우리 감사 Sean B. Carroll와 토마스 베르너 비행 주식, 장비에 대 한 나 오 유키 퓨즈, 촬영, 멘토링에 대 한 Kiyokazu 아가타와 엘리자베스 나카지마 영어 편집을 위한 그의 지원에 대 한 병 석 진 제공. 이 작품은 KAKENHI에 의해 지원 되었다 17 K 19427와 다케다 과학 재단.

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저자는 전혀 충돌의 관심이 없다.

설명 여기 번데기 단계의 정의 대 한 프로토콜 번데기 단계의 기간 및 디 guttifera에서 날개에 검은 반점의 강렬의 측정 측정 자세한 관찰에 대 한 puparium를 제거 합니다. 이러한 프로토콜 많은 초파리 에 대 한 적용할 수 있으며 비행 종, 특히 종 날개 색소와 관련.
깊이 있는 관찰과 자세한 개발 이벤트의 설명 것 하위 단계의 추가 사용. 많은 경우에, 요구 해 부 나?...

초파리 의 형태학 특성 중 일부는 종1,2,3,,45중 다양. 우리는 질문에 접근할 수 있다 어떻게 형태학 상 다양성의이 형태학의 세대의 메커니즘을 비교 하 여 발생. 이러한 형태학의 예로 애벌레 trichomes, 성인 섹스 빗, 외부 생식 기 기구, 복 부 착 색, 및 날개 염색6,7,,89, 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15. 성인 간의 형태학 적 차이 연구, 관찰 및 번데기 단계 분석, 때문에 중요 하다 성인 특성의 운명을 후반 애벌레 단계에서 결정 되 고 후속 morphogenesis 번데기 기간 동안 진행.
초파리 melanogaster의 발달 생물학 연구에서 "시간 APF" (번데기 형성 후 시간)16번데기 단계 표시 하는 일반적인 방법입니다. 이 시스템 번데기 형성 후 절대 시간을 고용 하 고 일상적인 실험에 대 한 매우 편리 하다. 그러나, 발달 속도 pupae, 사이 다를 수 있습니다 약간의 유전적, 후 또는 microenvironmental 차이 의해 영향을 받을 수 있고 따라서 같은 데 번데기 형성 후 절대 시간을 보장 하지 않습니다 pupae 동시는 발달 단계입니다. 대부분의 경우, 형태학 상 특징에 의해 정의 하는 단계는 여러 개인 비교를. 특히, 종 사이 비교에 해당 (동종) 단계 중 비교 정확한 준비 필요합니다.
베인 브리지 및 Bownes17 인식 20 번데기 단계 (P15(ii)) P1 초파리 melanogaster pupae의 형태학 적 특징에 따라. 이 발판은 형태학 상 발달 준비18의 가장 널리 사용 되는 시스템 이다. 이전 연구에서 우리는 날개 염색 연구19에 대 한 기초 확립 초파리 guttifera 의 번데기 준비 수행. D. guttifera 그것의 날개에 검은 물방울 패턴 있으며 날개 색소 형성20모델 종 중 하나입니다. 우리가 형태학 기준에 설명 된 간주 브릿지 Bownes' 연구17, 우리는 직접 직렬 관찰19, 베인 브리지 및 Bownes의 추정 단계 기간을 사용 하는 대신 단계 기간을 측정 주파수를 관찰 했다. 여기 우리가 번데기 준비의 방법 및 측정의 Fukutomi 외19에 사용 되는 초파리 의 번데기 단계의 기간을 설명 합니다.
날개 착 색의 개발 메커니즘 연구, 번데기 또는 성인 단계에서 색소 발생 시 알아야 합니다. Fukutomi 외. 19 날개 이미지의 이미지 분석에 의해 번데기 및 성인 단계 동안 착 색의 광학 밀도 (ODs)을 측정할. 초파리 날개의 착 색 검은 멜 라 닌21의 축적으로 인 한 것으로 생각 된다. ODs의 정량화, 그레이 스케일 이미지와 ImageJ 소프트웨어 (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/)22 사용 되었다. 인식 하 고 계량 자리 전용 착 색 (ΔOD), 우리는 세 자리 세 자리 내부에서 외부 감. 확인 하려면이 방법을 재현 하 고 객관적인, OD 측정의 랜드마크로 서 날개 정 맥을 사용 하 여 결정 한다. 이 문서에서는, 우리가 자세히 설명 초파리 guttifera착 색 날개의 정량화의이 방법.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Drosophila guttifera&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>The Drosophila Species Stock Center at the U.C. San Diego</td><td>15130-1971.10</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Drosophila guttifera&lt;/em&gt;, a fruit fly species used in this article</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic vial</td><td>Hightech</td><td>MKC-30</td><td>Plastic vial, for fly stock maintenance</td></tr><tr><td>Buzz plugs vial and bottle closures for glass vials</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>AS-271</td><td>Cellulose plug, for fly stock maintenance</td></tr><tr><td>White soft sugar</td><td>Mitsui Sugar</td><td>J-500g</td><td>White soft sugar, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td></tr><tr><td>Corn flour</td><td>Nippon Flour Mills</td><td>F</td><td>Corn flour, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td></tr><tr><td>Corn grits - C</td><td>Nippon Flour Mills</td><td>GC</td><td>Corn grits - C, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td></tr><tr><td>Agar powder</td><td>Matsuki Kanten Sangyo</td><td>No.602</td><td>Agar powder, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td></tr><tr><td>Dry beer yeast</td><td>Asahi Food &amp;amp; Healthcare</td><td>Y2A</td><td>Dry beer