저자 맨디 Loebert 우수한 기술 지원을 티 나 Czajka를 인정 하 고 싶습니다. 우리는 편집 도움말 언어에 대 한 식물 루 오 (하버드의과 대학, 보스톤, 메사추세츠, 미국) 감사 합니다.

1. 준비의 돌연변이 pcDNA3.1/GLA와 pcDNA3.1/GAA 구문
참고: GLA 와 GAA 코딩 시퀀스 (cd)에 대 한 복제 전략 보고 이전15,18되었습니다.
<ol>
	<li>사이트 감독 Mutagenesis 사이트 지시 된 Mutagenesis를 사용 하 여
	<ol>
		<li>참조를 사용 하 여 시퀀스 NM_000169.2 및 NM_000152.4 mutagenesis GLA 와 GAA 유전자의에 대 한 템플릿으로 각각. 고 순도 소금 무료 뇌관 (25-37-mers) 개별적으로 돌연변이 소개 하는 그들의 길이 중앙 각각 시퀀스 수정 중 하나를 들고와 antisense 뇌관으로 상업적인 공급자에 의해 합성의 세트가 있다. 무료 뇌관 설계 도구를 사용 하 여 뇌관 디자인19를 지원 하기 위해.</li>
		<li>반응 혼합물 반응 솔루션에 대 한 표준 조건 및 제조업체에서 제공 하는 PCR 상태를 사용 하 여.<ol>
			<li>믹스 5 µ L 반응 버퍼, 10 x 10의 더블-좌초 템플릿 플라스 미드 DNA (pcDNA3.1/GLA 또는 pcDNA3.1/GAA)의 ng 125 각 뇌관의, 제공된 dNTP 혼합물의 1 µ L, 이온된 수 (최종 반응 볼륨의 적절 한 볼륨 시 약 DMSO의 3 µ L : 50 Μ L). 마지막으로, 2.5 U의 DNA 중 합 효소를 추가 하 고 아래로 pipetting으로 혼합. 부정적인 통제로 아니 뇌관 샘플 따라 수행.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>다음 프로그램을 사용 하 여 PCR을 시작: 1 분 1: 95 ° C 단계, 단계 2: 95 ° C 50에 대 한 s, 단계 3시 60분 ° C 50에 대 한 s, 8 분 4: 68 ° C 단계, 18 번, 2-4 단계를 반복 하 고 단계 5: 68 ° C 10 분.<ol>
			<li>Dpn의 1 µ L 추가 PCR, 다음 나 제한 효소 (10 U / µ L)와 추가 1 시간 동안 37 ° C에서 반응 유리병을 품 어.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>변환 및 원하는 클론을 위한 심사
	<ol>
		<li>제조업체의 권장 사항 따라 ultracompetent 셀의 약 수를 변환 합니다. 사용 SOC 매체 (0.5% (w/v), NaCl 10 m m, KCl 2.5 m m를 추출, 121 ° c, 소독 및 살 균 필터링 솔루션 MgCl2 , 10 및 20 m m의 최종 농도까지 포도 당을 각각 추가 tryptone 2% (w/v), 효 모) 제조업체의 대신 중간입니다. 절차 후 샘플 mutagenesis는 파운드에의 플레이트 250 µ L 플레이트 포함 100 µ g/mL 암 피 실린 고 18 h 37 ° C에서 품 어.</li>
		<li>Transformants의 수는 보장 &#62; 10 반응 생성 적어도 3 배 많은 식민지는 no-뇌관 제어 반응으로, 예를 들면, 식민지 계산을 촉진 하기 위하여 발광 격판덮개를 사용 하 여. 3 식민지를 선택 그리고 파운드 국물 매체에서 하룻밤 문화 3 mL를 준비 합니다.</li>
		<li>다음 날, 플라스 미드 준비 표준 키트와 함께 수행 하 고 t 7을 사용 하 여 전체 시퀀스 분석 (5ʹ-TAA 전술 GAC TCA CTA 태그 GG-3ʹ) BGHr (5ʹ 태그 아 그 GCA CAG TCG AGG-3ʹ) 뇌관 통해 표준 생어 시퀀싱 및.</li>
		<li>분자 생물학 적당 한 도구를 사용 하 여 시퀀스를 분석 하. 원하는 돌연변이 검출 될 때 없고 더 이상 NM_000169.2 (α-galactosidase A)에 비해 시퀀스 또는 NM_000152.4 (산 성 α-glucosidase) 본, transfection 급 플라스 미드 정화에 대 한 복제를 선택 합니다.</li>
		<li>분 광 광도 계에서 흡 광도 측정 하 여 DNA의 순도 결정 합니다. 참고: 허용의 260/280 흡 광도 비율 플라스 미드 순도 항복 준비만 &#62; 셀 1.8 문화 실험.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2입니다. HEK293H 셀의 재배
<ol>
	<li>높은 포도 당 (4.5 g/L) Dulbecco´s 수정이 글 매체 (DMEM) 10% 태아 둔감 한 혈 청 (FBS)와 1% 페니실린/스 보충에 HEK293H 세포를 유지 합니다. 셀 유지 한 5% CO2 분위기에서 37 ° C에서 인큐베이터 water-jacket.</li>
	<li>80-90%의 밀도를 세포 배양.</li>
	<li>매체를 발음 하 고 인산 염을 사용 하 여 버퍼링 없이 캘리포니아2 + 그리고 마그네슘2 +염 분 (PBS) 일단 씻어.</li>
	<li>0.05%를 추가 하 여 통로 트립 신-EDTA와 37 ° C, 5% CO25 분 동안 품 어.</li>
	<li>영구 문화를 유지 하기 위해 새로운 T75 플라스 크로 신선한 매체와 씨앗에 셀 1시 15분을 분할 한다. 25 이상 통행으로 셀을 사용 하지 마십시오.</li>
</ol>
3. pcDNA3.1/GLA와 pcDNA3.1/GAA 플라스 미드 Transfection 그리고 HEK293H의 치료
<ol>
	<li>transfection, 전에 24 시간 캘리포니아2 +, Mg2 +PBS 한번 T75 셀 문화 플라스 크에서 HEK293H 셀 세척. 위에 명시 된 트립 신-EDTA 0.05% 셀과 10% 보충 500 µ L DMEM 매체를 사용 하 여 24 잘 문화 판의 구멍에 씨앗 1.5 x 105 셀 수확 FBS 항생제 없이.</li>
	<li>제조업체의 설명서에 따라 transfection 프로토콜 수행 합니다. 일반적으로 혈 청 무료 DMEM의 100 µ L에 플라스 미드 DNA의 1 µ g의 transfection 시 약 2.5 µ L의 혼합물을 사용 합니다. 실 온에서 20 분 동안 incubate 고 그 후 drop-wise 방식으로 셀에 추가 합니다.</li>
	<li>37 °C/5% CO2 에서 4 h 기간 transfection 시 약을 포함 하는 매체를 제거 하 고 추가 10% 신선한 DMEM의 500 µ L FBS / 1% 페니실린/스. 참고:이 단계 1-Deoxygalactonojirimycin 염 산 염 (DGJ) 또는 1-Deoxynojirimycin 염 산 염 (DNJ) 추가할 수 있습니다 문화 매체에 의도 하는 곳 (20 µ M의 최종 농도 얻기 위해 10 mM의 수성 재고 솔루션을 사용 DGJ 및 DNJ ). 신선한 DGJ 또는 DNJ 플라스 미드 transfection 후 42 시간을 추가 되었습니다.</li>
</ol>
4. 세포 수확 및 α-galactosidase A 또는 산 성 α-glucosidase 활동 측정
<ol>
	<li>셀 수확
	<ol>
		<li>수확의 날, 인큐베이터에서 셀을 제거 하 고 매체를 발음 합니다. 조심 스럽게 셀 캘리포니아2 + 그리고 마그네슘2 +PBS로 2 회 세척. 참고:이 단계는 DGJ 및 DNJ는 α-galactosidase와 α-glucosidase의 강력한 억제제 각각, 어떤 남은 시험을 무효화 시키는 때문에 중요 한.</li>
		<li>셀 위에 직접 이온된 수의 200 µ L를 추가 합니다. 접시에서 셀 린스를 1.5 mL 반응 관에 그들을 전송 합니다.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>중지 및 재개 하 여 균질 화
	<ol>
		<li>적절 한 거품 랙 5 소용돌이에 샘플을 넣어 s는 세포 보다 효율적으로 만들기를. 액체 질소 10에 번갈아 샘플 넣어 s 및 실내 온도 물 목욕까지 완료 (5 분)는 녹고.</li>
		<li>5 번이이 절차를 반복 하 고 스핀에 10000 x g 5 분에 대 한 샘플.</li></ol></li></ol>상쾌한 및 새로운 반응 관에 피 펫을 유지 합니다.
	
