참조). 제거 하 고 액체 폐기물 컨테이너에 황산 삭제.</li>
	<li>린스 씨앗 압력가 이온을 제거 된 물으로 세 번.</li>
	<li>표면 소독 씨앗 10 분에 대 한 20% 표 백제 솔루션</li>
	<li>린스 씨앗 압력가 이온을 제거 된 물으로 세 번.</li>
	<li>3 일 동안 4 ° C에 저장 씨앗. Vernalization, 후 전송 및 성장 챔버와 16/8 h에에서 1 주일 명암 주기 및 150 µE/m 2 /s 빛 강도 대 한 토양에 씨앗을 발 아.</li>
	<li>1 갤런 냄비에 묘 종을 이식 하 고 16 h/8 h 명암 주기, 3 ~ 4 주에 대 한 150 µE/m 2 /s 빛 강도 가진 온실에서 성장. DNA 분리에 대 한 식물에서 젊은 잎 샘플을 수집.</li>
</ol> 2. 높은 품질 DNA 샘플의 절연 <ol><li>단일 공장에서 젊은 잎 조직 1 g 하 고 액체 질소에 즉시 동결.</li>
	<li>박격포와 유 봉 미세 분말을 액체 질소에서 냉동된 잎 조직이 갈기.</li>
	<li>DNA 분리와 게놈 DNA 분리 키트 (재료의 표 참조).</li>
	<li>Resuspend 정화 DNA 샘플 압력가 이중 이온된 H 2 O의 50 µ L (ddH 2 O) 또는 TE 버퍼 (10 mM Tris HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.0) x 1.</li>
	<li>측정 DNA 농도 분 광 광도 계와 (재료의 표 참조).</li>
	<li>평가 260 nm/280 nm와 DNA 샘플의 260 nm/230 nm 비율. 
	참고: 고품질 DNA 샘플 260 nm/280 nm 비율 있어야 &#8805; 1.8와 260 nm/230 nm 비율 &#8805; 2.0.</li>
	<li>추가 agarose 젤 1%에서 그들을 실행 하 여 DNA 샘플 평가. 
	참고: 고품질 DNA 샘플 높은 분자 무게 있고 RNA에 의해 오염 되지 해야 합니다. 이상적으로, DNA 샘플의 최종 농도 ~ 150 ng / µ L 되어야 합니다.</li>
</ol> 3. DNA 라벨 및 정화 <ol><li>ddH 2 O 500 µ L 원심 분리기 튜브에서 20 µ L의 최종 볼륨을 희석 1 µ g의 genomic DNA 샘플.</li>
	<li>임의의 뇌관의 추가 5 µ L (재료의 표 참조) 관.</li>
	<li>소용돌이 짧게 튜브로 품 어 10 분에 98 ° C에서 DNA를 변성 하 thermocycler</li>
	<li>thermocycler에서 튜브를가지고 고 5 분에 대 한 진정 얼음 물에 바로 넣어</li>
	<li>표 1과 같이 믹스 준비 2 라벨.</li>
	<li>믹스 1과 2 참조 DNA와 DNA 샘플에 라벨의 추가 25 µ L 튜브, 각각.</li>
	<li>세 번 pipetting으로 라벨 믹스와 DNA를 혼합 하 고 튜브를 짧게 회전.</li>
	<li>그리고 20 분 엑 소 Klenow 효소 비활성화 65 ° C에서 37 ° C 2 h에서 품 어 하 thermocycler로 튜브를 넣어 (재료의 표 참조).</li>
	<li>테 버퍼 각 튜브를 x 1의 추가 430 µ L.</li>
	<li>내용을 혼합 하 고 튜브를 짧게 회전.</li>
	<li>전송 솔루션 2 mL 컬렉션 정화 열에 관에서 관 (재료의 표 참조).</li>
	<li>분리기 14000 x g 10 분에 대 한 정화 열</li>
	<li>솔루션을 통해 패스 삭제.</li>
	<li>추가 480 x 각 열으로 TE 버퍼 1 µ L.</li>
	<li>분리기 14000 x g 10 분에 다시 열</li>
	<li>통과 솔루션 삭제.</li>
	<li>새 원심 분리기 튜브에 열에의 하단 부분에 남아 있는 레이블이 DNA 샘플을 전송.</li>