yeast, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td></tr><tr><td>Butyl p-hydroxybenzoate</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td>06327-02</td><td>Butyl p-hydroxybenzoate, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Wako</td><td>057-00456</td><td>Ethanol, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td></tr><tr><td>Flat bottom microtube</td><td>Ina Optica</td><td>CF-0150</td><td>1.5 mL microtube, for collecting pupae</td></tr><tr><td>CAPSULEFUGE</td><td>Tomy</td><td>PMC-060</td><td>Mini microcentrifuge, for collecting pupae</td></tr><tr><td>Sterilized Schale NB</td><td>Sansei Medical</td><td>01-013</td><td>Plastic Petri dish (diameter 90 mm x height 15 mm)</td></tr><tr><td>Serum tube rack</td><td>Iwaki</td><td>9796-050</td><td>Used as a moist chamber, for observation of pupa</td></tr><tr><td>Corning Falcon Easy-Grip tissue culture dish</td><td>Corning</td><td>353001</td><td>Plastic Petri dish (diameter 35 mm x height 10 mm)</td></tr><tr><td>Falcon standard tissue culture dish</td><td>Corning</td><td>353002</td><td>Plastic Petri dish (diameter 60 mm x height 15 mm)</td></tr><tr><td>Push-pin</td><td>Kokuyo</td><td>51233709</td><td>Push-pin, for making pinholes on the microtube lid</td></tr><tr><td>Stereomicroscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>SZX16</td><td>Stereomicroscope, for morphological observation</td></tr><tr><td>Digital camera</td><td>Olympus</td><td>DSE-330-A</td><td>Digital camera, for imaging</td></tr><tr><td>NICETACK double sided tape</td><td>Nichiban</td><td>NW-15SF</td><td>Double sided tape, for removing puparium</td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #5 forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11252-20</td><td>Forceps, for removing puparium</td></tr><tr><td>Van Gogh VISUAL Paint brush</td><td>Talens Japan</td><td>GWVR-#5/0</td><td>Paint brush, for removing puparium</td></tr><tr><td>Greiner CELLSTAR 12 well cell culture plate</td><td>Merck</td><td>665-180</td><td>12-well cell culture plate, for measuring durations of pupal periods</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Wako</td><td>191-01665</td><td>NaCl, for PBS</td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td>285-14</td><td>KCl, for PBS</td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;12H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Wako</td><td>196-02835</td><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;12H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, for PBS</td></tr><tr><td>KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td>28721-55</td><td>KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, for PBS</td></tr><tr><td>Stepped Neutral Density (ND) Filter 0.04 - 3.0</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>64-384</td><td>Stepped density filter, for calibration of pigmentation measurement</td></tr><tr><td>ImageJ software</td><td>NIH</td><td>1.8.0-101</td><td>ImageJ software, for measurement of intensity of black spots on a wing (https://imagej.nih.gov)</td></tr><tr><td>FINE FROST glass slide</td><td>Matsunami Glass Ind</td><td>FF-001</td><td>Glass slide, for measurement of intensity of black spots on a wing</td></tr><tr><td>Square microscope cover glass 18 x 18</td><td>Matsunami Glass Ind</td><td>C018181</td><td>Cover slip, for measurement of intensity of black spots on a wing</td></tr></tbody></table>

