Yazarlar Mandy Loebert ve Tina Czajka için mükemmel teknik destek kabul etmek istiyorum. Flora Luo (Harvard Tıp Okulu, Boston, MA, ABD) dil düzenleme yardım için teşekkür ederiz.

1. hazırlık Mutant pcDNA3.1/GLA ve pcDNA3.1/GAA yapıları
Not: GLA ve dizileri (CD) kodlama GAA klonlama stratejileri bildirilen önceki15,18olmuştur.
<ol>
	<li>Site yönettiği Mutagenesis kullanarak site Yönetmen: Mutagenesis
	<ol>
		<li>Kullanım başvuru NM_000169.2 ve NM_000152.4 GLA ile GAA gen, mutagenesis için şablonlar olarak sırasıyla diziler. İlgili sıra değişiklikleri tek tek mutasyon tanıtmak uzunluğuna Merkezi taşıma duygusu ve Antisens astar ile ticari bir sağlayıcı tarafından sentezlenen yüksek saflıkta tuz ücretsiz astar (25-37-mers) belirledik. Astar tasarım19destek için ücretsiz astar tasarım aracını kullanın.</li>
		<li>Reaksiyon karışımı için tepki çözüm için standart koşullar ve üretici tarafından sağlanan PCR koşullar kullanın.<ol>
			<li>Mix 5 µL tepki arabellek, 10 x 10 ng çift iplikçikli şablon plazmid DNA (pcDNA3.1/GLA veya pcDNA3.1/GAA), 125 ng her astar, sağlanan dNTP karışımdan 1 µL, DMSO reaktif uygun bir birimdeki deiyonize su (son tepki Cilt 3 µL : 50 ΜL). Son olarak, 2.5 U DNA polimeraz ve yukarı ve aşağı pipetting tarafından karıştırın. Bir negatif kontrol no-astar örnek taşımak.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Aşağıdaki programı kullanarak PCR başlatmak: adım 1: 95 ° C 1 dk. için adım 2: 95 ° C 50 s, adım 3: 60 ° C 50 s, adım 4: 68 ° C 8 min için adım 2-4 18 kez tekrarlayın ve adım 5: 68 ° C 10 dk için.<ol>
			<li>Dpn1 µL PCR, ekleyin ben restriksiyon enzimi (10 U/µL) ve daha fazla tepki flakon 1 h için 37 ° C'de kuluçkaya.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Dönüşüm ve istenen klon için tarama
	<ol>
		<li>Bir aliquot uygun olarak üreticinin önerilerini ultracompetent hücrelerinin dönüşümü. Kullanım SOC orta (tryptone %2 (w/v), Maya %0,5 (w/v), NaCl 10 mM, KCl 2.5 mM özü, 121 ° C'de sterilize ve steril filtre çözümleri MgCl2 ve glikoz ikiye kadar 10 ila 20 mM, son konsantrasyonları sırasıyla ekleyin) Üretici yerine Orta. Yordamı sonra örnek mutagenesis bir LB üzerinde plaka 250 µL içeren 100 µg/mL Ampisilin plaka ve 18 h için 37 ° C'de kuluçkaya.</li>
		<li>Transformants sayısı temin &#62; 10 ve tepki verir en az üç kat daha fazla kolonileri no-astar kontrol tepki, koloni sayımı kolaylaştırmak için aydınlık bir tabak kullanarak örneğin,. Daha sonra 3 kolonileri alın ve 3 mL LB suyu orta gece kültürlerde hazırlamak.</li>
		<li>Ertesi gün, plazmid hazırlık Standart kit ile gerçekleştirmek ve tüm sıra T7 kullanarak analiz (5ʹ-TAA TAC GAC TCA CTA etiketi GG-3ʹ) ve BGHr (5ʹ-TAG AAG GCA CAG TCG AGG-3ʹ) astar standart Sanger üzerinden sıralama.</li>
		<li>Sıra analiz için uygun moleküler biyoloji aracını kullanın. Ne zaman istenen mutasyon tespit ve daha fazla NM_000169.2 (α-galaktozidaz A) göre anormallik sıra no veya NM_000152.4 (asit α-glucosidase) görülür, transfection-grade plazmid arıtma için klon seçin.</li>
		<li>DNA'ın saflık bir Spektrofotometre Absorbans ölçerek belirlemek. Not: plazmid saflık 260/280 Absorbans oranında verim hazırlıklar izin &#62; 1.8 hücre kültür deneyler.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. HEK293H hücreleri tarımı
<ol>
	<li>HEK293H hücreleri yüksek glikoz (4,5 g/M) % 10 fetal sığır serum (FBS) ve % 1 penisilin/streptomisin ile desteklenmiş Dulbecco´s modifiye kartal orta (DMEM) korumak. Hücreleri aklında bulunsun bir kuluçka %5 CO2 atmosfer altında 37 ° C'de water-jacket.</li>
	<li>Yoğunluk % 80-90 hücrelere yetiştirmek.</li>
	<li>Orta Aspire edin ve fosfat kullanarak tamponlu tuz (PBS) Ca2 + ve Mg2 +olmadan bir kez yıkayın.</li>
	<li>Geçit ekleyerek % 0.05 tripsin-EDTA ve 37 ° C ve % 5 CO25 min için kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Hücreleri 1:15 taze orta ve tohum kalıcı kültür korumak için yeni bir T75 şişesi bölünmüş. Hücreleri ile 25'ten fazla pasajlar kullanmayın.</li>
</ol>
3. pcDNA3.1/GLA ve pcDNA3.1/GAA plazmid Transfection ve HEK293H tedavi
<ol>
	<li>24 saat önce transfection, bir T75 hücre kültür şişesi kez PBS ile Ca+ 2, Mg2 +ile HEK293H hücrelerde yıkayın. Yukarıda belirtildiği gibi %0,05 tripsin-EDTA içeren hücreleri ve tohum 1.5 x 10%5 10 ile desteklenmiş 500 µL DMEM orta kullanarak 24 iyi kültür plaka boşluklar hücrelerde hasat FBS Antibiyotikler olmadan.</li>
	<li>Transfection Protokolü Üretici kılavuzuna göre yerine getirir. Genellikle, plazmid DNA'ın 1 µg ve transfection reaktif 2.5 µL serum-Alerjik DMEM 100 µL içinde kullanılır. Oda sıcaklığında 20 dk için kuluçkaya ve hücrelere bundan sonra drop-wise bir şekilde ekleyin.</li>
	<li>4 h 37 °C/5% CO2 bir süre sonra transfection reaktif içeren orta kaldırın ve taze DMEM % 10 ile 500 µL ekleyin FBS / % 1 penisilin/streptomisin. Not: Bu adım sırasında Deoxygalactonojirimycin 1 hidroklorür (DGJ) veya Deoxynojirimycin 1 hidroklorür (DNJ) kültür ortamına eklenmiş olabilir amaçlanan nerede (20 µM son bir konsantrasyon elde etmek için 10 mm sulu bir hisse senedi çözüm kullanmak DGJ ve DNJ ). Taze DGJ veya DNJ 42 h plazmid transfection sonra eklendi.</li>
</ol>
4. hücre hasat ve α-galaktozidaz A veya asit α-glucosidase etkinlik ölçümü
<ol>
	<li>Hücre hasat
	<ol>
		<li>Hasat günü, hücreleri kuluçka makinesi kaldır ve orta Aspire edin. Dikkatle bulunduğu hücreleri PBS ile Ca2 + ve Mg2 +2 kere yıkayın. Not: DGJ ve DNJ α-galaktozidaz ve α-glucosidase, güçlü inhibitörleri sırasıyla herhangi bir artık test geçersiz kılacak olduğundan, bu adım önemlidir.</li>
		<li>Deiyonize su hücreleri doğrudan üzerine 200 µL ekleyin. Plaka hücrelerden durulayın ve 1,5 mL tepki tüp aktarabilirsiniz.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Homojenizasyon tarafından dondurma ve çözme
	<ol>
		<li>Bir uygun köpük raf ve 5 için girdap örnekleri koymak lizis daha verimli hale getirmek için s. 10 için sıvı azot alternatif örnekleri koymak s ve çözdürme tam (5 dk) olana bir oda sıcaklığında su banyosunda.</li>
		<li>Bu yordamı 5 kez tekrarlayın ve sonra örnekleri 10.000 x g de 5 min için spin.</li></ol></li></ol>Süpernatant ve pipet yeni bir tepki tüp korur.
	