	<li>는 피 펫을 사용 하 여 레이블이 지정 된 DNA 샘플의 볼륨을 측정 하 고 x TE 버퍼 1 80 µ L를 최종 볼륨을가지고.</li>
	<li>는 분 광 광도 계를 사용 하 여 레이블이 DNA 샘플의 농도 측정 (재료의 표 참조).</li>
	<li>레이블된 샘플 DNA의 동일한 금액을 혼합 하 고 DNA를 참조 테 버퍼 x 1와 160 µ L를 최종 볼륨을가지고.</li>
	<li>교 잡 버퍼, 인간 침대 1 DNA의 50 µ L 10 × aCGH 차단 에이전트의 50 µ L x 2 µ L 추가 256 (재료의 표 참조) 3 번 pipetting으로 잘 섞는다.</li>
	<li>짧게 튜브를 회전 하 고 10 분에 98 ° C에 품 어 하 thermocycler에 넣어</li>
	<li>20 분 동안 37 ° C에서 튜브를 품 어</li>
</ol> 4. 교 잡, 세척, 그리고 게놈 배열의 검색 <ol><li>미리 따뜻한 교 잡 시작 하기 전에 67 ° C 이상 4 h 교 잡 오븐.</li>
	<li>교 잡 챔버의 기지에 가스 켓 슬라이드 배치.</li>
	<li>가스 켓 슬라이드에 단계 3.23에서 교 잡 솔루션의 부하 490 µ L.</li>
	<li>개자리속 truncatula 게놈 microarray 칩 교 잡 챔버를 가스 켓 슬라이드 커버.</li>
	<li>교 잡 챔버 커버에 넣고 클램프와 챔버를 단단히 조입니다.</li>
	<li>조립된 교 잡 실 교 잡 오븐에 넣고 40-48 h. 67 ° C에서 품 어</li>
	<li>설거지 준비 3 슬라이드: 나 실 온에서 보관 하는 두 버퍼를 세척 하는 250 mL와 버퍼 II 세척 한 37에서 보관 ° c.</li>
	<li>항아리 세척 준비 2 슬라이드: 70 mL 이기와 70 mL 안정화와 건조 솔루션 하나, 모두 유지 실내 온도에서 증기 두건에서 (재료의 표 참조).</li>
	<li>교 잡 챔버 오븐에서 제거 하 고 챔버 클램프 및 덮개 제거.</li>
	<li>Microarray 칩 및 가스 켓 나 워시 버퍼와 슬라이드 세척 접시를 슬라이드와 커버 슬라이드에서 칩을 분리 이동.</li>
	<li>두 번째 슬라이드 세척 하는 microarray 칩 이동 나 워시 버퍼와 접시와 부드럽게 순환 5 분에 대 한 실 온에서 자기 저 어 접시에 볶음 바 솔루션</li>
	<li>전송에 microarray 칩을 미리 데워 세척 버퍼 II와 접시 세척 세 번째 슬라이드 1 분 37 ° C에서 자기 저 어 접시에 볶음 bar로 부드럽게 씻어</li>
	<li>Microarray 칩 세척 증기 두건에서 이기와 단지 슬라이드를 전송과 30 씻고 s.</li>
	<li>Microarray 칩 슬라이드 안정화와 함께 항아리를 세척 하 고 건조 솔루션에 전송 하 고 30 씻어 s.</li>
	<li>칩 밖으로 천천히 하 고 1 분에 대 한 그것을 건조합니다</li>
	<li>검색 microarray 칩 스캐너를 사용 하 여 참조 테이블의 자료 2 µ m 해상도. 여러 개의 이미지를 저장 하 고 전체 검사를 슬라이드에 대 한 매개 변수를 설정 합니다. 채널 1과 2 이익 100% 설정 하 고 자동 이득 취소.</li>
</ol> 5. CGH 데이터 분석 <ol><li>추출 Cy3와 Cy5 형광 검색 소프트웨어를 사용 하 여 배열에서 각 프로브에 대 한 농도 (재료의 표 참조).</li>
	<li>세분화 분석 샘플 DNA 사이의 참조 DNA 복사 번호 유사 (CNVs)를 감지 하는 소프트웨어의 사용. CNVs를 결정 하기 위한 세그먼트 의미 로그 2 샘플/참조 비율 ± 2.5 표준 편차의 임계값을 사용 하 여.</li>
	<li>신호 매핑 소프트웨어를 사용 하 여 전체 게놈에서 로그 2 샘플/참조 비율의 분포를 검사 (재료의 표 참조).</li>
</ol>