methods for staging pupal periods and measurement of wing pigmentation of drosophila guttifera

다양 한 종의 초파리 (과일 파리) 개발 및 유전자 변화 진화 변화에 대 한 책임의 메커니즘을 연구 하는 기회를 제공 합니다. 특히, 성인 무대 날개 착 색 비교를 포함 하 여 interspecific 비교 형태학 상 특성의 풍부한 원천입니다. 공부 하 고 종 간의 발달 차이, 자세한 관찰과 적절 한 준비는 정확한 비교 필요 합니다. 여기 우리가 번데기 기간의 준비 및 폴카 점 과일 파리, 초파리 guttifera착 색 날개의 정량화에 대 한 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 첫째, 자세한 형태 관찰 및 형태학에 따라 번데기 단계의 정의 방법을 설명 합니다. 이 방법은 외부 chitinous 사건의 번데기, 번데기 형태학의 상세한 관측을 사용 하는 puparium를 제거 하기 위한 기술을 포함 합니다. 둘째, 우리는 정의 된 번데기 단계 기간을 측정 하기 위한 방법을 설명 합니다. 마지막으로, 디지털 이미지 및 ImageJ 소프트웨어를 사용 하 여 이미지 분석에 따라 날개 염색의 정량화에 대 한 방법을 설명 합니다. 이러한 방법으로, 우리는 번데기 단계 동안 성인 특성의 발달 과정을 비교 하기 위한 견고한 기초를 설정할 수 있습니다.

D. guttifera 의 번데기 기간 17 단계 (P1-P15(ii), 단계 (P1, P5-6, P10) 그림 3, 그리고 모든 17 단계는 그림 4에 나와 있는 표시 됩니다 3 명의 대표자의 이미지)으로 나누어져 있습니다. 베인 브리지 및 Bownes17 20 단계 D. melanogaster인정, 이러한 단계 중 일부 수 하지에 적용할 D. guttifera. 2 개의 발달 이벤?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera at JoVE.com

Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera

번데기 기간 및 측정 초파리 guttifera 의 날개 염색의 준비에 대 한 프로토콜을 설명 합니다. 준비와 염색의 정량화 성인 특성의 발달 기계 장치를 공부에 대 한 견고한 기초를 제공 하 고 특성 개발의 interspecific 비교 사용.

준비 번데기 기간 및 초파리 guttifera 의 날개 색소 측정 방법

Diversified species of Drosophila (fruit fly) provide opportunities to study mechanisms of development and genetic changes responsible for evolutionary ...

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Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera

11.5K 조회수.  Kyoto University. 번데기 기간 및 측정 초파리 guttifera 의 날개 염색의 준비에 대 한 프로토콜을 설명 합니다. 준비와 염색의 정량화 성인 특성의 발달 기계 장치를 공부에 대 한 견고한 기초를 제공 하 고 특성 개발의 interspecific 비교 사용.

비디오: Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera

A Rapid and Efficient Method to Dissect Pupal Wings of Drosophila Suitable for Immunodetections or PCR Assays