	
	<li>Protein konsantrasyonu belirlenmesi bicinchoninic asit (BCA) tahlil kullanma
	<ol>
		<li>Taze bir tüp deiyonize H2O 40 µL içeren her örnek için hazırlamak ve örnek 10 µL ekleyin. Çözüm vortexing tarafından kısa bir süre karıştırın ve 10 µL 96 iyi plaka (nüsha her örnekte) bir kavite içine aktarın. 2 mg/mL sığır serum albumin (BSA) hisse senedi çözeltilerine aşağıdaki gibi standart bir eğri elde etmek için deiyonize H2O seyreltik: 50 µL H2O/50 µL BSA; 60 µL H2O/40 µL BSA; 70 µL H2O/30 µL BSA; 80 µL H2O/20 µL BSA; 90 µL H2O/10 µL BSA; 100 µL H2O.</li>
		<li>Reaksiyon BCA reaktif 200 µL ekleyerek başlayın (Reaktif A ve Reaktif B karışık bir 50: 1 oranında) ve karanlıkta bir orbital Çalkalayıcı (300 rpm) üzerinde hafif ajitasyon altında 37 ° C'de 1 h için kuluçkaya. 560 Absorbans ölçmek nm bir plaka okuyucu. Not: Örnekler genellikle 1 ile 1,5 µg protein µL başı arasında içerir.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Enzim aktivitesi ölçümü ile yapay 4-Methylumbelliferyl yüzeylerde (4-kupa)
	<ol>
		<li>Her örnek ve damlalıklı hesaplanan miktarı 0,05 (için α-galaktozidaz A) veya (için asit α-glucosidase) 0,5 µg protein/µL çözümler elde etmek için taze 1,5 mL tepki tüpler içine sulandırmak. Girdap örnekleri 5 s tekrar ve damlalıklı 10 µL, 96 içine bu seyreltme için de plaka (yinelenen her örnekte).</li>
		<li>Reaksiyon ilgili substrat çözeltisi 20 µL ekleyerek başlayın α-galaktozidaz A: 2 mM 4-Methylumbelliferyl-α-D-galactopyranoside için (4-MU-gal) 0,06 M fosfat sitrat tampon pH 4.7. Asit α-glucosidase için: 2 mM 4-methylumbelliferyl α-D-glucopyranoside (4-MU-glu) 0,025 M sodyum asetat, pH 4.0 içinde.</li>
		<li>Karanlıkta bir orbital Çalkalayıcı (300 rpm) üzerinde hafif ajitasyon altında 37 ° C'de 1 h için enzim reaksiyonları kuluçkaya. Reaksiyon 1.0 m, pH 10,5 ayarlanan glisin-NaOH arabellek 200 µL eklenmesi tarafından sonlandırın.</li>
		<li>4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) 0.01 mg/mL stoktan standart bir eğri şekilde hazırlayın: 100 µL H2O / Hayır 4-MU; 80 µL H2O / 20 µL 4-MU; 60 µL H2O / 40 µL 4-MU; 40 µL H2O / 60 µL 4-MU; 20 µL H2O / 80 µL 4-MU; hiçbir H2O / 100 µL 4-MU, damlalıklı 10 µL her seyreltme 96 kuyuya, plaka (Yineleme) ve 200 µL 1,0 M glisin-NaOH arabelleği her şey için ses ayarı ve pH için ekleyin.</li>
		<li>Ölçü enzim etkinliği bir floresan okuyucu uygun filtre seti ile donatılmış ve floresan okuyucu aygıt için uygun yazılımı kullanarak veri analiz. Not: Her iki 4-kulplu sürahi yüzeylerde 4-MU için α-galaktozidaz A veya asit α-glucosidase maruz kalma sırasında azaltılır. Yayımlanan 4-MU 360 ve 465 nm'de uyarma ve emisyon dalga boylarında, sırasıyla, bir Mikroplaka Floresans okuyucu kullanarak ölçülebilir bir fluorochrome var.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>