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저자 아무 경쟁 금융 관심사를 선언합니다.

어레이 기반 CGH 플랫폼 검색 및 빠른 중성자 사격 (FNB)의 특성에 대 한 개발 했습니다-cv. M. truncatula Jemalong A17에에서 돌연변이 유도. 배열 CGH 메서드 유전자 돌연변이 검출에서 사용을 보여 우리는 돌연변이 FN6191 S. meliloti Sm1021와함께 접종 때 야생 유형 식물, 달리 하이퍼 nodulation 형 전시의 aCGH 분석을 수행. 세분화 분석을 위해 세그먼트 로그2 비율의 의미는 세그먼트 내의 프?...

콩 (Fabaceae) 콩 (최대 글리신), 알 팔 파 (개자리속 sativa) 등 많은 경제적으로 중요 한 종 가진 꽃 식물의 3 번째로 큰 가족입니다. 콩과 식물 질소 담합 토양 박테리아, 일반적으로 Rhizobia 있는 대기 이질소 호스트 식물에 의해 사용 하기 위해 암모니아로 감소 된다 뿌리 혹을 개발 하 라는 작용할 수 있습니다. 이와 같이, 콩과 식물 작물의 재배는 질소 비료의 작은 입력 요구 하 고 따라서 지속 가능한 농업에 기여. 콩과 식물 작물 생산 나뭇잎과 씨앗 높은 단백질 콘텐츠, 우수한 사료 및 곡물 작물으로 봉사. 그러나, 재배 콩과 식물 종에는 일반적으로 복잡 한 게놈 구조, 성가신 콩과 식물-특정 프로세스에 핵심 역할을 하는 유전자의 기능 연구를 만드는 있다. 개자리속 truncatula 널리 채택 되었습니다 콩과 식물 연구에 대 한 모델 종으로 주로 하기 때문에 (1)는 상대적으로 작은 단일 게놈 크기 (550 ~ Mbp); 2 중 게놈 (2) 식물 유전자 기능 연구; 대 한 안정적으로 변형 될 수 있다 그리고 (3)은 밀접 하 게 관련 된 알 팔 파 (M. sativa로 구나), 사료의 여왕 및 변환 연구에 대 한 다른 많은 경제적으로 중요 한 작물. 최근, 게놈 시퀀스 M. truncatula cv의 Jemalong A17 발표1,2되었습니다. 게놈 주석 50000 개 이상의 예측된 유전자 나 게놈에 있는 유전자 모델을 보여 줍니다. M. truncatula 에 유전자의 대부분의 기능을 확인 하려면 게놈은 어려운 작업입니다. 유전자의 기능 연구를 촉진 하기 위해1 라인의 범위에서 돌연변이의 포괄적인 컬렉션 생성 된 빠른 중성자 사격 (FNB) mutagenesis M. truncatula 이력서에 사용 하 여 Jemalong A173 4. 빠른 중성자, 고 에너지 이온화 돌연 애기5,6, 쌀 (Oryza sativa)7, 토마토 (푸른 풀밭을 포함 하 여 많은 식물 종에 돌연변이 생성에 사용 되었습니다. lycopersicum), 콩 (글리신 soja; 최대 G.)8,9, 보 리 (Hordeum vulgare), 그리고 로터스 나무10. FNB mutagenesis에서 파생 된 변이의 큰 부분 DNA 삭제 메가 기본적인 쌍9,11몇 가지 기본적인 쌍 크기에서 범위는 한다. 많은 표현 형 관련 유전자 성공적으로 되었습니다 식별 및 특징4,12,13,,1415,16, 17 , 18 , 19. 이전, 지도 기반 접근 시간이 소모 하 고 분자 수준에서 특징을 돌연변이의 수를 제한에 의존 FNB 돌연변이에서 기본 유전자의 분자 클로닝. 최근에, 몇 가지 무료 방법을 사본 기반 메서드를 포함 하 여, 게놈 DNA 복사 번호 유사 검색, 및 전체 게놈 시퀀싱, 배열 기반 비교 genomic 교 잡 (CGH) 기와 고용 촉진 하는 동물과 식물20,21,22,23,,2425을 포함 한 다양 한 유기 체에서 삭제 돌연변이의 특성 26,,2728,29,30,31.
M. truncatula는 전체 게놈 배열 기반 비교 genomic 교 잡 (CGH)에서 FNB 돌연변이의 특성화를 촉진 하기 위하여 플랫폼 개발 되어과 검증. 동물 시스템에 보고, CGH 배열 기반 플랫폼 M. truncatula FNB 돌연변이에 전체 게놈 수준에서 복사 번호 유사 (CNVs)의 탐지를 허용 한다. 또한, 병 변 PCR에 의해 확인 될 수 있습니다 및 삭제 테두리 시퀀싱에 의해 확인 될 수 있다. 전반적으로, 배열 CGH 플랫폼 M. truncatula FNB 돌연변이에 병 변 식별에 효율적이 고 효과적인 도구입니다. 여기, 배열 CGH 절차 및 PCR 특성화 M. truncatula FNB 돌연변이에 삭제 테두리의 그림은.
다음 프로토콜 복사 번호의 전체 게놈 배열 기반 비교 genomic 교 잡 (CGH) 분석 수행에 관심이 있는 연구자에 대 한 실험 단계 및 시 약, 장비 및 분석 도구에 대 한 정보 제공 유사 식물에서. 예를 들어, 개자리속 truncatula FN6191 돌연변이 삭제 지역과 후보 유전자 돌연변이 고기와 관련 된 식별 하 사용 되었다. M. truncatula FN6191 돌연변이, 빠른 중성자 사격 유도 삭제 돌연변이 컬렉션32 에서 원래 고립 된 토양 접종 후 하이퍼 nodulation 표현 형을 전시 하는 ( 테이블의 자료참조) 박테리아, 야생 유형 식물 달리 Sihorhizobium meliloti Sm1021