Wing development in Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model for studying morphogenesis at tissue level. These appendages develop from a group of cells named wing imaginal discs formed during embryonic development. In the larval stages the imaginal discs grow, increasing its number of cells and forming monolayered epithelial&#160;structures. Inside the pupal case, the imaginal discs bud out and fold into bilayers along a line that becomes the future margin of the wing. During this process, the longitudinal primodia veins originate vein cells on the prospective dorsal and ventral surfaces of the wing. During the pupal stage the stripes of vein cells of each surface communicate in order to generate tight tubes; at the same time, the cross-veins begin their formation.
With the help of appropriate molecular markers, it is possible to identify the major elements composing the wing during its development. For this reason, the ability to accurately detect transcripts or proteins in this structure is critical for studying their abundance and localization related to the development process of the wing.
The procedure described here focuses on manipulating pupal wings, providing detailed instructions on how to dissect the wing during the pupal stage. The dissection of pupal tissue is more difficult to perform than their counterparts in third instar larvae. This is why this approach was developed, to obtain rapid and efficient high quality samples. Details of how to immunostain and mount these wing samples, to allow the visualization of proteins or cell components, are provided in the protocol. With little expertise it is possible to collect 8-10 high quality pupal wings in a short amount of time.

A Rapid and Efficient Method to Dissect Pupal Wings of Drosophila Suitable for Immunodetections or PCR Assays

The ability to accurately detect transcripts or proteins in Drosophila tissues is critical for studying their abundance and localization related to the development process. Here is the description of a straightforward procedure to dissect pupal wings. These wings can be used as samples in several techniques (immunohistochemistry, PCR assay, etc.).

번데기 날개 초파리 Immunodetections 또는 PCR 분석 실험에 적합의 해 부를 신속 하 고 효율적인 방법

Wing development in Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model for studying morphogenesis at tissue level. These appendages develop from a group of cells ...

연구

발생학

Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

Proprioception is the ability to sense the motion, or position, of body parts by responding to stimuli arising within the body. In fruitflies and other insects proprioception is provided by specialized sensory organs termed chordotonal organs (ChOs) 2. Like many other organs in Drosophila, ChOs develop twice during the life cycle of the fly. First, the larval ChOs develop during embryogenesis. Then, the adult ChOs start to develop in the larval imaginal discs and continue to differentiate during metamorphosis.
The development of larval ChOs during embryogenesis has been studied extensively 10,11,13,15,16. The centerpiece of each ChO is a sensory unit composed of a neuron and a scolopale cell. The sensory unit is stretched between two types of accessory cells that attach to the cuticle via specialized epidermal attachment cells 1,9,14. When a fly larva moves, the relative displacement of the epidermal attachment cells leads to stretching of the sensory unit and consequent opening of specific transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels at the outer segment of the dendrite 8,12. The elicited signal is then transferred to the locomotor central pattern generator circuit in the central nervous system.
Multiple ChOs have been described in the adult fly 7. These are located near the joints of the adult fly appendages (legs, wings and halters) and in the thorax and abdomen. In addition, several hundreds of ChOs collectively form the Johnston's organ in the adult antenna that transduce acoustic to mechanical energy 3,5,17,4.
In contrast to the extensive knowledge about the development of ChOs in embryonic stages, very little is known about the morphology of these organs during larval stages. Moreover, with the exception of femoral ChOs 18 and Johnston's organ, our knowledge about the development and structure of ChOs in the adult fly is very fragmentary.
Here we describe a method for staining and visualizing ChOs in third instar larvae and pupae. This method can be applied together with genetic tools to better characterize the morphology and understand the development of the various ChOs in the fly.

Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

A method to immunostain and visualize chordotonal organs in larvae and pupae of Drosophila melanogaster is described.

의 Proprioceptors의 시각화<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 애벌레와 Pupae

Proprioception is the ability to sense the motion, or position, of body parts by responding to stimuli arising within the body. In fruitflies and other ...

신경과학

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Pupal Ovaries

Unlike adult Drosophila ovaries, pupal ovaries are relatively difficult to access and examine due to their small size, translucence, and encasing within a pupal case. The challenge of dissecting pupal ovaries also lies in their physical location within the pupa: the ovaries are surrounded by fat body cells inside the pupal abdomen, and these fat cells must be removed to allow for proper antibody staining. To overcome these challenges, this protocol utilizes customized Pasteur pipets to extract fat body cells from the pupal abdomen. Moreover, a chambered coverglass is used in place of a microcentrifuge tube during the staining process to improve visibility of the pupae. However, despite these and other advantages of the tools used in this protocol, successful execution of these techniques may still involve several days of practice due to the small size of pupal ovaries. The techniques outlined in this protocol could be applied to time course experiments in which ovaries are analyzed at various stages of pupal development.