	
	<li>단백질 농도 결심 bicinchoninic 산 (BCA) 분석 결과 사용 하 여
	<ol>
		<li>이온된 H2O의 40 µ L을 포함 하는 각 샘플에 대 한 신선한 튜브를 준비 하 고 샘플의 10 µ L를 추가 합니다. 짧게 vortexing에 의해 솔루션을 믹스와 10 µ L 96 잘 접시 (3 중에서 각 샘플)의 캐비티에 전송. 이온 H2O 다음과 같이 표준 곡선을 얻기 위해 2 mg/mL 소 혈 청 알 부 민 (BSA) 재고 솔루션을 희석: 50 µ H L2O/50 µ L BSA; 60 µ L H2O/40 µ L BSA; 70 µ L H2O/30 µ L BSA; 80 µ L H2O/20 µ L BSA; 90 µ L H2O/10 µ L BSA; 100 µ L H2o.</li>
		<li>BCA 시 약의 200 µ L을 추가 하 여 반응을 시작 (시 약 A와 B 시 50: 1 비율로 혼합) 및 궤도 통 (300 rpm)에 약간의 동요에서 37 ° C에서 어둠 속에서 1 시간에 품 어. 560에서 흡 광도 측정 플레이트 리더에 nm. 참고: 샘플은 일반적으로 1 µ L 당 1.5 µ g 단백질 사이의 포함 되어 있습니다.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>인공 4-Methylumbelliferyl 기판 (4-얼굴)와 효소 활동 측정
	<ol>
		<li>0.05 (대 한 α-galactosidase A) 또는 (산 성 α-glucosidase)에서 0.5 µ g 단백질 / µ L 솔루션을 얻기 위해 신선한 1.5 mL 반응 관에 각 샘플의 피펫으로 계산 된 금액을 희석. 와 동 5 다시 s를 피펫으로 10 µ L를 96으로이 희석의 샘플 잘 플레이트 (중복에서 각 샘플).</li>
		<li>반응이 각각 기판 솔루션의 20 µ L을 추가 하 여 시작: Α-galactosidase a: 2 mM 4-Methylumbelliferyl-α-D-galactopyranoside (4-뮤-gal) 0.06 M 인산 염 구 연산 염 버퍼, pH 4.7에서에서에 대 한. 산 성 α-glucosidase에 대 한: 2 mM 4 methylumbelliferyl α-D-glucopyranoside (4-뮤-glu) 0.025 M 아세트산 나트륨, pH 4.0에서에서.</li>
		<li>궤도 통 (300 rpm)에 약간의 동요에서 37 ° C에서 어둠 속에서 1 시간에 대 한 효소 반응을 품 어. 1.0 M, pH 10.5 조정된 글리신-NaOH 버퍼의 200 µ L의 추가 의해 반응 종료.</li>
		<li>다음과 같이 표준 곡선 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) 0.01 mg/mL 주식에서의 준비: 100 µ L H2O / 아니 4-무; 80 µ L H2O / 20 µ L 4-무; 60 µ L H2O / 40 µ L 4-무; 40 µ L H2O / 60 µ L 4-무; 20 µ L H2O / 80 µ L 4-무; 아니 H2O / 100 µ L 4-뮤, 피펫으로 10 µ L 96 잘으로 각 희석의 (중복)에 접시와 볼륨 및 pH를 조정 하기 위하여 각 잘 하 1.0 M 글리신-NaOH 버퍼의 200 µ L를 추가.</li>
		<li>측정 형광 판독기에 효소 활동 적절 한 필터 집합 있고 형광 판독기 장치에 대 한 적절 한 소프트웨어를 사용 하 여 데이터를 분석 합니다. 참고: 두 4-얼굴 기판 α-galactosidase A 또는 산 성 α-glucosidase 동안 4-무로 감소 된다. 출시 4-무 측정 될 수 있는 360와 465 nm에서 여기 및 방출 파장으로 각각 microplate 형광 판독기를 사용 하는 형광 색소 이다.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>

