우리는 국립 자연 과학 재단 (21675112), 베이징 교육 위원회 (KZ201710028027)와 Yanjing 젊은 학자 프로그램의 수도 사범 대학의 과학 및 기술 계획의 프로젝트에서에서 재정 지원에 대 한 감사.

<ol>
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저자는 경쟁 금융 관심을 선언합니다.

Aptamers의 뛰어난 이점 중 하나입니다 vivo에서 immunoreactions를 통해 항 체를 생성 하는 동안 그들은 체 외에서 방법을 SELEX 통해 식별 됩니다. 따라서, 항 체는 생리 적 조건에 제한 하는 반면 aptamers 잘 설계 된 실험 조건에서 원하는 대상으로 선택할 수 있습니다.
무료 시퀀스에서 바운드 시퀀스의 분리를 촉진 하기 위하여 몇 가지 수정 된 SELEX 최근 보고 되었습니다,...

급속 한 경제 발전, 함께 산업화, 그리고 도시 건설, 환경 오염의 가속 그 어느 때 보다 더 심각 하다. 일반적인 환경 오염 물질 중 금속 이온, 독 소, 항생제, 농약, 내 분 비 분리기와 지속적인 유기 오염 물질 (Pop)을 포함합니다. 금속 이온과 독 소, 외 다른 오염 물질은 작은 분자는 꽤 congeners의 다양 한 구성 됩니다. 가장 독성 Pop 비페닐 (PCBs), 다 환 방향족 탄화수소 (PAHs), 폴 리 브롬 화 비페닐 에테르 (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-다이옥신 (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDFs)를 포함 하는 예를 들어 고 phthalic 산 에스테 르 (PAEs)1,-2모든 많은 congeners의 구성. 작은 분자 검출 크로마토그래피/질량 분석 기반 기술을 응용 프로그램3,4,,56의 그들의 다양성 때문에 의해 주로 수행 되었습니다. 사이트 검색에 대 한 항 체 기반 방법을 최근 개발된7,,89되었습니다 합니다. 그러나, 이러한 방법은 특정 느리기에 대 한 매우 구체적인 이기 때문에, 여러 테스트를 수행 합니다. 더 심각한 것은 소설 congeners 성장 빠른 시간에 그들의 항 체를 생성할 수 없습니다. 따라서, 한 테스트에 모든 congeners의 총 레벨 모니터링 하 그룹 관련 바이오 센서의 개발 환경 오염 상태를 평가 하기 위한 귀중 한 통계를 제공할 수 있습니다.
최근, 핵 산 aptamers 널리 적용 된 다양 한 바이오 센 싱 플랫폼 다양 한 이온과 단백질 및 세포10,11 작은 분자에서 대상 인식의 그들의 기능 때문에 인식 요소 ,12. Aptamers는 시험관에 의해 호출 된 메서드 ligands의 체계적인 발전 지 수 농축 (SELEX)13,14을 통해 식별 됩니다. SELEX는 약 1014-1015 시퀀스 포함 임의의 합성 단일 가닥 oligonucleotide 도서관으로 시작 합니다. 무작위 라이브러리의 크기는 RNA 또는 DNA 후보 구조의 다양성을 보장합니다. 전형적인 SELEX 프로세스 라이브러리는 높은 친 화력 및 특이성 대상 시퀀스에 농축 될 때까지 농축의 여러 라운드로 구성. 최종 농축된 수영장 다음 시퀀스와 분리 상수 (Kd) 및 간섭 물질과 같은 다른 기술에 의해 결정 하는 잠재력에 대 한 선택 필터 바인딩, 친화성 크로마토그래피, 표면 플라스몬 공명 (SPR), 등. 15
매우 빈약한 물 가용성과 표면 동원 정지에 대 한 기능 그룹의 부족, pop aptamer 선택은 이론적으로 어렵습니다. SELEX에 대 한 중요 한 발전 aptamers 발견 가속화 했습니다. 그러나, 팝에 대 한 그룹별 aptamers의 선택은 하지 아직 알려졌다. 지금까지 특정 느리기에 대 한 높은 특이성으로 PCB 바인딩 DNA aptamers만 확인 된16되었습니다. PAEs는 주로 폴 리 염화 비닐 물자, 탄력 있는 플라스틱, 따라서 가소제 역할 하드 플라스틱에서 폴 리 염화 비닐을 변경에 사용 됩니다. 일부 PAEs 내 분 비 분리기로 확인 되었습니다, 심각한 손상을 일으킬 수 간 및 신장 기능, 남성 정자의 운동 성 감소 하 고 비정상적인 정자 형태와 고환 암17발생할 수 있습니다. 화합물-도 그룹 전용 PAE 바인딩 aptamers 보고 되었습니다.
이 작품의 목표 그룹-특정 DNA aptamers PAEs, 팝의 대표 그룹 등 매우 소수 작은 분자를 선택 하기 위한 대표적인 프로토콜을 제공 하는 것입니다. 우리는 또한 환경 오염 감지를 위한 선택 된 aptamer의 응용 프로그램을 보여 줍니다. 이 프로토콜 다른 소수 작은 분자의 aptamer 발견에 대 한 지침과 통찰력을 제공합니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>UV-2550</td>
			<td>Shimadzu,Japan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>protocol, section 3.8.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA Engnine Thermal cycler,PTC0200</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>section 3.5.1.2 and 3.5.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C1000 Touch</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>section 5.3.6 and 6.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VMP3 multichannel potentiostat</td>
			<td>Bio-Logic Science, Claix, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>section 7.4,7.8 and 7.11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare (Piscataway, NJ, USA)</td>
			<td>10220020</td>