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Pupal Ovaries

The Drosophila ovary is an excellent model system for studying stem cell niche development. Though methods for dissecting larval and adult ovaries have been published, pupal ovary dissections require different techniques that have not been published in detail. Here we outline a protocol for dissecting, staining, and mounting pupal ovaries.

해 부와 초파리 번데기 난소의 얼룩

Unlike adult Drosophila ovaries, pupal ovaries are relatively difficult to access and examine due to their small size, translucence, and encasing within a ...

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages

Within multicellular organisms, mature tissues and organs display high degrees of order in the spatial arrangements of their constituent cells. A remarkable example is given by sensory epithelia, where cells of the same or distinct identities are brought together via cell-cell adhesion showing highly organized planar patterns. Cells align to one another in the same direction and display equivalent polarity over large distances. This organization of the mature epithelia is established over the course of morphogenesis. To understand how the planar arrangement of the mature epithelia is achieved, it is crucial to track cell orientation and growth dynamics with high spatiotemporal fidelity during development in vivo. Robust analytical tools are also essential to identify and characterize local-to-global transitions. The Drosophila pupa is an ideal system to evaluate oriented cell shape changes underlying epithelial morphogenesis. The pupal developing epithelium constitutes the external surface of the immobile body, allowing long-term imaging of intact animals. The protocol described here is designed to image and analyze cell behaviors at both global and local levels in the pupal abdominal epidermis as it grows. The methodology described can be easily adapted to the imaging of cell behaviors at other developmental stages, tissues, subcellular structures, or model organisms.

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages

This protocol is designed for the imaging and analysis of the dynamics of cell orientation and tissue growth in the Drosophila abdominal epithelia as the fruit fly undergoes metamorphosis. The methodology described here can be applied to the study of different developmental stages, tissues, and subcellular structures in Drosophila or other model organisms.

푸팔 단계 동안 개발 초파리 에피텔리아에서 조직 방향 과 성장 역학의 이미징 및 분석

Within multicellular organisms, mature tissues and organs display high degrees of order in the spatial arrangements of their constituent cells. A ...

Experimental Manipulation of Body Size to Estimate Morphological Scaling Relationships in Drosophila

The scaling of body parts is a central feature of animal morphology1-7. Within species, morphological traits need to be correctly proportioned to the body for the organism to function; larger individuals typically have larger body parts and smaller individuals generally have smaller body parts, such that overall body shape is maintained across a range of adult body sizes. The requirement for correct proportions means that individuals within species usually exhibit low variation in relative trait size. In contrast, relative trait size can vary dramatically among species and is a primary mechanism by which morphological diversity is produced. Over a century of comparative work has established these intra- and interspecific patterns3,4.
Perhaps the most widely used approach to describe this variation is to calculate the scaling relationship between the size of two morphological traits using the allometric equation y=bx&alpha;, where x and y are the size of the two traits, such as organ and body size8,9. This equation describes the within-group (e.g., species, population) scaling relationship between two traits as both vary in size. Log-transformation of this equation produces a simple linear equation, log(y) = log(b) + &alpha;log(x) and log-log plots of the size of different traits among individuals of the same species typically reveal linear scaling with an intercept of log(b) and a slope of &alpha;, called the 'allometric coefficient'9,10. Morphological variation among groups is described by differences in scaling relationship intercepts or slopes for a given trait pair. Consequently, variation in the parameters of the allometric equation (b and &alpha;) elegantly describes the shape variation captured in the relationship between organ and body size within and among biological groups (see 11,12).
Not all traits scale linearly with each other or with body size (e.g., 13,14) Hence, morphological scaling relationships are most informative when the data are taken from the full range of trait sizes. Here we describe how simple experimental manipulation of diet can be used to produce the full range of body size in insects. This permits an estimation of the full scaling relationship for any given pair of traits, allowing a complete description of how shape covaries with size and a robust comparison of scaling relationship parameters among biological groups. Although we focus on Drosophila, our methodology should be applicable to nearly any fully metamorphic insect.