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V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+thermodynamic+assay+to+test+pharmacological+chaperones+for+Fabry+disease.">A thermodynamic assay to test pharmacological chaperones for Fabry disease.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1840, 1214-1224 (2014).</li><li>. Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.google.ch/patents/US9095584">https://www.google.ch/patents/US9095584</a> (2017)</li><li>Lukas, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzyme+enhancers+for+the+treatment+of+Fabry+and+Pompe+disease.">Enzyme enhancers for the treatment of Fabry and Pompe disease.</a> Mol Ther. 23, 456-4564 (2015).</li><li>Yam, G. H., Bosshard, N., Zuber, C., Steinmann, B., Roth, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+chaperone+corrects+lysosomal+storage+in+Fabry+disease+caused+by+trafficking-incompetent+variants.">Pharmacological chaperone corrects lysosomal storage in Fabry disease caused by trafficking-incompetent variants.</a> Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 290, C1076-C1082 (2006).</li><li>Shin, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Screening+for+pharmacological+chaperones+in+Fabry+disease.">Screening for pharmacological chaperones in Fabry disease.</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 359, 168-173 (2007).</li><li>Shin, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prediction+of+response+of+mutated+alpha-galactosidase+A+to+a+pharmacological+chaperone.">Prediction of response of mutated alpha-galactosidase A to a pharmacological chaperone.</a> Pharmacogenet Genomics. 18, 773-7780 (2008).</li><li>Filoni, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+studies+of+new+GLA+gene+mutations+leading+to+conformational+Fabry+disease.">Functional studies of new GLA gene mutations leading to conformational Fabry disease.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1802, 247-252 (2010).</li><li>Citro, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Large+Phenotypic+Spectrum+of+Fabry+Disease+Requires+Graduated+Diagnosis+and+Personalized+Therapy:+A+Meta-Analysis+Can+Help+to+Differentiate+Missense+Mutations.">The Large Phenotypic Spectrum of Fabry Disease Requires Graduated Diagnosis and Personalized Therapy: A Meta-Analysis Can Help to Differentiate Missense Mutations.</a> Int J Mol Sci. 17, (2016).</li><li>Cammisa, M., Correra, A., Andreotti, G., Cubellis, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabry_CEP:+a+tool+to+identify+Fabry+mutations+responsive+to+pharmacological+chaperones.">Fabry_CEP: a tool to identify Fabry mutations responsive to pharmacological chaperones.</a> Orphanet J Rare Dis. 8, 111 (2013).</li><li>Leinekugel, P., Michel, S., Conzelmann, E., Sandhoff, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+correlation+between+the+residual+activity+of+beta-hexosaminidase+A+and+arylsulfatase+A+and+the+severity+of+the+resulting+lysosomal+storage+disease.">Quantitative correlation between the residual activity of beta-hexosaminidase A and arylsulfatase A and the severity of the resulting lysosomal storage disease.</a> Hum Genet. 88, 513-523 (1992).</li><li>Germain, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+and+pharmacodynamic+effects+of+a+pharmacological+chaperone+on+&#945;-galactosidase+A+activity+and+globotriaosylceramide+clearance+in+Fabry+disease:+report+from+two+phase+2+clinical+studies.">Safety and pharmacodynamic effects of a pharmacological chaperone on &#945;-galactosidase A activity and globotriaosylceramide clearance in Fabry disease: report from two phase 2 clinical studies.</a> Orphanet J Rare Dis. 7, 91 (2012).</li><li>Hughes, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oral+pharmacological+chaperone+migalastat+compared+with+enzyme+replacement+therapy+in+Fabry+disease:+18-month+results+from+the+randomised+phase+III+ATTRACT+study.">Oral pharmacological chaperone migalastat compared with enzyme replacement therapy in Fabry disease: 18-month results from the randomised phase III ATTRACT study.</a> J Med Genet. 54, 288-296 (2017).</li><li>Parenti, G., Andria, G., Valenzano, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+Chaperone+Therapy:+Preclinical+Development,+Clinical+Translation,+and+Prospects+for+the+Treatment+of+Lysosomal+Storage+Disorders.">Pharmacological Chaperone Therapy: Preclinical Development, Clinical Translation, and Prospects for the Treatment of Lysosomal Storage Disorders.</a> Mol Ther. 23, 1138-1148 (2015).</li><li>Parenti, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Chaperone+Enhances+Blood+&#945;-Glucosidase+Activity+in+Pompe+Disease+Patients+Treated+With+Enzyme+Replacement+Therapy.">A Chaperone Enhances Blood &#945;-Glucosidase Activity in Pompe Disease Patients Treated With Enzyme Replacement Therapy.</a> Mol Ther. 22, 2004-2012 (2014).</li></ol>

저자 들은 아무 경쟁 금융 관심사 선언 합니다.

여기에 설명 된 프로토콜 대사의 유전 lysosomal 질병의 효소 손상 평가 대 한 강력한 결과 제공 합니다. 이 원고는 프로토콜 개정 출판 이전15입니다. 가장 중요 한 수정 포함 엄중 (즉, 돌연변이 벡터 구축 준비 과정), 세포 문화 프로토콜 (즉, HEK293H 셀 유지 보수 및 transfection 조건), 그리고 높은의 표준화 결과의 재현성에 매우 공헌한 실험 반복 (적어도 5)의 수입니다. ?...