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Yazarlar onlar rakip hiçbir mali çıkarları var bildirin.

Burada açıklanan protokol metabolizma kalıtsal lizozomal hastalıklar enzim hasar değerlendirmesi için sağlam sonuçlar sunar. Bu el yazması bir değişiklik Protokolü önceki15Yayınlanan olduğunu. (Yani, mutant vektör yapı hazırlık sürecinde), sıkılık en önemli değişiklikler içeren hücre kültür Protokolü (örneğin, HEK293H hücre bakım ve transfection koşulları) ve yüksek standardizasyonu (en az 5), son derece sonuçları tekrarlanabilirlik için k...

Orada glycosidase disfonksiyon birincil gen mutasyonlar sonucu ile ilgili bir düzine Lizozomal depo bozuklukları (LSDs) üzerinde. Fabry (OMIM #301500) ve Pompe (OMIM #232300) hastalığı, fazla 500 ve 200 missense1,2,3 bildirilmiştir, mutasyonlar sırasıyla hangi toplam mutasyon sayısı yaklaşık % 60 karşılık gelir. Çok sayıda yeni gen değişik hala tespit edilmektedir, birçoğu bilinmeyen var önemi. Geniş biyokimyasal araştırmalar ortaya bazı genotip bir tam kaybı-in-işleve GLA gen yol değil (OMIM * 300644) Fabry hastalığı, ama neden thermodynamically tercih katlama devlet4 ulaşmak başarısız olmasına karşılık gelen enzim . Bu ER saklama ve aksi takdirde fonksiyonel enzim erken bozulma ile sonuçlanır. Benzer sonuçlar Pompe hastalığı5de dahil olmak üzere diğer LSDs çizilmiştir. Ayrıca, enzim değişik moleküler karakterizasyonu mutasyonlar klinik yorumlanması tanı6LSD ilerleme mutasyon niteliğine göre bireysel bir süreç olduğunu düşündüren, zamanında kolaylaştırabilir. Bu nedenle, genellikle 2-3 farklı klinik tipi içine Geleneksel sınıflandırma klinik danışmanlık ve tedavi edici kararlar verimlilik düzeyini artırmak amacıyla yeniden değerlendirmeye.
Enzim replasman tedavisi (ERT) her iki hastalık için kullanılabilir. ERT, ancak, etkilenen doku/organ beyin ve kas iskelet gibi etkinlik sınırlıdır. Ayrıca, ERT terapötik yararları tehlikeye atıyor immünojenik bir yanıt temin. Farmakolojik Chaperones (adet) sözde duyarlı mutasyonlar olan hastalar için bir çekici tedavi alternatiftir. Adet doğru protein katlanması ve endoplazmik retikulum (ER) tutma ve ER ilişkili bozulması enzim sırayla önleyen stabilization için moleküler bir iskele olarak hizmet vermektedir. Ayrıca, adet sözlü olarak yönetilebilen ve potansiyel olarak kan beyin bariyerini çapraz edebiliyoruz. Bu nedenle, PCT belirli genotip olan hastalar tedavi için daha uygun bir seçenek olabilir. LSDs uygulamada PC üzerinde kapsamlı bir inceleme için mükemmel inceleme Parenti7tarafından bakın.
Mutant gen neden olan hastalık yüzlerce keşfi önceden klinik uyuşturucu testi zorlukları ve mükellef hastalar kişiselleştirilmiş tıp yaklaşım için bir basit, hızlı ve yüksek standart değerlendirme gerektirir. LSD gen mutasyonlarının zararlı etkilerini değerlendirmek amacıyla ve mükellef hastalar için PCT tahmin etmek için aday mutasyon test etmek için hızlı ve güvenilir enzim aktivitesi ölçümü için sağlayan bir yüksek standart aşırı ifade sistem HEK293H hücrelerdeki oldu geliştirdi. Benzer aşırı ifade sistemleri daha önce tarif edilmiş COS-78,9,10,11, HeLa hücreleri12veya HEK293 kullanarak Fabry ve Pompe hastalığı için13 ,14,15,16 hücreleri glycosidase gen için.
Çok benzer bir yöntem bile hastalıkların farmakolojik refakatçi tedaviye yanıt tahmin etmek için bir "yöntemi" olarak patentli bir hücre uygunluğunu gösteren17 kültür sistemi klinik uygulamaya entegre yeteneğine sahip.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Material</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QuikChange II XL Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Stratagene, La Jolla, CA, USA</td>
			<td>#200522</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer GLA[R301Q]-frw: 5&#180;- CTA ATG ACC TCC AAC ACA TCA GCC C-3&#180;</td>
			<td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer GLA[R301Q]-rev: 5&#180;- GGG CTG ATG TGT TGG AGG TCA TTA G-3&#180;</td>
			<td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer GLA[A156V]-frw: 5&#180;-CTA CGA CAT TGA TGT CCA GAC CTT TGC TG-3&#180;</td>
			<td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer GLA[A156V]-rev: 5&#180;-CAG CAA AGG TCT GGA CAT CAA TGT CGT AG-3&#180;</td>
			<td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer GLA[A156V]-frw: 5&#180;-GGA AAT AAA ACC TGC ACA GGC TTC CCT GGG A-3&#180;</td>
			<td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer GLA[A143T]-rev: 5&#180;-TCC CAG GGA AGC CTG TGC AGG TTT TAT TTC C-3&#180;</td>
			<td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer GAA[F455Y]-frw: 5&#180;-CTG CCG GGA GCT TCA GGC CCT ACG A-3&#180;</td>
			<td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer GAA[F455Y]-rev: 5&#180;-TCG TAG GGC CTG AAG CTC CCG GCA G-3&#180;</td>
			<td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer GAA[P545L]-frw: 5&#180;-CAC CCT ACG TGC TTG GGG TGG TTG G-3&#180;</td>
			<td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer GAA[P545L]-rev: 5&#180;-CCA ACC ACC CCA AGC ACG TAG GGT G-3&#180;</td>
			<td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer GAA[L552P]-frw: 5&#180;-TTG GGG GGA CCC CCC AGG CGG CCA C-3&#180;</td>
			<td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer GAA[P545L]-rev: 5&#180;-GTG GCC GCC TGG GGG GTC CCC CCA A-3&#180;</td>
			<td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer T7: 5&#180;-TAA TAC GAC TCA CTA TAG GG-3&#180;</td>
			<td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer BGHrev: 5&#180;-TAG AAG GCA CAG TCG AGG-3&#180;</td>
			<td>MWG Eurofins Operon, Ebersberg, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptone</td>
			<td>Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td>8952.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>103,753</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>1,064,041,000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potasium chloride</td>
			<td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>1,049,360,500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2 x 6H2O</td>
			<td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>1,058,330,250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D (+)-Glucose monohydrate</td>
			<td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>1,083,422,500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>1,064,980,500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td>3908.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Citric acid</td>