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Medicago truncatula&lt;/em&gt; genome array, 1 x 1 M</td><td>Agilent</td><td>G4123A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Medicago truncatula&lt;/em&gt; FN6191 (mutant)</td><td>In house</td><td>FN6191</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Medicago truncatula&lt;/em&gt; Jemalong A17 (reference)</td><td>In house</td><td>A17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sulfuric acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>320501</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNeasy Plant Mini Kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>69104</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nanodrop Spectrophotometer</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>1000D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SureTag DNA Labeling Kit</td><td>Agilent</td><td>5190-3400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Random primer</td><td>Agilent</td><td>5190-3399</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetonitrile</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>271004-1L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermocycler</td><td>MJ research</td><td>PTC-200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Labnet international Inc</td><td>Spectrafuge 24D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stabilization and Drying Solution</td><td>Agilent</td><td>5185-5979</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oligo aCGH/ChIP-on-chip Hybridization Kit</td><td>Agilent</td><td>5188-5380</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hybridization Chamber gasket slides</td><td>Agilent</td><td>G2505</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human Cot-1 DNA</td><td>Agilent</td><td>5190-3393</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oligo aCGH/ChIP-on-chip Wash Buffer 1 and 2</td><td>Agilent</td><td>5188-5221</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hybridization Chamber, stainless</td><td>Agilent</td><td>G2534A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hybridization oven</td><td>Agilent</td><td>G2545A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Purification Columns</td><td>Agilent</td><td>5190-3391</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser scanner</td><td>Roche</td><td>MS200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NimbleScan 2.6</td><td>Roche Nimblegen</td><td>5225035001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Signal Map 1.9</td><td>Roche Nimblegen</td><td>Signalmap1.9</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

an array-based comparative genomic hybridization platform for efficient detection of copy number variations in fast neutron-induced medicago truncatula mutants

돌연변이 유전자 기능 연구에 대 한 귀중 한 유전 자원 이다. 돌연변이 컬렉션을 생성 하려면 세 가지 유형의 mutagens 활용할 수 있습니다, T DNA 또는 transposon 등 생물, 에틸 methanesulfonate (EMS), 같은 화학 또는 이온화 방사선 같은 물리를 포함 하 여. 돌연변이 관찰의 유형에 돌연 사용에 따라 다릅니다. 이온화 방사선 유발 돌연변이, 돌연변이 또는 삭제, 복제, 또는 재배치 포함. T-DNA 또는 transposon-기반 mutagenesis는 변환에 취약 종으로 제한, 화학 또는 물리적 mutagenesis 종의 광범위 한 범위에 적용할 수 있습니다. 그러나, 전통적으로 화학 또는 물리적 mutagenesis에서 파생 하는 돌연변이의 특성 지도 기반 복제 방식을, 노동 집중과 시간이 소모 되는 사용 합니다. 자, 우리 감지 하 여 효율적으로 복사 번호 유사 (CNVs) 돌연변이에 빠른 중성자 사격 (FNB) mutagenesis에서 파생 된 특성 고밀도 게놈 배열 기반 비교 genomic 교 잡 (aCGH) 플랫폼을 적용할 수 있음을 보여합니다 개자리속 truncatula, 콩과 식물 종입니다. 전체 게놈 시퀀스 분석 50000 개 이상의 유전자 나 유전자 모델 M. truncatula에서 보여줍니다. M. truncatula 에서 현재, FNB 유발 돌연변이에서 150000 이상 m 1 라인을 대표 하는 게놈에 있는 유전자의 기능 연구에 대 한 귀중 한 유전 자원에서 파생 됩니다. 여기에 설명 된 aCGH 플랫폼 FNB 유발 돌연변이 M. truncatula에 특성화를 위한 효율적인 도구입니다.