12 lysosomal 저장 장애 (LSDs) 기본 유전자 변이 결과로 glycosidase 장애에 관련 된 이상 있다. Fabry (OMIM #301500) 병과 Pompe (OMIM #232300),1,2,3 보고 되었습니다, 이상의 500와 200 missense 돌연변이에 각각,는 총 변이 수의 약 60%에 해당 합니다. 수많은 새로운 유전자 이체는 아직도 확인 되 고, 많은 알 수 없는 의미. 광범위 한 생 화 확 적인 연구 공개 완전 한 손실-의-함수에 GLA 유전자의 특정 genotypes 지도 하지 않는다 (OMIM * 300644) Fabry 질병에 발생 하지만 열역학으로 호의 보인 접는 상태가4 실패 해당 효소 . ER 보존과 달리 기능적인 효소의 조 저하 발생합니다. 유사한 결론 Pompe 질병5를 포함 하 여 다른 LSDs에 그려 왔다. 또한, 효소 이체의 분자 특성 진단6, LSD 진행은 돌연변이의 특성에 따라 개별 과정 제안 시 변이의 임상 해석을 촉진 수 있습니다. 따라서, 임상 상담 및 치료 결정을 합리화 하기 위해서는 일반적으로 2 ~ 3 가지 임상 유형으로 기존의 분류를 재평가 해야 합니다.
효소 대체 요법 (ERT)는 두 질병 수 있습니다. 그러나, ERT, 두뇌와 골격 근육 등 영향을 받는 조직/장기에서 효능을 제한 했다. 또한, ERT의 치료 혜택을 위태롭게 하는 면역성 응답을 유도 수 있습니다. 약리학 보호자 (Pc)는 소위 응답 돌연변이 가진 환자에 대 한 매력적인 치료 대안 이다. Pc는 올바른 단백질 폴딩 및 차례로 바인딩과 그물 (응급실) 보존 및 응급실 관련 효소의 저하를 방지 하는 안정화에 대 한 분자 비 계 역할을 합니다. 또한, Pc 구두로 관리 될 수 있습니다 그리고 잠재적으로 혈액 뇌 장벽을 교차 수 있습니다. 따라서, PCT에 특정 genotypes 가진 환자를 치료를 위한 더 실행 가능한 옵션이 있을 수 있습니다. LSDs 응용 프로그램 PC에 광범위 한 검토를 위해 Parenti7에 의해 우수한 검토를 참조 하십시오.
질병을 일으키는 돌연변이 체 대립 유전자의 수백의 발견 전 임상 약물 테스트에 도전 하 고 맞춤된 의학 접근에 대 한 의무가 환자가의 간단 하 고 빠른, 매우 표준화 된 평가 필요로. LSD 유전자 돌연변이의 해로운 효과 평가 하 고 예측 PCT에 대 한 의무가 환자 후보 돌연변이 테스트, 신속 하 고 신뢰할 수 있는 효소 활동 측정 허용 하는 HEK293H 세포에 매우 표준화 초과 식 시스템은 개발. 유사한 이상 식 시스템 이전 COS-78,,910,11, HeLa 세포12또는 HEK293 Fabry Pompe 질병에 대 한 설명 되었습니다13 ,14,,1516 셀 glycosidase 유전자에 대 한.
아주 유사한 방법도 약리 보호자 질병의 치료에 대 한 응답을 예측 하는 "방법"으로 특허 되었습니다17 셀의 관련성을 나타내는 문화 시스템 임상 연습으로 통합 되 고.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Material&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>QuikChange II XL Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Stratagene, La Jolla, CA, USA</td><td>#200522</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primer GLA[R301Q]-frw: 5&amp;acute;- CTA ATG ACC TCC AAC ACA TCA GCC C-3&amp;acute;</td><td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primer GLA[R301Q]-rev: 5&amp;acute;- GGG CTG ATG TGT TGG AGG TCA TTA G-3&amp;acute;</td><td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primer GLA[A156V]-frw: 5&amp;acute;-CTA CGA CAT TGA TGT CCA GAC CTT TGC TG-3&amp;acute;</td><td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primer GLA[A156V]-rev: 5&amp;acute;-CAG CAA AGG TCT GGA CAT CAA TGT CGT AG-3&amp;acute;</td><td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primer GLA[A156V]-frw: 5&amp;acute;-GGA AAT AAA ACC TGC ACA GGC TTC CCT GGG A-3&amp;acute;</td><td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primer GLA[A143T]-rev: 5&amp;acute;-TCC CAG GGA AGC CTG TGC AGG TTT TAT TTC C-3&amp;acute;</td><td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primer GAA[F455Y]-frw: 5&amp;acute;-CTG CCG GGA GCT TCA GGC CCT ACG A-3&amp;acute;</td><td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primer GAA[F455Y]-rev: 5&amp;acute;-TCG TAG GGC CTG AAG CTC CCG GCA G-3&amp;acute;</td><td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primer GAA[P545L]-frw: 5&amp;acute;-CAC CCT ACG TGC TTG GGG TGG TTG G-3&amp;acute;</td><td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primer GAA[P545L]-rev: 5&amp;acute;-CCA ACC ACC CCA AGC ACG TAG GGT G-3&amp;acute;</td><td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primer GAA[L552P]-frw: 5&amp;acute;-TTG GGG GGA CCC CCC AGG CGG CCA C-3&amp;acute;</td><td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primer GAA[P545L]-rev: 5&amp;acute;-GTG GCC GCC TGG GGG GTC CCC CCA A-3&amp;acute;</td><td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primer T7: 5&amp;acute;-TAA TAC GAC TCA CTA TAG GG-3&amp;acute;</td><td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primer BGHrev: 5&amp;acute;-TAG AAG GCA CAG TCG AGG-3&amp;acute;</td><td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tryptone</td><td>Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td><td>8952.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yeast Extract</td><td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td><td>103,753</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td><td>1,064,041,000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potasium chloride</td><td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td><td>1,049,360,500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgCl2 x 6H2O</td><td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td><td>1,058,330,250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D (+)-Glucose monohydrate</td><td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td><td>1,083,422,500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Hydroxide</td><td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td><td>1,064,980,500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycine</td><td>Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td><td>3908.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Citric acid</td><td>Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td><td>X863.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>disodium hydrogen phosphate</td><td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td><td>1,065,860,500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium acetate</td><td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td><td>1,062,640,050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glacial acetic acid</td><td>Sigma Aldrich, Munich, Germany</td><td>A6283</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LB Agar</td><td>Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td><td>X969.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LB Medium</td><td>Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td><td>X968.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zyppy Plasmid Miniprep Kit</td><td>ZymoResearch, Freiburg, Germany</td><td>D4020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>QIAfilter Plasmid Midi Kit</td><td>Qiagen, Hilden, Germany</td><td>12245</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEK293H cell line</td><td>Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany</td><td>11631-017&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&amp;acute;s Modified Eagle Medium&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany</td><td>31966-047</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HyClone fetal bovine serum&amp;nbsp;</td><td>GE Healthcare, South Logan, Utah, USA</td><td>SV30160.03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td><td>Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany</td><td>15140-122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CELLSTAR Standard Cell Culture Flasks, Greiner Bio One</td><td>VWR International GmbH, Hannover, Germany</td><td>82050-854</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture plates (24 well)</td><td>Sarstedt, N&amp;uuml;mbrecht, Germany</td><td>831,836</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cellstar 96 well plate</td><td>Greiner bio one, Frickenhausen, Germany</td><td>655185</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SafeSeal reaction tubes, 1,5mL&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sarstedt, N&amp;uuml;mbrecht, Germany</td><td>72,706</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lipofectamine 2000</td><td>Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany</td><td>11668-019</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-Deoxygalactonojirimycin Hydrochloride&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich, Munich, Germany</td><td>D9641</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-Deoxygalactonojirimycin Hydrochloride&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Toronto Research Chemicals, Toronto, Canada</td><td>D236500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-Deoxynojirimycin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich, Munich, Germany</td><td>D9305</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS Dulbecco w/o Calcium, w/o Magnesium</td><td>Biochrom, Berlin, Germany</td><td>L 1825</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%), phenol red</td><td>Thermo Scientific, Braunschweig, Germany</td><td>25300054</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit</td><td>Thermo Scientific, Braunschweig, Germany</td><td>23225</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-Methylumbelliferone</td><td>Sigma Aldrich, Munich, Germany</td><td>M1381</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-Methylumbelliferyl &amp;alpha;-D-galactopyranoside</td><td>Sigma Aldrich, Munich, Germany</td><td>M7633</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-Methylumbelliferyl &amp;alpha;-D-glucopyranoside</td><td>Sigma Aldrich, Munich, Germany</td><td>M9766</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>incubator type T6</td><td>Heraeus Instruments, Hanau, Germany</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Luminous Plate Gr. 2 E</td><td>Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td><td>P265.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3130 xl Genetic Analyzer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Applied Biosystems, Darmstadt, Germany</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GFL-3032 bacterial shaker</td><td>GFL, Burgwedel, Germany&amp;nbsp;</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Avanti J-25 centrifuge</td><td>Beckman/Coulter, Krefeld, Germany</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultraspec 3100 &lt;em&gt;pro&lt;/em&gt; Spectrophotometer</td><td>Amersham Biosciences, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>water-jacket incubator&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Binder, Tuttlingen, Germany</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vortex Genie 1 touch mixer</td><td>Scientific Industries, Bohemia, NY, USA</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Z 233 MK-2 refrigerated microtube centrifuge</td><td>Hermle, Tuttlingen, Germany&amp;nbsp;</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LaboStar ultrapure water device</td><td>Siemens, Berlin, Germany</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermo Shaker PST-60HL-4 orbital shaker</td><td>Biosan, Riga, Latvia</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tecan GENios Reader</td><td>Tecan, M&amp;auml;nnedorf, Switzerland</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HI 223 Microprocessor pH Meter</td><td>HANNA Instruments, Arvore, Portugal</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CASY&lt;br/&gt; Cell Counter + Analyser System&lt;br/&gt; Model TT</td><td>Innovatis AG, Cham/Zug, Switzerland</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Software&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magellan data analysis software v6.6</td><td>Tecan, M&amp;auml;nnedorf, Switzerland</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GraphPad Prism 5.04</td><td>GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA; USA</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microsoft Office 2010</td><td>Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BioEdit Alignment Editor, V7.0.1</td><td>http://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/bioedit/bioedit.html</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Abbreviations&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>frw = forward; rev = reverse</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>n.a. = not applicable</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