			<td>Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td>X863.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>disodium hydrogen phosphate</td>
			<td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>1,065,860,500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium acetate</td>
			<td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>1,062,640,050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glacial acetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, Munich, Germany</td>
			<td>A6283</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB Agar</td>
			<td>Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td>X969.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB Medium</td>
			<td>Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td>X968.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zyppy Plasmid Miniprep Kit</td>
			<td>ZymoResearch, Freiburg, Germany</td>
			<td>D4020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAfilter Plasmid Midi Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen, Hilden, Germany</td>
			<td>12245</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEK293H cell line</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td>11631-017&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#180;s Modified Eagle Medium&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td>31966-047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HyClone fetal bovine serum&#160;</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare, South Logan, Utah, USA</td>
			<td>SV30160.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CELLSTAR Standard Cell Culture Flasks, Greiner Bio One</td>
			<td>VWR International GmbH, Hannover, Germany</td>
			<td>82050-854</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture plates (24 well)</td>
			<td>Sarstedt, N&#252;mbrecht, Germany</td>
			<td>831,836</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellstar 96 well plate</td>
			<td>Greiner bio one, Frickenhausen, Germany</td>
			<td>655185</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SafeSeal reaction tubes, 1,5mL&#160;</td>
			<td>Sarstedt, N&#252;mbrecht, Germany</td>
			<td>72,706</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine 2000</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td>11668-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-Deoxygalactonojirimycin Hydrochloride&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, Munich, Germany</td>
			<td>D9641</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-Deoxygalactonojirimycin Hydrochloride&#160;</td>
			<td>Toronto Research Chemicals, Toronto, Canada</td>
			<td>D236500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-Deoxynojirimycin&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, Munich, Germany</td>
			<td>D9305</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS Dulbecco w/o Calcium, w/o Magnesium</td>
			<td>Biochrom, Berlin, Germany</td>
			<td>L 1825</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%), phenol red</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Braunschweig, Germany</td>
			<td>25300054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Braunschweig, Germany</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-Methylumbelliferone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, Munich, Germany</td>
			<td>M1381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-Methylumbelliferyl &#945;-D-galactopyranoside</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, Munich, Germany</td>
			<td>M7633</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-Methylumbelliferyl &#945;-D-glucopyranoside</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, Munich, Germany</td>
			<td>M9766</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>incubator type T6</td>
			<td>Heraeus Instruments, Hanau, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luminous Plate Gr. 2 E</td>
			<td>Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td>P265.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3130 xl Genetic Analyzer&#160;</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GFL-3032 bacterial shaker</td>
			<td>GFL, Burgwedel, Germany&#160;</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Avanti J-25 centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman/Coulter, Krefeld, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultraspec 3100 pro Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Amersham Biosciences, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>water-jacket incubator&#160;</td>
			<td>Binder, Tuttlingen, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex Genie 1 touch mixer</td>
			<td>Scientific Industries, Bohemia, NY, USA</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Z 233 MK-2 refrigerated microtube centrifuge</td>
			<td>Hermle, Tuttlingen, Germany&#160;</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LaboStar ultrapure water device</td>
			<td>Siemens, Berlin, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermo Shaker PST-60HL-4 orbital shaker</td>
			<td>Biosan, Riga, Latvia</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tecan GENios Reader</td>
			<td>Tecan, M&#228;nnedorf, Switzerland</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HI 223 Microprocessor pH Meter</td>
			<td>HANNA Instruments, Arvore, Portugal</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CASY 
			Cell Counter + Analyser System 
			Model TT</td>
			<td>Innovatis AG, Cham/Zug, Switzerland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magellan data analysis software v6.6</td>
			<td>Tecan, M&#228;nnedorf, Switzerland</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GraphPad Prism 5.04</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA; USA</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Office 2010</td>
			<td>Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioEdit Alignment Editor, V7.0.1</td>
			<td>http://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/bioedit/bioedit.html</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Abbreviations</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>frw = forward; rev = reverse</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>n.a. = not applicable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro enzyme measurement to test pharmacological chaperone responsiveness in fabry and pompe disease