그림 2 는 전체 게놈에서 돌연변이 WT 신호 대의 표준화 된 로그2 비율의 분포를 보여준다. CGH 데이터의 분석 공개 대략적인 전체 SUNN 유전자33 와 몇 가지 다른 염색체 4에 22 kb 삭제 주석 FN6191 돌연변이 (그림 2, 그림 3)에서 유전자. 후보자 삭제 된 지역 평균 정규화 된 로그<s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutant

An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutants

이 프로토콜에 복사 번호 유사의 전체 게놈 배열 기반 비교 genomic 교 잡 (CGH) 분석 수행에 관심이 있는 연구자에 대 한 실험 단계 및 시 약, 장비, 및 분석 도구에 대 한 정보 제공 식물입니다.

어레이 기반 비교 Genomic 교 잡 플랫폼 효율적인 탐지의 복사 번호 유사 빠른 중성자 유도 개자리속 truncatula 돌연변이에 대 한

Mutants are invaluable genetic resources for gene function studies. To generate mutant collections, three types of mutagens can be utilized, including ...

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An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutants

Unit 2

Genomes and Evolution

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7.8K 조회수.  Noble Research Institute. 이 프로토콜에 복사 번호 유사의 전체 게놈 배열 기반 비교 genomic 교 잡 (CGH) 분석 수행에 관심이 있는 연구자에 대 한 실험 단계 및 시 약, 장비, 및 분석 도구에 대 한 정보 제공 식물입니다.

비디오: An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutants

Using a Fluorescent PCR-capillary Gel Electrophoresis Technique to Genotype CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Knockout Mutants in a High-throughput Format

The development of programmable genome-editing tools has facilitated the use of reverse genetics to understand the roles specific genomic sequences play in the functioning of cells and whole organisms. This cause has been tremendously aided by the recent introduction of the CRISPR/Cas9 system-a versatile tool that allows researchers to manipulate the genome and transcriptome in order to, among other things, knock out, knock down, or knock in genes in a targeted manner. For the purpose of knocking out a gene, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated double-strand breaks recruit the non-homologous end-joining DNA repair pathway to introduce the frameshift-causing insertion or deletion of nucleotides at the break site. However, an individual guide RNA may cause undesirable off-target effects, and to rule these out, the use of multiple guide RNAs is necessary. This multiplicity of targets also means that a high-volume screening of clones is required, which in turn begs the use of an efficient high-throughput technique to genotype the knockout clones. Current genotyping techniques either suffer from inherent limitations or incur high cost, hence rendering them unsuitable for high-throughput purposes. Here, we detail the protocol for using fluorescent PCR, which uses genomic DNA from crude cell lysate as a template, and then resolving the PCR fragments via capillary gel electrophoresis. This technique is accurate enough to differentiate one base-pair difference between fragments and hence is adequate in indicating the presence or absence of a frameshift in the coding sequence of the targeted gene. This precise knowledge effectively precludes the need for a confirmatory sequencing step and allows users to save time and cost in the process. Moreover, this technique has proven to be versatile in genotyping various mammalian cells of various tissue origins targeted by guide RNAs against numerous genes, as shown here and elsewhere.

The genotyping technique described here, which couples fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to capillary gel electrophoresis, allows for high-throughput genotyping of nuclease-mediated knockout clones. It circumvents limitations faced by other genotyping techniques and is more cost effective than sequencing methods.

CRISPR을 유전자형하기 위해 형광 PCR-모세관 젤 전기 영동 기술을 사용 / 높은 처리량 형식으로 녹아웃 돌연변이를 Cas9 매개

The development of programmable genome-editing tools has facilitated the use of reverse genetics to understand the roles specific genomic sequences play ...