in vitro enzyme measurement to test pharmacological chaperone responsiveness in fabry and pompe disease

Lysosomal 저장 장애 (LSDs) 같은 희귀 monogenic 질병을 치료 하는 맞춤된 의학의 사용은 복잡 한 임상 시험 디자인, 높은 비용 및 낮은 환자 수에 의해 도전을 했습니다. 수백 개의 돌연변이 체 대립 유전자는 LSDs의 대부분에 연루 됩니다. 질병은 일반적으로 심각도 따라 2 ~ 3 가지 임상 유형으로 분류 됩니다. 또한, 유전자 형의 분자 특성 임상 결과 예측 하 고 환자 치료를 알릴 수 있습니다. 따라서, 우리는 heterologously-Fabry Pompe 질병에서 확인 된 돌연변이 표현 하는 HEK293H 세포에 따라 간단한 셀 문화 분석 결과를 개발 했다. 유사한 분석 결과 최근 Fabry 질병에 의무가 돌연변이 약리 보호자 치료 (에서 PCT)에 대 한 식별 하기 위해 전 임상 시험으로 도입 되었습니다. 이 원고는 PCT에 대 한 적격 환자 식별 Fabry Pompe 질병 유전자 이체의 신속한 phenotypic 평가 하 고 새로운 pharmacochaperones의 개발에 도움이 있습니다 개정된 셀 문화 분석 결과를 설명 합니다.