Lizozomal depo bozuklukları (LSDs) gibi nadir monogenic hastalıkları tedavi etmek için kişiselleştirilmiş ilaç kullanımı karmaşık klinik deneme tasarımları, yüksek maliyetleri ve düşük hasta sayıları tarafından reddedilmiştir. Mutant gen yüzlerce LSDs çoğunda karıştığı. Hastalıklar genellikle 2-3 farklı klinik tipi önem göre sınıflandırılır. Ayrıca, genotip moleküler karakterizasyonu klinik sonuçlar tahmin ve hasta bakımı hakkında bilgi yardımcı olabilir. Bu nedenle, biz heterologously Fabry ve Pompe hastalığı tespit mutasyonlar aşırı ifade HEK293H hücreleri temel alan bir basit hücre kültür tahlil geliştirilmiştir. Benzer bir tahlil son zamanlarda mükellef mutasyonların farmakolojik refakatçi terapi (PCT) Fabry hastalığı tanımlamak için preklinik bir test olarak girmiştir. Bu el yazması hızlı fenotipik değerlendirme Fabry ve Pompe hastalığında uygun hastalar için PCT tanımlamak için allelic versiyonlarının ve roman pharmacochaperones gelişmesinde yardımcı olabilir bu bir değişik hücre kültür tahlil açıklar.

Mutagenesis yordamı Mutasyonlar GLA gen mutagenesis etkinliğini değerlendirmek için aşağıdaki kategorilerden birine sınıflandırıldı. Mutasyonlar oluşturmak için bu yaklaşım ortaya koydu bu ilk denemede GLA mutasyonların yaklaşık % 66.5 elde edilmiştir. Daha fazla %25 sonra biraz değiştirilmiş bir ikinci PCR elde.
Kategori 1: Mutagenesis PCR ilk denemesinde etkili oldu....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Enzyme Measurement to Test Pharmacological Chaperone Responsiveness in Fabry and Pompe Disease at JoVE.com

In Vitro Enzyme Measurement to Test Pharmacological Chaperone Responsiveness in Fabry and Pompe Disease

Önceden klinik test için "yetim" ilaçların farmakolojik chaperones tekrarlanabilir, hızlı ve verimli olarak adlandırılan yeni bir sınıf yapmak için bir talep var. Biz uygun hastalar için hem de roman farmakolojik refakatçi uyuşturucu ekran basit, yüksek standart ve çok yönlü hücre kültür tabanlı tahlil geliştirilmiştir.

Vitro Enzim ölçüm Test farmakolojik refakatçi yanıt Fabry ve Pompe hastalığı için

The use of personalized medicine to treat rare monogenic diseases like lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) is challenged by complex clinical trial designs, ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

In Vitro Enzyme Measurement to Test Pharmacological Chaperone Responsiveness in Fabry and Pompe Disease

8.0K Görüntüleme.  University Rostock Medical Center. Önceden klinik test için "yetim" ilaçların farmakolojik chaperones tekrarlanabilir, hızlı ve verimli olarak adlandırılan yeni bir sınıf yapmak için bir talep var. Biz uygun hastalar için hem de roman farmakolojik refakatçi uyuşturucu ekran basit, yüksek standart ve çok yönlü hücre kültür tabanlı tahlil geliştirilmiştir.