연구

유전학

Generating Transgenic Plants with Single-copy Insertions Using BIBAC-GW Binary Vector

When generating transgenic plants, generally the objective is to have stable expression of a transgene. This requires a single, intact integration of the transgene, as multi-copy integrations are often subjected to gene silencing. The Gateway-compatible binary vector based on bacterial artificial chromosomes (pBIBAC-GW), like other pBIBAC derivatives, allows the insertion of single-copy transgenes with high efficiency. As an improvement to the original pBIBAC, a Gateway cassette has been cloned into pBIBAC-GW, so that the sequences of interest can now be easily incorporated into the vector transfer DNA (T-DNA) by Gateway cloning. Commonly, the transformation with pBIBAC-GW results in an efficiency of 0.2&#8211;0.5%, whereby half of the transgenics carry an intact single-copy integration of the T-DNA. The pBIBAC-GW vectors are available with resistance to Glufosinate-ammonium or DsRed fluorescence in seed coats for selection in plants, and with resistance to kanamycin as a selection in bacteria. Here, a series of protocols is presented that guide the reader through the process of generating transgenic plants using pBIBAC-GW: starting from recombining the sequences of interest into the pBIBAC-GW vector of choice, to plant transformation with Agrobacterium, selection of the transgenics, and testing the plants for intactness and copy number of the inserts using DNA blotting. Attention is given to designing a DNA blotting strategy to recognize single- and multi-copy integrations at single and multiple loci.

Using a pBIBAC-GW binary vector makes generating transgenic plants with intact single-copy insertions, an easy process. Here, a series of protocols is presented that guide the reader through the process of generating transgenic Arabidopsis plants, and testing the plants for intactness and copy number of the inserts.

BIBAC-GW 이진 벡터를 사용 하 여 단일 복사본 삽입을 가진 유전자 변형 식물 생성

When generating transgenic plants, generally the objective is to have stable expression of a transgene. This requires a single, intact integration of the ...

A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in C. elegans Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

The clustered regularly interspersed palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) prokaryotic adaptive immune defense system has been co-opted as a powerful tool for precise eukaryotic genome engineering. Here, we present a rapid and simple method using chimeric single guide RNAs (sgRNA) and CRISPR-Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) for the efficient and precise generation of genomic point mutations in C. elegans. We describe a pipeline for sgRNA target selection, homology-directed repair (HDR) template design, CRISPR-Cas9-RNP complexing and delivery, and a genotyping strategy that enables the robust and rapid identification of correctly edited animals. Our approach not only permits the facile generation and identification of desired genomic point mutant animals, but also facilitates the detection of other complex indel alleles in approximately 4 - 5 days with high efficiency and a reduced screening workload.

A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in C. elegans Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

Here, we present a method to engineer the genome of C. elegans using CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins and homology dependent repair templates.

빠른 고 손쉬운 파이프라인 C. 선 충 을 사용 하 여 CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins에서 게놈 포인트 돌연변이 생성에 대 한

The clustered regularly interspersed palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) prokaryotic adaptive immune defense system has been ...

Identifying Mutations by High Resolution Melting in a TILLING Population of Rice

Target Induced Local Lesions In Genomes (TILLING) is a strategy of reverse genetics for the high-throughput screening of induced mutations. However, the TILLING system has less applicability for insertion/deletion (Indel) detection and traditional TILLING needs more complex steps, like CEL I nuclease digestion and gel electrophoresis. To improve the throughput and selection efficiency, and to make the screening of both Indels and single base substitions (SBSs) possible, a new high-resolution melting (HRM)-based TILLING system is developed. Here, we present a detailed HRM-TILLING protocol and show its application in mutation screening. This method can analyze the mutations of PCR amplicons by measuring the denaturation of double-stranded DNA at high temperatures. HRM analysis is directly performed post-PCR without additional processing. Moreover, a simple, safe and fast (SSF) DNA extraction method is integrated with HRM-TILLING to identify both Indels and SBSs. Its simplicity, robustness and high throughput make it potentially useful for mutation scanning in rice and other crops.

In this article, we present the protocol that is described as high-resolution melting analysis (HRM)-based Target Induced Local Lesions In Genomes (TILLING). This method utilizes fluorescence changes during the melting of the DNA duplex and is suitable for high-throughput screening of both insertion/deletion (Indel) and single base substition (SBS).

쌀의 경작 인구에서 고분해능 용융에 의한 돌연변이 식별

Target Induced Local Lesions In Genomes (TILLING) is a strategy of reverse genetics for the high-throughput screening of induced mutations. However, the ...