Mutagenesis 절차 GLA 유전자 mutagenesis의 효율성을 평가 하는 돌연변이 다음 범주 중 하나로 분류 되었다. 이 방법은 돌연변이 생성 하는 GLA 돌연변이의 66.5%에 대 한 첫 번째 시도에서 가져온 밝혔다. 약간 수정 된 두 번째 PCR 후 추가 25%를 얻을 수 있습니다.
카테고리 1:는 mutagenesis PCR 첫 번째 시도에서 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Enzyme Measurement to Test Pharmacological Chaperone Responsiveness in Fabry and Pompe Disease at JoVE.com

In Vitro Enzyme Measurement to Test Pharmacological Chaperone Responsiveness in Fabry and Pompe Disease

전 임상 재현, 빠르고, 효율적인 약리 보호자를 호출 하는 "고아" 약물의 소설 클래스에 대 한 테스트 있도록 수요가 있다. 우리 소설 약리 보호자 약물으로 서 적격 환자에 대 한 간단 하 고, 고도로 표준화, 다양 한 세포 문화 기반 분석 결과 화면을 개발 했다.

생체 외에서 Fabry에 Pompe 질병 테스트 약리 보호자 응답성을 효소 측정

The use of personalized medicine to treat rare monogenic diseases like lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) is challenged by complex clinical trial designs, ...

in-vitro-enzyme-measurement-to-test-pharmacological-chaperone

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JoVE Journal

Medicine

In Vitro Enzyme Measurement to Test Pharmacological Chaperone Responsiveness in Fabry and Pompe Disease

8.0K 조회수.  University Rostock Medical Center. 전 임상 재현, 빠르고, 효율적인 약리 보호자를 호출 하는 "고아" 약물의 소설 클래스에 대 한 테스트 있도록 수요가 있다. 우리 소설 약리 보호자 약물으로 서 적격 환자에 대 한 간단 하 고, 고도로 표준화, 다양 한 세포 문화 기반 분석 결과 화면을 개발 했다.

비디오: In Vitro Enzyme Measurement to Test Pharmacological Chaperone Responsiveness in Fabry and Pompe Disease

Expression, Purification, Crystallization, and Enzyme Assays of Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase Domain-Containing Proteins

Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) domain-containing proteins (FAHD) are identified members of the FAH superfamily in eukaryotes. Enzymes of this superfamily generally display multi-functionality, involving mainly hydrolase and decarboxylase mechanisms. This article presents a series of consecutive methods for the expression and purification of FAHD proteins, mainly FAHD protein 1 (FAHD1) orthologues among species (human, mouse, nematodes, plants, etc.). Covered methods are protein expression in E. coli, affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, preparative and analytical gel filtration, crystallization, X-ray diffraction, and photometric assays. Concentrated protein of high levels of purity (&#62;98%) may be employed for crystallization or antibody production. Proteins of similar or lower quality may be employed in enzyme assays or used as antigens in detection systems (Western-Blot, ELISA). In the discussion of this work, the identified enzymatic mechanisms of FAHD1 are outlined to describe its hydrolase and decarboxylase bi-functionality in more detail.

Expression and purification of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase domain-containing proteins is described with examples (expression in E. coli, FPLC). Purified proteins are used for crystallization and antibody production and employed for enzyme assays. Selected photometric assays are presented to display the multi-functionality of FAHD1 as oxaloacetate decarboxylase and acylpyruvate hydrolase.

Fumarylacetotate 하이드로 아세테이트 도메인 함유 단백질의 발현, 정제, 결정화 및 효소 어세포

Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) domain-containing proteins (FAHD) are identified members of the FAH superfamily in eukaryotes. Enzymes of this ...

연구

생화학

Studies of Chaperone-Cochaperone Interactions using Homogenous Bead-Based Assay

Targeting the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90)-cochaperone interactions provides the possibility to specifically regulate Hsp90-dependent intracellular processes. The conserved MEEVD pentapeptide at the C-terminus of Hsp90 is responsible for the interaction with the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motif of co-chaperones. FK506-binding protein (FKBP) 51 and FKBP52 are two similar TPR-motif co-chaperones involved in steroid hormone-dependent diseases with different functions. Therefore, identifying molecules specifically blocking interactions between Hsp90 and FKBP51 or FKBP52 provides a promising therapeutic potential for several human diseases. Here, we describe the protocol for an amplified luminescent proximity homogenous assay to probe interactions between Hsp90 and its partner co-chaperones FKBP51 and FKBP52. First, we have purified the TPR motif-containing proteins FKBP51 and FKBP52 in glutathione S-transferase (GST)-tagged form. Using the glutathione-linked donor beads with GST-fused TPR-motif proteins and the acceptor beads coupled with a 10-mer C-terminal peptide of Hsp90, we have probed protein-protein interactions in a homogeneous environment. We have used this assay to screen small molecules to disrupt Hsp90-FKBP51 or Hsp90-FKBP52 interactions and identified potent and selective Hsp90-FKBP51 interaction inhibitors.

This protocol presents a technique for probing protein-protein interactions using glutathione-linked donor beads with GST-fused TPR-motif co-chaperones and acceptor beads coupled with an Hsp90-derived peptide. We have used this technique to screen small molecules to disrupt Hsp90-FKBP51 or Hsp90-FKBP52 interactions and identified potent and selective Hsp90-FKBP51 interaction inhibitors.

동질적인 구드 기반 분석체를 사용하여 샤페론 - 코카페론 상호 작용의 연구

Targeting the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90)-cochaperone interactions provides the possibility to specifically regulate Hsp90-dependent intracellular ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Cleavage Assay를 사용한 신경 발달 장애의 DUB 변이체 평가

Measuring Enzymatic Activity of Neurodevelopmental Disorder-Associated Deubiquitylating Enzymes via an In Vitro Ubiquitin Chain Cleavage Assay

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are associated with impairments in nervous system function but often remain poorly understood at the molecular level. Discrete disorders caused by single genes provide models to investigate mechanisms driving atypical neurodevelopment. Variants of genes encoding deubiquitylating enzyme (DUB) family proteins are associated with several NDDs, but there is a need to determine the pathogenic mechanisms of disorders driven by these gene variants. The impact of gene variants on DUB activity can be experimentally determined using a substrate-independent in vitro ubiquitin cleavage assay. This assay does not require knowledge of downstream substrates to directly measure catalytic activity. Here, the protocol for determining the impact of gene variants on enzymatic activity is modeled using the DUB Ubiquitin Specific Protease 27, X-linked (USP27X), which is mutated in X-linked intellectual disability 105 (XLID105). This experimental pipeline can be used to clarify the mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders driven by variants in DUB genes.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>In vitro Ubiquitin Chain Cleavage Assay를 통한 신경 발달 장애 관련 Deubiquitylating Enzymes의 효소 활성 측정

This protocol explains how to measure the effect of genetic variation associated with neurodevelopmental disorders on deubiquitylating enzyme activity by combining recombinant protein purification with ubiquitin chain cleavage assays.