Video: In Vitro Enzyme Measurement to Test Pharmacological Chaperone Responsiveness in Fabry and Pompe Disease

Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery

The ability to hear is only the first step towards making sense of the range of information contained in an auditory signal. Of equal importance are the abilities to extract and use the information encoded in the auditory signal. We refer to these as listening skills (or auditory processing AP). Deficits in these skills are associated with delayed language and literacy development, though the nature of the relevant deficits and their causal connection with these delays is hotly debated.
When a child is referred to a health professional with normal hearing and unexplained difficulties in listening, or associated delays in language or literacy development, they should ideally be assessed with a combination of psychoacoustic (AP) tests, suitable for children and for use in a clinic, together with cognitive tests to measure attention, working memory, IQ, and language skills. Such a detailed examination needs to be relatively short and within the technical capability of any suitably qualified professional. Current tests for the presence of AP deficits tend to be poorly constructed and inadequately validated within the normal population. They have little or no reference to the presenting symptoms of the child, and typically include a linguistic component. Poor performance may thus reflect problems with language rather than with AP. To assist in the assessment of children with listening difficulties, pediatric audiologists need a single, standardized child-appropriate test battery based on the use of language-free stimuli.
We present the IMAP test battery which was developed at the MRC Institute of Hearing Research to supplement tests currently used to investigate cases of suspected AP deficits. IMAP assesses a range of relevant auditory and cognitive skills and takes about one hour to complete. It has been standardized in 1500 normally-hearing children from across the UK, aged 6-11 years. Since its development, it has been successfully used in a number of large scale studies both in the UK and the USA. IMAP provides measures for separating out sensory from cognitive contributions to hearing. It further limits confounds due to procedural effects by presenting tests in a child-friendly game-format. Stimulus-generation, management of test protocols and control of test presentation is mediated by the IHR-STAR software platform. This provides a standardized methodology for a range of applications and ensures replicable procedures across testers. IHR-STAR provides a flexible, user-programmable environment that currently has additional applications for hearing screening, mapping cochlear implant electrodes, and academic research or teaching.

A test battery (IMAP) for performing an in-depth assessment of auditory and cognitive abilities contributing to listening skills is described. It is quick to administer, child-friendly and free from linguistic confounds. Stimulus generation and protocol management are controlled via a software platform (IHR-STAR) to ensure replicable procedures.

Dinlemede Making Sense IMAP Test Batarya:

The ability to hear is only the first step towards making sense of the range of information contained in an auditory signal. Of equal importance are the ...

Tıp

Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats

With heart failure leading the cause of death in the USA (Hunt), biomedical research is fundamental to advance medical treatments for cardiovascular diseases. Animal models that mimic human cardiac disease, such as myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemia-reperfusion (IR) that induces heart failure as well as pressure-overload (transverse aortic constriction) that induces cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure (Goldman and Tarnavski), are useful models to study cardiovascular disease. In particular, myocardial ischemia (MI) is a leading cause for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality despite controlling certain risk factors such as arteriosclerosis and treatments via surgical intervention (Thygesen). Furthermore, an acute loss of the myocardium following myocardial ischemia (MI) results in increased loading conditions that induces ventricular remodeling of the infarcted border zone and the remote non-infarcted myocardium. Myocyte apoptosis, necrosis and the resultant increased hemodynamic load activate multiple biochemical intracellular signaling that initiates LV dilatation, hypertrophy, ventricular shape distortion, and collagen scar formation. This pathological remodeling and failure to normalize the increased wall stresses results in progressive dilatation, recruitment of the border zone myocardium into the scar, and eventually deterioration in myocardial contractile function (i.e. heart failure). The progression of LV dysfunction and heart failure in rats is similar to that observed in patients who sustain a large myocardial infarction, survive and subsequently develops heart failure (Goldman). The acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model in rats has been used to mimic human cardiovascular disease; specifically used to study cardiac signaling mechanisms associated with heart failure as well as to assess the contribution of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of heart failure. The method described in this report is the rat model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This model is also referred to as an acute ischemic cardiomyopathy or ischemia followed by reperfusion (IR); which is induced by an acute 30-minute period of ischemia by ligation of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) followed by reperfusion of the tissue by releasing the LAD ligation (Vasilyev and McConnell). This protocol will focus on assessment of the infarct size and the area-at-risk (AAR) by Evan's blue dye and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) following 4-hours of reperfusion; additional comments toward the evaluation of cardiac function and remodeling by modifying the duration of reperfusion, is also presented. Overall, this AMI rat animal model is useful for studying the consequence of a myocardial infarction on cardiac pathophysiological and physiological function.

The rat model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is useful to study the consequence of a MI on cardiac pathophysiological and physiological function.

Sıçanlarda Akut Miyokard Enfarktüsü

With heart failure leading the cause of death in the USA (Hunt), biomedical research is fundamental to advance medical treatments for cardiovascular ...

A Strategy to Identify de Novo Mutations in Common Disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia

There are several lines of evidence supporting the role of de novo mutations as a mechanism for common disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. First, the de novo mutation rate in humans is relatively high, so new mutations are generated at a high frequency in the population. However, de novo mutations have not been reported in most common diseases. Mutations in genes leading to severe diseases where there is a strong negative selection against the phenotype, such as lethality in embryonic stages or reduced reproductive fitness, will not be transmitted to multiple family members, and therefore will not be detected by linkage gene mapping or association studies. The observation of very high concordance in monozygotic twins and very low concordance in dizygotic twins also strongly supports the hypothesis that a significant fraction of cases may result from new mutations. Such is the case for diseases such as autism and schizophrenia. Second, despite reduced reproductive fitness1 and extremely variable environmental factors, the incidence of some diseases is maintained worldwide at a relatively high and constant rate. This is the case for autism and schizophrenia, with an incidence of approximately 1% worldwide. Mutational load can be thought of as a balance between selection for or against a deleterious mutation and its production by de novo mutation. Lower rates of reproduction constitute a negative selection factor that should reduce the number of mutant alleles in the population, ultimately leading to decreased disease prevalence. These selective pressures tend to be of different intensity in different environments. Nonetheless, these severe mental disorders have been maintained at a constant relatively high prevalence in the worldwide population across a wide range of cultures and countries despite a strong negative selection against them2. This is not what one would predict in diseases with reduced reproductive fitness, unless there was a high new mutation rate. Finally, the effects of paternal age: there is a significantly increased risk of the disease with increasing paternal age, which could result from the age related increase in paternal de novo mutations. This is the case for autism and schizophrenia3. The male-to-female ratio of mutation rate is estimated at about 4&#x2013;6:1, presumably due to a higher number of germ-cell divisions with age in males. Therefore, one would predict that de novo mutations would more frequently come from males, particularly older males4. A high rate of new mutations may in part explain why genetic studies have so far failed to identify many genes predisposing to complexes diseases genes, such as autism and schizophrenia, and why diseases have been identified for a mere 3% of genes in the human genome. Identification for de novo mutations as a cause of a disease requires a targeted molecular approach, which includes studying parents and affected subjects. The process for determining if the genetic basis of a disease may result in part from de novo mutations and the molecular approach to establish this link will be illustrated, using autism and schizophrenia as examples.

Molecular genetic strategy for finding de novo mutations causing common disorders such as autism and schizophrenia.

Ortak Bozuklukları de Novo Mutasyonlar, otizm ve şizofreni gibi tanımlayın Bir Strateji

There are several lines of evidence supporting the role of de novo mutations as a mechanism for common disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. First, ...

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

Ambliyopi içinde Bastırma Ölçme ve Tedavisi

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

A Simple Method of Mouse Lung Intubation

A simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or expensive animal. One of the reasons that this is not done more routinely is that it is relatively difficult, despite there being several published studies that describe ways to achieve it. In this paper we demonstrate a procedure that eliminates one of the major hurdles associated with this intubation, that of visualizing the trachea during the entire time of intubation. The approach uses a 0.5 mm fiberoptic light source that serves as an introducer to direct the intubation cannula into the mouse trachea. We show that it is possible to use this procedure to measure lung mechanics in individual mice over a time course of at least several weeks. The technique can be set up with relatively little expense and expertise, and it can be routinely accomplished with relatively little training. This should make it possible for any laboratory to routinely carry out this intubation, thereby allowing longitudinal studies in individual mice, thereby minimizing the number of mice needed and increasing the statistical power by using each mouse as its own control.

This paper describes a striaghforward and efficient method of intubating mice for pulmonary function measurements or pulmonary instillation, that allows the mice to recover and be studied at later times. The procedure involves an inexpensive fiberoptic light source that directly illuminates the trachea.

Fare Akciğer Entübasyonun Basit Bir Yöntem

A  simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would  have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or  ...

Repeated Measurement of Respiratory Muscle Activity and Ventilation in Mouse Models of Neuromuscular Disease

Accessory respiratory muscles help to maintain ventilation when diaphragm function is impaired. The following protocol describes a method for repeated measurements over weeks or months of accessory respiratory muscle activity while simultaneously measuring ventilation in a non-anesthetized, freely behaving mouse. The technique includes the surgical implantation of a radio transmitter and the insertion of electrode leads into the scalene and trapezius muscles to measure the electromyogram activity of these inspiratory muscles. Ventilation is measured by whole-body plethysmography, and animal movement is assessed by video and is synchronized with electromyogram activity. Measurements of muscle activity and ventilation in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are presented to show how this tool can be used to investigate how respiratory muscle activity changes over time and to assess the impact of muscle activity on ventilation. The described methods can easily be adapted to measure the activity of other muscles or to assess accessory respiratory muscle activity in additional mouse models of disease or injury.

This paper introduces a method for repeated measurements of ventilation and respiratory muscle activity in a freely behaving amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mouse model throughout disease progression with whole-body plethysmography and electromyography via an implanted telemetry device.

Nöromusküler Hastalığının Fare Modelinde Solunum Kas Aktivitesi ve Havalandırma tekrarlanan ölçüm

Accessory respiratory muscles help to maintain ventilation when diaphragm function is impaired. The following protocol describes a method for repeated ...

Neonatal Murine Cochlear Explant Technique as an In Vitro Screening Tool in Hearing Research

While there have been remarkable advances in hearing research over the past few decades, there is still no cure for Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL), a condition that typically involves damage to or loss of the delicate mechanosensory structures of the inner ear. Sophisticated in vitro and ex vivo assays have emerged in recent years, enabling the screening of an increasing number of potentially therapeutic compounds while minimizing resources and accelerating efforts to develop cures for SNHL. Though homogenous cultures of certain cell types continue to play an important role in current research, many scientists now rely on more complex organotypic cultures of murine inner ears, also known as cochlear explants. The preservation of organized cellular structures within the inner ear facilitates the in situ evaluation of various components of the cochlear infrastructure, including inner and outer hair cells, spiral ganglion neurons, neurites, and supporting cells. Here we present the preparation, culture, treatment, and immunostaining of neonatal murine cochlear explants. The careful preparation of these explants facilitates the identification of mechanisms that contribute to SNHL and constitutes a valuable tool for the hearing research community.