			<td>argarose beads, section 2.3 and 3.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dynabeads M-270 carboxylic acid magnetic beads</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td>420420</td>
			<td>magnetic beads,section 5.2. and 5.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Premix Taq Hot Start Version</td>
			<td>Takara,Dalian,China</td>
			<td>R028A</td>
			<td>polymerase, section 3.5.1.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PARAFILM Sealing Membrane</td>
			<td>Bemis, USA</td>
			<td>PM-996</td>
			<td>section 3.6.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lambda Exonuclease</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td>EN0561</td>
			<td>section3.7.1.2.The 10 &#215; reaction buffer is provided along with &#955; exonuclease by the provider.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dr. GenTLE 
			Precipitation Carrier</td>
			<td>Takara,Dalian,China</td>
			<td>9094</td>
			<td>section 3.6.2 and 3.8.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UNIQ-10 PAGE DNA recovery kit</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech (Shanghai)</td>
			<td>B511135</td>
			<td>section 4.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYBR Gold nucleic acid gel stain</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td>1811838</td>
			<td>nucelic acid stain dye, section 3.5.1.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYBR Premix Ex Taq II</td>
			<td>Takara,Dalian,China</td>
			<td>RR820A</td>
			<td>polymerase mix contaning polymerase and dNTPs, section 5.3.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>CAS: 1132-61-2</td>
			<td>section 5.2.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td>CAS: 25952-53-8</td>
			<td>section 5.2.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>6066-82-6</td>
			<td>section 5.2.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mercaptohexanol (MCH)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>CAS: 1633-78-9</td>
			<td>section 7.7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gold electrode</td>
			<td>Shanghai Chenhua</td>
			<td>CHI101</td>
			<td>section 7.4. - 7.11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>CAS: 51805-45-9</td>
			<td>section 7.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>O-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-O&#39;-methyl-hexa-(ethylene glycol)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>CAS: 651042-82-9</td>
			<td>section 7.7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP)</td>
			<td>National Institute of Metrology, China</td>
			<td>CAS: 117-81-7</td>
			<td>section 7.11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>CAS: 9005-64-5</td>
			<td>polyoxyethy-lene(20) sorbaitan monolaurate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>CAS: 9002-93-1</td>
			<td>non-ionic surface active agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5368</td>
			<td>10 mM phosphate buffer containing 1 M NaCl, pH 7.4</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

phthalic acid ester-binding dna aptamer selection, characterization, and application to an electrochemical aptasensor