Development of Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) Populations in Small Grain Crops by Ethyl Methanesulfonate Mutagenesis

Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) is a powerful reverse genetics tool that includes chemical mutagenesis and detection of sequence variation in target genes. TILLING is a highly valuable functional genomics tool for gene validation, especially in small grains in which transformation-based approaches hold serious limitations. Developing a robust mutagenized population is key to determining the efficiency of a TILLING-based gene validation study. A TILLING population with a low overall mutation frequency indicates that an impractically large population must be screened to find desired mutations, whereas a high mutagen concentration leads to high mortality in the population, leading to an insufficient number of mutagenized individuals. Once an effective population is developed, there are multiple ways to detect mutations in a gene of interest, and the choice of platform depends upon the experimental scale and availability of resources. The Cel-1 assay and agarose gel-based approach for mutant identification is convenient, reproducible, and a less resource-intensive platform. It is advantageous in that it is simple, requiring no computational knowledge, and it is especially suitable for validation of a small number of genes with basic lab equipment. In the present article, described are the methods for development of a good TILLING population, including preparation of the dosage curve, mutagenesis and maintenance of the mutant population, and screening of the mutant population using the PCR-based Cel-1 assay.

Development of Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes TILLING Populations in Small Grain Crops by Ethyl Methanesulfonate Mutagenesis

Described is a protocol for developing a Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) population in small grain crops with use of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) as a mutagen. Also provided is a protocol for mutation detection using the Cel-1 assay.

에틸 메탄술포네이트 돌연변이 발생에 의한 작은 곡물 작물의 게놈(TILLING) 인구에 있는 표적으로 한 현지 병변의 발달

Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) is a powerful reverse genetics tool that includes chemical mutagenesis and detection of sequence ...

발생학

Generation of Composite Plants in Medicago truncatula used for Nodulation Assays

Similar to Agrobacterium tumerfaciens, Agrobacterium rhizogenes can transfer foreign DNAs into plant cells based on the autonomous root-inducing (Ri) plasmid. A. rhizogenes can cause hairy root formation on plant tissues and form composite plants after transformation. On these composite plants, some of the regenerated roots are transgenic, carrying the wild type T-DNA and the engineered binary vector; while the shoots are still non-transgenic, serving to provide energy and growth support. These hairy root composite plants will not produce transgenic seeds, but there are a number of important features that make these composite plants very useful in plant research. First, with a broad host range,A. rhizogenes can transform many plant species, especially dicots, allowing genetic engineering in a variety of species. Second, A. rhizogenes infect tissues and explants directly; no tissue cultures prior to transformation is necessary to obtain composite plants, making them ideal for transforming recalcitrant plant species. Moreover, transgenic root tissues can be generated in a matter of weeks. For Medicago truncatula, we can obtain transgenic roots in as short as three weeks, faster than normal floral dip Arabidopsis transformation. Overall, the hairy root composite plant technology is a versatile and useful tool to study gene functions and root related-phenotypes. Here we demonstrate how hairy root composite plants can be used to study plant-rhizobium interactions and nodulation in the difficult-to-transform species M. truncatula.

Generation of Composite Plants in Medicago truncatula used for Nodulation Assays

We demonstrate how hairy root composite plants can be used to study plant-rhizobium interactions and nodulation in the difficult-to-transform species Medicago truncatula.

의 복합 식물의 생성 Medicago truncatula 유괴의 Assays 사용

Similar to Agrobacterium tumerfaciens, Agrobacterium rhizogenes can transfer foreign DNAs into plant cells based on the autonomous root-inducing (Ri) ...

생물학

Fluorescence-microscopy Screening and Next-generation Sequencing: Useful Tools for the Identification of Genes Involved in Organelle Integrity

This protocol describes a fluorescence microscope-based screening of Arabidopsis seedlings and describes how to map recessive mutations that alter the subcellular distribution of a specific tagged fluorescent marker in the secretory pathway. Arabidopsis is a powerful biological model for genetic studies because of its genome size, generation time, and conservation of molecular mechanisms among kingdoms. The array genotyping as an approach to map the mutation in alternative to the traditional method based on molecular markers is advantageous because it is relatively faster and may allow the mapping of several mutants in a really short time frame. This method allows the identification of proteins that can influence the integrity of any organelle in plants. Here, as an example, we propose a screen to map genes important for the integrity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Our approach, however, can be easily extended to other plant cell organelles (for example see1,2), and thus represents an important step toward understanding the molecular basis governing other subcellular structures.

A fundamental quest in cell biology is to define the mechanisms that underlie the identity of the organelles that make eukaryotic cells. Here we propose a method to identify the genes responsible for the morphological and functional integrity of plant organelles using fluorescence microscopy and next-generation sequencing tools.

형광 - 현미경 검사와 차세대 장면 : Organelle 무결성에 관련된 유전자의 식별을위한 유용한 도구

This protocol describes a fluorescence microscope-based screening of Arabidopsis seedlings and describes how to map recessive mutations that alter the ...