Neonatal Murine Cochlear Explant Technique as an In Vitro Screening Tool in Hearing Research

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the preparation, culture, treatment, and immunostaining of neonatal murine cochlear explants. The technique can be utilized as an in vitro screening tool in hearing research.

Yenidoğan Murin Koklear Explant Tekniği<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; İşitme Araştırmalarında Tarama Aracı

While there have been remarkable advances in hearing research over the past few decades, there is still no cure for Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL), a ...

Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment

Kidney transplantation is a life-saving treatment for a large number of people with end-stage renal dysfunction worldwide. The procedure is associated with an increased survival rate and greater quality of patient&#8217;s life when compared to conventional dialysis. Regrettably, transplantology suffers from a lack of reliable methods for organ quality assessment. Standard diagnostic techniques are limited to macroscopic appearance inspection or invasive tissue biopsy, which do not provide comprehensive information about the graft. The proposed protocol aims to introduce solid phase microextraction (SPME) as an ideal analytical method for comprehensive metabolomics and lipidomic analysis of all low molecular compounds present in kidneys allocated for transplantation. The small size of the SPME probe enables performance of a chemical biopsy, which enables extraction of metabolites directly from the organ without any tissue collection. The minimum invasiveness of the method permits execution of multiple analyses over time: directly after organ harvesting, during its preservation, and immediately after revascularization at the recipient&#8217;s body. It is hypothesized that the combination of this novel sampling method with a high-resolution mass spectrometer will allow for discrimination of a set of characteristic compounds that could serve as biological markers of graft quality and indicators of possible development of organ dysfunction.

The protocol presents utilization of the chemical biopsy approach followed by comprehensive metabolomic and lipidomic analysis for quality assessment of kidney grafts allocated for transplantation.

Greft Kalite Değerlendirmesi için Kimyasal Biyopsi Kullanımı

Kidney transplantation is a life-saving treatment for a large number of people with end-stage renal dysfunction worldwide. The procedure is associated ...

On-Site Sampling and Extraction of Brain Tumors for Metabolomics and Lipidomics Analysis

Despite the variety of tools available for cancer diagnosis and classification, methods that enable fast and simple characterization of tumors are still in need. In recent years, mass spectrometry has become a method of choice for untargeted profiling of discriminatory compound as potential biomarkers of a disease. Biofluids are generally considered as preferable matrices given their accessibility and easier sample processing while direct tissue profiling provides more selective information about a given cancer. Preparation of tissues for the analysis via traditional methods is much more complex and time-consuming, and, therefore, not suitable for fast on-site analysis. The current work presents a protocol combining sample preparation and extraction of small molecules on-site, immediately after tumor resection. The sampling device, which is of the size of an acupuncture needle, can be inserted directly into the tissue and then transported to the nearby laboratory for instrumental analysis. The results of metabolomics and lipidomics analyses demonstrate the capability of the approach for the establishment of phenotypes of tumors related to the histological origin of the tumor, malignancy, and genetic mutations, as well as for the selection of discriminating compounds or potential biomarkers. The non-destructive nature of the technique permits subsequent performance of routinely used tests e.g., histological tests, on the same samples used for SPME analysis, thus enabling attainment of more comprehensive information to support personalized diagnostics.

The manuscript presents on-site sampling of human brain tumors with solid phase microextraction followed by their biochemical profiling towards the discovery of biomarkers.

Metabolomik ve Lipidomik Analizler için Beyin Tümörlerinin Yerinde Örnekleme sivesi ve ekstraksiyonu

Despite the variety of tools available for cancer diagnosis and classification, methods that enable fast and simple characterization of tumors are still ...

A Neonatal BALB/c Mouse Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe gastrointestinal (GI) disease that often occurs in premature infants, especially very low birth weight infants, with high mortality and unclear pathogenesis. The cause of NEC may be related to inflammatory immune regulatory system abnormalities. An NEC animal model is an indispensable tool for NEC disease immune research. NEC animal models usually use C57BL/6J neonatal mice; BALB/c neonatal mice are rarely used. Related studies have shown that when mice are infected, Th2 cell differentiation is predominant in BALB/c mice compared to C57BL/6J mice. Studies have suggested that the occurrence and development of NEC are associated with an increase in T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and are generally accompanied by infection. Therefore, this study used neonatal BALB/c mice to induce an NEC model with similar clinical characteristics and intestinal pathological changes as those observed in children with NEC. Further study is warranted to determine whether this animal model could be used to study Th2 cell responses in NEC.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe gastrointestinal (GI) disease that often occurs in premature infants, especially very low birth weight infants, with high mortality and unclear pathogenesis. The cause of NEC may be related to inflammatory immune regulatory system abnormalities. An NEC animal model is an indispensable tool for NEC disease immune research. NEC animal models usually use C57BL/6J neonatal mice; BALB/c neonatal mice are rarely used. Related studies have shown that when mice are infected, Th2 cell differentiation is predominant in BALB/c mice compared to C57BL/6J mice. Studies have suggested that the occurrence and development of NEC are associated with an increase in T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and are generally accompanied by infection. Therefore, this study used neonatal BALB/c mice to induce an NEC model with similar clinical characteristics and intestinal pathological changes as those observed in children with NEC. Further study is warranted to determine whether this animal model could be used to study Th2 cell responses in NEC.

Nekrotizan Enterokolit'in Yenidoğan BALB/c Fare Modeli

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe gastrointestinal (GI) disease that often occurs in premature infants, especially very low birth weight ...