In vitro Ubiquitin Chain Cleavage Assay를 통한 신경 발달 장애 관련 Deubiquitylating Enzymes의 효소 활성 측정

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are associated with impairments in nervous system function but often remain poorly understood at the molecular level. ...

Detection of Antibodies That Neutralize the Cellular Uptake of Enzyme Replacement Therapies with a Cell-based Assay

The administration of enzyme replacement therapies (ERTs) and other biologic therapies to patients may elicit an anti-drug immune response. The characterization of these anti-drug antibodies (ADA), especially those that may neutralize the biological activity of the drug, termed neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), is crucial in understanding the effects of these antibodies on the drug&#39;s pharmacological profile. This protocol describes a cell-based flow cytometry method to detect factors that neutralize the cellular uptake of a representative lysosomal ERT in human matrix. The protocol consists of three procedures: screening, a confirmatory step, and titer assays to detect, identify, and establish the relative level of neutralizing antibody titer in subject samples.
In this method, samples are first mixed with the fluorophore-conjugated ERT product, then incubated with cells [e.g., human T lymphocytes (Jurkat cells)] that express a cell-surface cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-M6PR), and finally, analyzed with a flow cytometer. A sample without NAbs will result in the uptake of the fluorophore-conjugated ERT product via CI-M6PR, whereas, the presence of NAbs will bind to the drug and interfere with the CI-M6PR binding and uptake. The amount of the fluorophore-conjugated ERT internalized by the Jurkat cells is measured by flow cytometry and evaluated as the percentage (%) signal inhibition compared to the response obtained in the presence of a representative drug-na&#239;ve matrix. In the confirmatory step, the samples are pre-incubated with ERT-conjugated magnetic beads to deplete drug-specific factors that bind to the drug (such as NAbs) prior to an incubation with cells. Samples that screen and confirm positive for drug-specific NAbs in the assay are then serially diluted to generate an antibody titer. Semi-quantitative antibody titers may be correlated with measurements of drug safety and efficacy.

Here we present a cell-based flow cytometry method to detect neutralizing antibodies or other factors that interfere with the cellular uptake of enzyme replacement therapies in a human matrix, such as cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) or human serum.

세포 기반 분석 결과와 효소 대체 요법의 세포질 통풍 관을 중화 하는 항 체의 검출

The administration of enzyme replacement therapies (ERTs) and other biologic therapies to patients may elicit an anti-drug immune response. The ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity, which is critically important in health and disease, can be measured in vivo and noninvasively in humans via phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31PMRS). However, the approach has not been widely adopted in translational and clinical research, with variations in methodology and limited guidance from the literature. Increased optimization, standardization, and dissemination of methods for in vivo 31PMRS would facilitate the development of targeted therapies to improve OXPHOS capacity and could ultimately favorably impact cardiovascular health. 31PMRS produces a noninvasive, in vivo measure of OXPHOS capacity in human skeletal muscle, as opposed to alternative measures obtained from explanted and potentially altered mitochondria via muscle biopsy. It relies upon only modest additional instrumentation beyond what is already in place on magnetic resonance scanners available for clinical and translational research at most institutions. In this work, we outline a method to measure in vivo skeletal muscle OXPHOS. The technique is demonstrated using a 1.5 Tesla whole-body MR scanner equipped with the suitable hardware and software for 31PMRS, and we explain a simple and robust protocol for in-magnet resistive exercise to rapidly fatigue the quadriceps muscle. Reproducibility and feasibility are demonstrated in volunteers as well as subjects over a wide range of functional capacities.

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

This work demonstrates the feasibility of an in vivo phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31PMRS) technique to quantify mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity in human skeletal muscle.

인-31 자기 공명 분광학 : 측정을위한 도구<em&gt; 생체</em인간의 골격 근육에&gt; 미토콘드리아 산화 적 인산화 능력

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity, which is critically important in health and disease, can be measured in vivo ...

의학

Intracellular Refolding Assay

This protocol describes a method to measure the enzymatic activity of molecular chaperones in a cell-based system and the possible effects of compounds with inhibitory/stimulating activity. Molecular chaperones are proteins involved in regulation of protein folding1 and have a crucial role in promoting cell survival upon stress insults like heat shock2, nutrient starvation and exposure to chemicals/poisons3. For this reason chaperones are found to be involved in events like tumor development, chemioresistance of cancer cells4 as well as neurodegeneration5. Design of small molecules able to inhibit or stimulate the activity of these enzymes is therefore one of the most studied strategies for cancer therapy7 and neurodegenerative disorders9. The assay here described offers the possibility to measure the refolding activity of a particular molecular chaperone and to study the effect of compounds on its activity. In this method the gene of the molecular chaperone investigated is transfected together with an expression vector encoding for the firefly luciferase gene. It has been already described that denaturated firefly luciferase can be refolded by molecular chaperones10,11. As normalizing transfection control, a vector encoding for the renilla luciferase gene is transfected. All transfections described in this protocol are performed with X-treme Gene 11 (Roche) in HEK-293 cells. In the first step, protein synthesis is inhibited by treating the cells with cycloheximide. Thereafter protein unfolding is induced by heat shock at 45&deg;C for 30 minutes. Upon recovery at 37&deg;C, proteins are re-folded into their active conformation and the activity of the firefly luciferase is used as read-out: the more light will be produced, the more protein will have re-gained the original conformation. Non-heat shocked cells are set as reference (100% of refolded luciferase).