Detecting Somatic Genetic Alterations in Tumor Specimens by Exon Capture and Massively Parallel Sequencing

Efforts to detect and investigate key oncogenic mutations have proven valuable to facilitate the appropriate treatment for cancer patients. The establishment of high-throughput, massively parallel "next-generation" sequencing has aided the discovery of many such mutations. To enhance the clinical and translational utility of this technology, platforms must be high-throughput, cost-effective, and compatible with formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue samples that may yield small amounts of degraded or damaged DNA. Here, we describe the preparation of barcoded and multiplexed DNA libraries followed by hybridization-based capture of targeted exons for the detection of cancer-associated mutations in fresh frozen and FFPE tumors by massively parallel sequencing. This method enables the identification of sequence mutations, copy number alterations, and select structural rearrangements involving all targeted genes. Targeted exon sequencing offers the benefits of high throughput, low cost, and deep sequence coverage, thus conferring high sensitivity for detecting low frequency mutations.

We describe the preparation of barcoded DNA libraries and subsequent hybridization-based exon capture for detection of key cancer-associated mutations in clinical tumor specimens by massively parallel "next generation" sequencing. Targeted exon sequencing offers the benefits of high throughput, low cost, and deep sequence coverage, thus yielding high sensitivity for detecting low frequency mutations.

엑손 캡처 및 대규모 병렬 염기 서열 종양 검체에서 체세포 유전 변경을 검출

Efforts  to detect and investigate key oncogenic mutations have proven valuable to  facilitate the appropriate treatment for cancer patients. The ...

MALDI-Mass Spectrometric Imaging for the Investigation of Metabolites in Medicago truncatula Root Nodules

Most techniques used to study small molecules, such as pharmaceutical drugs or endogenous metabolites, employ tissue extracts which require the homogenization of the tissue of interest that could potentially cause changes in the metabolic pathways being studied1. Mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) is a powerful analytical tool that can provide spatial information of analytes within intact slices of biological tissue samples1-5. This technique has been used extensively to study various types of compounds including proteins, peptides, lipids, and small molecules such as endogenous metabolites. With matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MSI, spatial distributions of multiple metabolites can be simultaneously detected. Herein, a method developed specifically for conducting untargeted metabolomics MSI experiments on legume roots and root nodules is presented which could reveal insights into the biological processes taking place. The method presented here shows a typical MSI workflow, from sample preparation to image acquisition, and focuses on the matrix application step, demonstrating several matrix application techniques that are useful for detecting small molecules. Once the MS images are generated, the analysis and identification of metabolites of interest is discussed and demonstrated. The standard workflow presented here can be easily modified for different tissue types, molecular species, and instrumentation.

MALDI-Mass Spectrometric Imaging for the Investigation of Metabolites in Medicago truncatula Root Nodules

Mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) is a powerful tool that can be used to discover and identify various chemical species in intact tissues, preserving the compounds in their native environments, which can provide new insights into biological processes. Herein a MSI method developed for the analysis of small molecules is described.&#160;

의 대사 산물의 조사를위한 MALDI-질량 분석 이미징<em&gt; 개자리 truncatula</em&gt; 루트 결절

Most techniques used to study small molecules, such as pharmaceutical drugs or endogenous metabolites, employ tissue extracts which require the ...

Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (Array CGH) for Detection of Genomic Copy Number Variants

Array CGH for the detection of genomic copy number variants has replaced G-banded karyotype analysis. This paper describes the technology and its application in a clinical diagnostic service laboratory. DNA extracted from a patient&#8217;s sample (blood, saliva or other tissue types) is labeled with a fluorochrome (either cyanine 5 or cyanine 3). A reference DNA sample is labeled with the opposite fluorochrome. There follows a cleanup step to remove unincorporated nucleotides before the labeled DNAs are mixed and resuspended in a hybridization buffer and applied to an array comprising ~60,000 oligonucleotide probes from loci across the genome, with high probe density in clinically important areas. Following hybridization, the arrays are washed, then scanned and the resulting images are analyzed to measure the red and green fluorescence for each probe. Software is used to assess the quality of each probe measurement, calculate the ratio of red to green fluorescence and detect potential copy number variants.

Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization Array CGH for Detection of Genomic Copy Number Variants

Array CGH for the detection of genomic copy number variants has replaced G-banded karyotype analysis. This paper describes the technology and its application in a diagnostic service laboratory.

어레이 기반 비교 Genomic 교 잡 플랫폼 효율적인 탐지의 복사 번호 유사 빠른 중성자 유도 개자리속 truncatula 돌연변이에 대 한

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