지속적인 유기 오염 물질의 주요 그룹의 phthalic 산 에스테 르 (PAEs) areone. PAEs의 그룹 전용 탐지는 congeners의 급속 한 성장으로 인해 매우 원한다. 점점 더 인식 요소 바이오 센서 플랫폼에 적용 된 DNA aptamers 하지만 선택 aptamers PAEs, 등 매우 소수 성 분자 표적으로 보고 거의. 이 작업 그룹-특정 DNA aptamers PAEs 선택 하도록 설계 된 비드 기반 방법을 설명 합니다. 아미노 그룹 공업화 틸 프 탈 레이트 (DBP-NH2) 앵커 대상 합성 했 고 에폭시 활성화 agarose 구슬에 움직일 immobilization 매트릭스의 표면에서 phthalic 에스테 르 그룹의 표시를 허용 하 고 따라서 그룹 전용 바인더의 선택. 자력 분리와 결합 하는 정량적 중 합 연쇄 반응에 따라 aptamer 후보자의 분리 상수 하 고. 상대 선호도 다른 PAEs에 aptamers의 선택도 경쟁 분석 실험에 의해 결정 되었다 aptamer 후보 DBP NH2 미리 경계 했다 연결 된 자석 구슬, 가진 외피에 상쾌한에 발표 테스트 PAEs 또는 다른 잠재적인 간섭 물질입니다. 경쟁 분석 결과 표면 동원 정지에 대 한 기능 그룹이 했다 PAEs 중 손쉬운 선호도 비교를 제공 하기 때문에 적용 되었다. 마지막으로 우리 전기 aptasensor의 제작을 시연 하 고 bis(2-ethylhexyl) 프 탈 레이트의 磁 및 선택적 검출을 위해 사용. 이 프로토콜 다른 소수 작은 분자의 aptamer 발견에 대 한 통찰력을 제공합니다.

우리는 설계 및 아미노 그룹 공업화 틸 프 탈 레이트 (DBP-NH2) 앵커 대상 (그림 1 층)으로 합성. 우리는 다음 PAEs 클래식 대상 immobilization 기반 방법 (그림 2)에 따라는 DBP NH2 앵커 대상으로 사용 하 여 DNA aptamer 선택을 수행 합니다. 각 라운드에서 파일럿 PCR PCR (그림 3)의 주기 수를 최적화 하는 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Phthalic Acid Ester-Binding DNA Aptamer Selection, Characterization, and Application to an Electrochemical Aptasensor at JoVE.com

Phthalic Acid Ester-Binding DNA Aptamer Selection, Characterization, and Application to an Electrochemical Aptasensor

생체 외에서 선택 및 그룹 관련 phthalic 산 에스테 르-바인딩 DNA aptamers의 특성화에 대 한 프로토콜 제공 됩니다. 전기 aptasensor에서 선택 된 aptamer의 응용 프로그램이 포함 되어 있습니다.

Phthalic 산 에스테 르-바인딩 DNA Aptamer 선택, 특성, 및 전기 화학 Aptasensor 응용 프로그램

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) areone of the major groups of persistent organic pollutants. The group-specific detection of PAEs is highly desired due to the ...

phthalic-acid-ester-binding-dna-aptamer-selection-characterization

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

9.7K 조회수.  Capital Normal University. 생체 외에서 선택 및 그룹 관련 phthalic 산 에스테 르-바인딩 DNA aptamers의 특성화에 대 한 프로토콜 제공 됩니다. 전기 aptasensor에서 선택 된 aptamer의 응용 프로그램이 포함 되어 있습니다.

비디오: Phthalic Acid Ester-Binding DNA Aptamer Selection, Characterization, and Application to an Electrochemical Aptasensor

Folding and Characterization of a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

The DNA nanorobot is a hollow hexagonal nanometric device, designed to open in response to specific stimuli and present cargo sequestered inside. Both stimuli and cargo can be tailored according to specific needs. Here we describe the DNA nanorobot fabrication protocol, with the use of the DNA origami technique. The procedure initiates by mixing short single-strand DNA staples into a stock mixture which is then added to a long, circular, single-strand DNA scaffold in presence of a folding buffer. A standard thermo cycler is programmed to gradually lower the mixing reaction temperature to facilitate the staples-to-scaffold annealing, which is the guiding force behind the folding of the nanorobot. Once the 60 hr folding reaction is complete, excess staples are discarded using a centrifugal filter, followed by visualization via agarose-gel electrophoresis (AGE). Finally, successful fabrication of the nanorobot is verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with the use of uranyl-formate as negative stain.

DNA origami is a powerful method for fabricating precise nanoscale objects by programming the self-assembly of DNA molecules. Here we describe a protocol for the folding of a bio-responsive robot from DNA origami, its purification and negative staining for transmission electron microscopic imaging (TEM).

DNA 접기에서 바이오 응답 로봇의 폴딩 및 특성화

The DNA nanorobot is a hollow hexagonal nanometric device, designed to open in response to specific stimuli and present cargo sequestered inside. Both ...