Experimental Manipulation of Body Size to Estimate Morphological Scaling Relationships in Drosophila

Morphological scaling relationships capture and describe organismal shape. We present a method to measure morphological scaling relationships across the natural range of body sizes in fully metamorphic insects. Using a simple diet manipulation we increase the distribution of trait sizes, permitting the accurate description of how shape and size co-vary.

의 형태학의 스케일링 관계를 추정 바디 크기의 실험 조작 Drosophila</em

The scaling of body parts is a central feature of animal morphology1-7. Within species, morphological traits need to be correctly proportioned to the body ...

생물학

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>번데기가 없는 Drosophila Pupal Leg Morphogenesis의 확장된 라이브 이미징

Long-Term Live Imaging of Drosophila Pupal Leg Development After Puparium Removal

Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of cell fate determination. However, the process by which fate-determined cells form three-dimensional organismal shapes remains unclear. Recent advances in confocal microscopy have facilitated efforts to observe cell dynamics during development through live imaging. The Drosophila melanogaster pupa is ideal for live imaging due to its immobility, transparent pupal cuticle, and the availability of fluorescent reporter lines. A primary challenge for imaging is the puparium, the cuticle surrounding the pupa, which obstructs optical imaging. While previous methods involved either partial or complete removal of the puparium, maintaining pupal viability for extended periods after this procedure has remained challenging. Here, a simple method is presented for days-long live imaging of the Drosophila leg during the pupal stage, involving complete puparium removal. The method includes removing the puparium from a pupa adhered to double-sided tape, followed by assembling a small chamber on a glass-bottom dish to enclose the pupa and a drop of water. This setup is straightforward, reliable, and supports extended pupal survival by preventing desiccation. Long-term live imaging of the Drosophila pupa has significantly contributed to capturing how the adult leg undergoes dramatic three-dimensional structural changes over 2-3 days. These changes include the transient formation of an intriguing structure (the Parthenon-like structure) by epithelial cells, rapid tissue narrowing, joint formation, and bristle elongation. This method is applicable to the observation of various tissues and can potentially be combined with other techniques, such as optical gene induction, to advance the understanding of cell dynamics during the final shape formation of tissues in the pupal stage.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>저자 스포트라이트: 초파리 발달 중 동적 상피 구조 발견

Here, a protocol is presented for long-term live imaging of the Drosophila leg during the pupal stage, involving complete removal of the puparium. This protocol can also be applied to other tissues.

번데기 제거 후 Drosophila Pupal 다리 발달의 장기 라이브 이미징

Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of cell fate determination. However, the process by which ...

Long-term In Vivo Tracking of Inflammatory Cell Dynamics Within Drosophila Pupae

During the rapid inflammatory response to tissue damage, cells of the innate immune system are quickly recruited to the injury site. Once at the wound, innate immune cells perform a number of essential functions, such as fighting infection, clearing necrotic debris, and stimulating matrix deposition. In order to fully understand the diverse signaling events that regulate this immune response, it is crucial to observe the complex behaviors of (and interactions that occur between) multiple cell lineages in vivo, and in real-time, with the high spatio-temporal resolution. The optical translucency and the genetic tractability of Drosophila embryos have established Drosophila as an invaluable model to live-image and dissect fundamental aspects of inflammatory cell behavior, including mechanisms of developmental dispersal, clearance of apoptotic corpses&#160;and/or microbial pathogens, and recruitment to wounds. However, more recent work has now demonstrated that employing a much later stage in the Drosophila lifecycle &#8211; the Drosophila pupa &#8211; offers a number of distinct advantages, including improved RNAi efficiency, longer imaging periods, and significantly greater immune cell numbers. Here we describe a protocol for imaging wound repair and the associated inflammatory response at the high spatio-temporal resolution in live Drosophila pupae. To follow the dynamics of both re-epithelialization and inflammation, we use a number of specific in vivo fluorescent markers for both the epithelium and innate immune cells. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of photo-convertible fluorophores, such as Kaede, for following the specific immune cell subsets, to track their behavior as they migrate to, and resolve from, the injury site.