In this protocol a method to measure intracellular protein refolding after heat shock is described. This method can be used to study foldases like molecular chaperones and their co-factors or compounds able to influence their activity. Firefly luciferase activity is used as reporter to measure chaperone refolding activity.

세포 Refolding 분석

This protocol describes a method to measure the enzymatic activity of molecular chaperones in a cell-based system and the possible effects of compounds ...

생물학

Assessment of Mitochondrial Functions and Cell Viability in Renal Cells Overexpressing Protein Kinase C Isozymes

The protein kinase C (PKC) family of isozymes is involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Our recent data demonstrate that PKC regulates mitochondrial function and cellular energy status. Numerous reports demonstrated that the activation of PKC-a and PKC-&epsilon; improves mitochondrial function in the ischemic heart and mediates cardioprotection. In contrast, we have demonstrated that PKC-&alpha; and PKC-&epsilon; are involved in nephrotoxicant-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in kidney cells. Therefore, the goal of this study was to develop an in vitro model of renal cells maintaining active mitochondrial functions in which PKC isozymes could be selectively activated or inhibited to determine their role in regulation of oxidative phosphorylation and cell survival. Primary cultures of renal proximal tubular cells (RPTC) were cultured in improved conditions resulting in mitochondrial respiration and activity of mitochondrial enzymes similar to those in RPTC in vivo. Because traditional transfection techniques (Lipofectamine, electroporation) are inefficient in primary cultures and have adverse effects on mitochondrial function, PKC-&epsilon; mutant cDNAs were delivered to RPTC through adenoviral vectors. This approach results in transfection of over 90% cultured RPTC.
Here, we present methods for assessing the role of PKC-&epsilon; in: 1. regulation of mitochondrial morphology and functions associated with ATP synthesis, and 2. survival of RPTC in primary culture. PKC-&epsilon; is activated by overexpressing the constitutively active PKC-&epsilon; mutant. PKC-&epsilon; is inhibited by overexpressing the inactive mutant of PKC-&epsilon;. Mitochondrial function is assessed by examining respiration, integrity of the respiratory chain, activities of respiratory complexes and F0F1-ATPase, ATP production rate, and ATP content. Respiration is assessed in digitonin-permeabilized RPTC as state 3 (maximum respiration in the presence of excess substrates and ADP) and uncoupled respirations. Integrity of the respiratory chain is assessed by measuring activities of all four complexes of the respiratory chain in isolated mitochondria. Capacity of oxidative phosphorylation is evaluated by measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP production rate, and activity of F0F1-ATPase. Energy status of RPTC is assessed by determining the intracellular ATP content. Mitochondrial morphology in live cells is visualized using MitoTracker Red 580, a fluorescent dye that specifically accumulates in mitochondria, and live monolayers are examined under a fluorescent microscope. RPTC viability is assessed using annexin V/propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometry to determine apoptosis and oncosis.
These methods allow for a selective activation/inhibition of individual PKC isozymes to assess their role in cellular functions in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions that can be reproduced in in vitro.

The effects of activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes on mitochondrial functions associated with respiration and oxidative phosphorylation and on cell viability are described. The approach adapts adenoviral technique to selectively overexpress PKC isozymes in primary cell culture and a variety of assays to determine mitochondrial functions and energy status of the cell.

신장 세포 Overexpressing 단백질 키나제 C Isozymes에 Mitochondrial 기능 및 세포 생존 능력의 평가

The protein kinase C (PKC) family of isozymes is involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Our recent data demonstrate that PKC ...

Measurement of Chitinase Activity in Biological Samples

Chitinases are the enzymes that cleave chitin. Even in the absence of chitin, mammalians have significant amounts of chitinases present in the body including at baseline. The precise role of chitinase is not known, however it was believed to play important role in digestion and host defense against chitin-containing food and pathogens, respectively. Recent work, including ours, has shown an important role of chitinase and chitinase-like proteins in host immunity and allergic diseases. Importantly, chitinase activities serve as important biomarkers of disease severity in a wide-range of diseases including type 2 inflammatory diseases such as asthma and pulmonary fibrosis. Similarly, patients with genetic disorders like Gaucher disease have significantly elevated chitinase levels, which not only correlate with disease severity but also serve as a reliable biomarker for therapeutic effectiveness. The protocol outlined here describes a simple, quick, and straightforward way to measure chitinase activity in BAL or serum samples of mice and can be widely adapted to human subjects and other model organisms due to the highly conserved nature of the enzymes.

Presented here is a simple method to measure chitinase activity in biological fluids such as bronchoalveolar lavage or serum.

생물학적 샘플에서 치티나제 활성 측정

Chitinases are the enzymes that cleave chitin. Even in the absence of chitin, mammalians have significant amounts of chitinases present in the body ...

생체 외에서 Fabry에 Pompe 질병 테스트 약리 보호자 응답성을 효소 측정

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

Fumarylacetotate 하이드로 아세테이트 도메인 함유 단백질의 발현, 정제, 결정화 및 효소 어세포

동질적인 구드 기반 분석체를 사용하여 샤페론 - 코카페론 상호 작용의 연구

In vitro Ubiquitin Chain Cleavage Assay를 통한 신경 발달 장애 관련 Deubiquitylating Enzymes의 효소 활성 측정

In vitro Ubiquitin Chain Cleavage Assay를 통한 신경 발달 장애 관련 Deubiquitylating Enzymes의 효소 활성 측정

In vitro Ubiquitin Chain Cleavage Assay를 통한 신경 발달 장애 관련 Deubiquitylating Enzymes의 효소 활성 측정

세포 기반 분석 결과와 효소 대체 요법의 세포질 통풍 관을 중화 하는 항 체의 검출

인-31 자기 공명 분광학 : 측정을위한 도구

세포 Refolding 분석

신장 세포 Overexpressing 단백질 키나제 C Isozymes에 Mitochondrial 기능 및 세포 생존 능력의 평가

생물학적 샘플에서 치티나제 활성 측정