연구

화학

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

The traditional strategy for the introduction of chemical functionalities is the use of solid-phase synthesis by appending suitably modified phosphoramidite precursors to the nascent chain. However, the conditions used during the synthesis and the restriction to rather short sequences hamper the applicability of this methodology. On the other hand, modified nucleoside triphosphates are activated building blocks that have been employed for the mild introduction of numerous functional groups into nucleic acids, a strategy that paves the way for the use of modified nucleic acids in a wide-ranging palette of practical applications such as functional tagging and generation of ribozymes and DNAzymes. One of the major challenges resides in the intricacy of the methodology leading to the isolation and characterization of these nucleoside analogues.
	
	In this video article, we present a detailed protocol for the synthesis of these modified analogues using phosphorous(III)-based reagents. In addition, the procedure for their biochemical characterization is divulged, with a special emphasis on primer extension reactions and TdT tailing polymerization. This detailed protocol will be of use for the crafting of modified dNTPs and their further use in chemical biology.

The protocol described herein aims to explain and abridge the numerous obstacles in the way of the intricate route leading to modified nucleoside triphosphates. Consequently, this protocol facilitates both the synthesis of these activated building-blocks and their availability for practical applications.

뉴 클레오 사이드 트리 포스페이트 - 합성에서 생화학 적 특성에

The  traditional strategy for the introduction of chemical functionalities is the  use of solid-phase synthesis by appending suitably modified ...

An Inverse Analysis Approach to the Characterization of Chemical Transport in Paints

The ability to directly characterize chemical transport and interactions that occur within a material (i.e., subsurface dynamics) is a vital component in understanding contaminant mass transport and the ability to decontaminate materials. If a material is contaminated, over time, the transport of highly toxic chemicals (such as chemical warfare agent species) out of the material can result in vapor exposure or transfer to the skin, which can result in percutaneous exposure to personnel who interact with the material. Due to the high toxicity of chemical warfare agents, the release of trace chemical quantities is of significant concern. Mapping subsurface concentration distribution and transport characteristics of absorbed agents enables exposure hazards to be assessed in untested conditions. Furthermore, these tools can be used to characterize subsurface reaction dynamics to ultimately design improved decontaminants or decontamination procedures. To achieve this goal, an inverse analysis mass transport modeling approach was developed that utilizes time-resolved mass spectroscopy measurements of vapor emission from contaminated paint coatings as the input parameter for calculation of subsurface concentration profiles. Details are provided on sample preparation, including contaminant and material handling, the application of mass spectrometry for the measurement of emitted contaminant vapor, and the implementation of inverse analysis using a physics-based diffusion model to determine transport properties of live chemical warfare agents including distilled mustard (HD) and the nerve agent VX.

In this paper, a procedure for quantifying the mass transport parameters of chemicals in various materials is presented. This process involves employing an inverse-analysis based diffusion model to vapor emission profiles recorded by real-time, mass spectrometry in high vacuum.

페인트의 화학 물질 운송의 특성을 역 분석 접근

The ability to directly characterize chemical transport and interactions that occur within a material (i.e., subsurface dynamics) is a vital component in ...

Dynamic Electrochemical Measurement of Chloride Ions

This protocol describes the dynamic measurement of chloride ions using the transition time of a silver silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode. Silver silver chloride electrode is used extensively for potentiometric measurement of chloride ions concentration in electrolyte. In this measurement, long-term and continuous monitoring is limited due to the inherent drift and the requirement of a stable reference electrode. We utilized the chronopotentiometric approach to minimize drift and avoid the use of a conventional reference electrode. A galvanostatic pulse is applied to an Ag/AgCl electrode which initiates a faradic reaction depleting the Cl&#713; ions near the electrode surface. The transition time, which is the time to completely deplete the ions near the electrode surface, is a function of the ion concentration, given by the Nernst equation. The square root of the transition time is in linear relation to the chloride ion concentration. Drift of the response over two weeks is negligible (59 &#181;M/day) when measuring 1 mM [Cl&#713;]using a current pulse of 10 Am-2. This is a dynamic measurement where the moment of transition time determines the response and thus is independent of the absolute potential. Any metal wire can be used as a pseudo-reference electrode, making this approach feasible for long-term measurement inside concrete structures.

Dynamic measurement of chloride ions is presented. Transition time of an Ag/AgCl electrode, during a chronopotentiometric technique, can give the concentration of chloride ions in electrolyte. This method does not require a stable conventional reference electrode.

This protocol describes the dynamic measurement of chloride ions using the transition time of a silver silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode. Silver silver ...