Long-term In Vivo Tracking of Inflammatory Cell Dynamics Within Drosophila Pupae

Here we present a protocol for live-imaging wound repair and the associated inflammatory response at high spatio-temporal resolution in vivo. This method utilizes the pupal stage of Drosophila development to enable long-term imaging and tracking of specific cell populations over time and is compatible with efficient RNAi-mediated gene inactivation.

초파리 번데기 내에서 염증 성 세포 역학의 장기 Vivo에서 추적

During the rapid inflammatory response to tissue damage, cells of the innate immune system are quickly recruited to the injury site. Once at the wound, ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element (CRE) Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster

Gene expression patterns are specified by cis-regulatory element (CRE) sequences, which are also called enhancers or cis-regulatory modules. A typical CRE possesses an arrangement of binding sites for several transcription factor proteins that confer a regulatory logic specifying when, where, and at what level the regulated gene(s) is expressed. The full set of CREs within an animal genome encodes the organism&prime;s program for development1, and empirical as well as theoretical studies indicate that mutations in CREs played a prominent role in morphological evolution2-4. Moreover, human genome wide association studies indicate that genetic variation in CREs contribute substantially to phenotypic variation5,6. Thus, understanding regulatory logic and how mutations affect such logic is a central goal of genetics. 
Reporter transgenes provide a powerful method to study the in vivo function of CREs. Here a known or suspected CRE sequence is coupled to heterologous promoter and coding sequences for a reporter gene encoding an easily observable protein product. When a reporter transgene is inserted into a host organism, the CRE&prime;s activity becomes visible in the form of the encoded reporter protein. P-element mediated transgenesis in the fruit fly species Drosophila (D.) melanogaster7 has been used for decades to introduce reporter transgenes into this model organism, though the genomic placement of transgenes is random. Hence, reporter gene activity is strongly influenced by the local chromatin and gene environment, limiting CRE comparisons to being qualitative. In recent years, the phiC31 based integration system was adapted for use in D. melanogaster to insert transgenes into specific genome landing sites8-10. This capability has made the quantitative measurement of gene and, relevant here, CRE activity11-13 feasible. The production of transgenic fruit flies can be outsourced, including phiC31-based integration, eliminating the need to purchase expensive equipment and/or have proficiency at specialized transgene injection protocols. 
Here, we present a general protocol to quantitatively evaluate a CRE&prime;s activity, and show how this approach can be used to measure the effects of an introduced mutation on a CRE&prime;s activity and to compare the activities of orthologous CREs. Although the examples given are for a CRE active during fruit fly metamorphosis, the approach can be applied to other developmental stages, fruit fly species, or model organisms. Ultimately, a more widespread use of this approach to study CREs should advance an understanding of regulatory logic and how logic can vary and evolve.

Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element CRE Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster

Phenotypic variation for traits can result from mutations in cis-regulatory element (CRE) sequences that control gene expression patterns. Methods derived for use in Drosophila melanogaster can quantitatively compare the levels of spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression mediated by modified or naturally occurring CRE variants.

의 양적 비교 CIS</em트렌스 제닉에서> - 규제 요소 (CRE) 활동 Drosophila melanogaster</em

Gene expression patterns are specified by cis-regulatory element (CRE) sequences, which are also called enhancers or cis-regulatory modules. A typical CRE ...

준비 번데기 기간 및 초파리 guttifera 의 날개 색소 측정 방법

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

번데기 날개 초파리 Immunodetections 또는 PCR 분석 실험에 적합의 해 부를 신속 하 고 효율적인 방법

의 Proprioceptors의 시각화

해 부와 초파리 번데기 난소의 얼룩

푸팔 단계 동안 개발 초파리 에피텔리아에서 조직 방향 과 성장 역학의 이미징 및 분석

의 형태학의 스케일링 관계를 추정 바디 크기의 실험 조작 Drosophila

번데기 제거 후 Drosophila Pupal 다리 발달의 장기 라이브 이미징

번데기 제거 후 Drosophila Pupal 다리 발달의 장기 라이브 이미징

번데기 제거 후 Drosophila Pupal 다리 발달의 장기 라이브 이미징

초파리 번데기 내에서 염증 성 세포 역학의 장기 Vivo에서 추적

의 양적 비교 CIS - 규제 요소 (CRE) 활동 Drosophila melanogaster