An Aptamer-based Sensor for Unchelated Gadolinium(III)

A method for determining the presence of unchelated trivalent gadolinium ion (Gd3+) in aqueous solution is demonstrated. Gd3+ is often present in samples of gadolinium-based contrast agents as a result of incomplete reactions between the ligand and the ion, or as a dissociation product. Since the ion is toxic, its detection is of critical importance. Herein, the design and usage of an aptamer-based sensor (Gd-sensor) for Gd3+ are described. The sensor produces a fluorescence change in response to increasing concentrations of the ion, and has a limit of detection in the nanomolar range (~100 nM with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3). The assay may be run in an aqueous buffer at ambient pH (~7 - 7.4) in a 384-well microplate. The sensor is relatively unreactive toward other physiologically relevant metal ions such as sodium, potassium, and calcium ions, although it is not specific for Gd3+ over other trivalent lanthanides such as europium(III) and terbium(III). Nevertheless, the lanthanides are not commonly found in contrast agents or the biological systems, and the sensor may therefore be used to selectively determine unchelated Gd3+ in aqueous conditions.

An Aptamer-based Sensor for Unchelated GadoliniumIII

The use of polydeoxynucleotide (44-mer aptamer) molecules for sensing unchelated gadolinium(III) ion in an aqueous solution is described. The presence of the ion is detected via an increase in the fluorescence emission of the sensor.

Unchelated 가돌리늄위한 앱 타머 기반 센서 (III)

A method for determining the presence of unchelated trivalent gadolinium ion (Gd3+) in aqueous solution is demonstrated. Gd3+ is often present in samples ...

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Electrochemical Rate Constant Estimation

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used for advanced characterization of organic electroactive compounds along with cyclic voltammetry (CV). In the case of fast reversible electrochemical processes, current is predominantly affected by the rate of diffusion, which is the slowest and limiting stage. EIS is a powerful technique that allows separate analysis of stages of charge transfer that have different AC frequency response. The capability of the method was used to extract the value of charge transfer resistance, which characterizes the rate of charge exchange on the electrode-solution interface. The application of this technique is broad, from biochemistry up to organic electronics. In this work, we are presenting the method of analysis of organic compounds for optoelectronic applications.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of species that undergo reversible oxidation or reduction in solution was used for determination of rate constants of oxidation or reduction.

전기 화학 임피던스 분 광 전기 화학 속도 상수 추정을 위한 도구로

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used for advanced characterization of organic electroactive compounds along with cyclic voltammetry (CV). ...

Time-resolved Photophysical Characterization of Triplet-harvesting Organic Compounds at an Oxygen-free Environment Using an iCCD Camera

Here, we present a sensible method of the acquisition and analysis of time-resolved photoluminescence using an ultrafast iCCD camera. This system enables the acquisition of photoluminescence spectra covering the time regime from nanoseconds up to 0.1 s. This enables us to follow the changes in the intensity (decay) and emission of the spectra over time. Using this method, it is possible to study diverse photophysical phenomena, such as the emission of phosphorescence, and the contributions of prompt and delayed fluorescence in molecules showing thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Remarkably, all spectra and decays are obtained in a single experiment. This can be done for solids (thin film, powder, crystal) and liquid samples, where the only limitations are the spectral sensitivity of the camera and the excitation wavelength (532 nm, 355 nm, 337 nm, and 266 nm). This technique is, thus, very important when investigating the excited state dynamics in organic emitters for their application in organic light-emitting diodes and other areas where triplet harvesting is of paramount importance. Since triplet states are strongly quenched by oxygen, emitters with efficient TADF luminescence, or those showing room temperature phosphorescence (RTP), must be correctly prepared in order to remove any dissolved oxygen from solutions and films. Otherwise, no long-lived emission will be observed. The method of degassing solid samples as presented in this work is basic and simple, but the degassing of liquid samples creates additional difficulties and is particularly interesting. A method of minimizing solvent loss and changing the sample concentration, while still enabling to remove oxygen in a very efficient and a repeatable manner, is presented in this work.

Here, we present a method of the spectroscopic characterization of organic molecules by means of time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy on the nanosecond-to-millisecond timescale in oxygen-free conditions. Methods to efficiently remove oxygen from the samples and, thus, limit luminescence quenching are also described.

Here, we present a sensible method of the acquisition and analysis of time-resolved photoluminescence using an ultrafast iCCD camera. This system enables ...

An Engineered Split-TET2 Enzyme for Chemical-inducible DNA Hydroxymethylation and Epigenetic Remodeling

DNA methylation is a stable and heritable epigenetic modification in the mammalian genome and is involved in regulating gene expression to control cellular functions. The reversal of DNA methylation, or DNA demethylation, is mediated by the ten-eleven translocation (TET) protein family of dioxygenases. Although it has been widely reported that aberrant DNA methylation and demethylation are associated with developmental defects and cancer, how these epigenetic changes directly contribute to the subsequent alteration in gene expression or disease progression remains unclear, largely owing to the lack of reliable tools to accurately add or remove DNA modifications in the genome at defined temporal and spatial resolution. To overcome this hurdle, we designed a split-TET2 enzyme to enable temporal control of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) oxidation and subsequent remodeling of epigenetic states in mammalian cells by simply adding chemicals. Here, we describe methods for introducing a chemical-inducible epigenome remodeling tool (CiDER), based on an engineered split-TET2 enzyme, into mammalian cells and quantifying the chemical inducible production of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) with immunostaining, flow cytometry or a dot-blot assay. This chemical-inducible epigenome remodeling tool will find broad use in interrogating cellular systems without altering the genetic code, as well as in probing the epigenotype&#8722;phenotype relations in various biological systems.

Detailed protocols for introducing an engineered split-TET2 enzyme (CiDER) into mammalian cells for chemical inducible DNA hydroxymethylation and epigenetic remodeling are presented.

화학을 유도할 수 있는 DNA Hydroxymethylation 및 후 리 모델링 설계 분할-TET2 효소

DNA methylation is a stable and heritable epigenetic modification in the mammalian genome and is involved in regulating gene expression to control ...

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

We demonstrate a method for fabricating a prototype reflective display device that contains cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) as an active component. The cholesteric LC is composed of a nematic LC 4&#39;-pentyloxy-4-cyanobiphenyl (5OCB), redox-responsive chiral dopant (FcD), and a supporting electrolyte 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EMIm-OTf). The most important component is FcD. This molecule changes its helical twisting power (HTP) value in response to redox reactions. Therefore, in situ electrochemical redox reactions in the LC mixture allow for the device to change its reflection color in response to electrical stimuli. The LC mixture was introduced, by a capillary action, into a sandwich-type ITO glass cell comprising two glass slides with patterned indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, one of which was coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-co-poly(ethylene glycol) doped with perchlorate (PEDOT+). Upon application of +1.5 V, the reflection color of the device changed from blue (467 nm) to green (485 nm) in 0.4 s. Subsequent application of 0 V made the device recover the original blue color in 2.7 s. This device is characterized by its fastest electrical response and lowest operating voltage among any previously reported cholesteric LC device. This device could pave the way for the development of next generation reflective displays with low energy consumption rates.

A protocol for the fabrication of a reflective cholesteric liquid crystalline display device containing a redox-responsive chiral dopant allowing quick and low-voltage operation is presented.

전기 화학 Cholesteric 액체 결정 장치를 신속 하 고 낮은 전압 색깔 변조에 대 한

We demonstrate a method for fabricating a prototype reflective display device that contains cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) as an active component. The ...

Electrochemical Roughening of Thin-Film Platinum Macro and Microelectrodes

This protocol demonstrates a method for electrochemical roughening of thin-film platinum electrodes without preferential dissolution at grain boundaries of the metal. Using this method, a crack free, thin-film macroelectrode surface with up to 40 times increase in active surface area was obtained. The roughening is easy to do in a standard electrochemical characterization laboratory and incudes the application of voltage pulses followed by extended application of a reductive voltage in a perchloric acid solution. The protocol includes the chemical and electrochemical preparation of both a macroscale (1.2 mm diameter) and microscale (20 &#181;m diameter) platinum disc electrode surface, roughening the electrode surface and characterizing the effects of surface roughening on electrode active surface area. This electrochemical characterization includes cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy and is demonstrated for both the macroelectrodes and the microelectrodes. Roughening increases electrode active surface area, decreases electrode impedance, increases platinum charge injection limits to those of titanium nitride electrodes of same geometry and improves substrates for adhesion of electrochemically deposited films.

This protocol demonstrates a method for electrochemical roughening of thin-film platinum electrodes without preferential dissolution at grain boundaries. The electrochemical techniques of cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy are demonstrated to characterize these electrode surfaces.

박막 백금 매크로 및 마이크로 전극의 전기 화학 적 거칠기

This protocol demonstrates a method for electrochemical roughening of thin-film platinum electrodes without preferential dissolution at grain boundaries ...