저자는 그들의 초기 기여가이 작품에 Matthieu 산체스와 프랑수 아즈 Viala에 대 한 그들의 비디오 촬영 및 편집에 대 한 애 나 Labernadie, 기욤 Charrière와 패트릭 Delobelle에 감사. 이 작품은 않았나 국립 드 라 Recherche (ANR14-CE11-0020-02), 부 어 라 라 Fondation 검색 Médicale (FRM DEQ2016 0334894), INSERM 계획 암, Fondation 툴루즈 암, 인간 프론티어 과학 프로그램 (RGP0035/2016)에 의해 지원 되었습니다.

1입니다. 격자 Formvar 코팅의 준비
<ol><li>순수한 아세톤과 전자 현미경 격자를 청소 하 고 필터 종이에 그들을 건조. 다음 깨끗 한 순수 에탄올, 현미경 슬라이드 렌즈 종이로 닦 고는 송풍기와 먼지를 제거.</li>
	<li>하단 부분에 Formvar의 솔루션을 포함 하는 영화 캐스팅 장치의 퍼 널에 에탄올 청소 유리 슬라이드를 수직으로 놓습니다. 깔때기의 정상을 커버.</li>
	<li>수준 슬라이드의 2/3에 도달할 때까지 분무기 전구와 Formvar 솔루션 (에틸렌 dichloride에 0.5%)의 100 mL를 펌프.</li>
	<li>1 분 동안 솔루션에 슬라이드를 유지.</li>
	<li>꾸준한에 Formvar 솔루션 드레인 장치 밸브를 엽니다. 15 mL/s 10의 유량 30-80 nm의 Formvar 영화를 얻을 것입니다. 영화의 두께 Formvar 용액의 농도 배수 장치 비율에 의해 결정 됩니다. 참고: 배수 속도는 압력 을 통해 공기를 밖으로 밸브 밸브를 천천히 열어 배기에 의해 제어할 수 있습니다. 빨리 배수, 두꺼운 영화. 실제로, Formvar 유량에서 필름 두께 예측 하기 어렵기 때문에 우리 Formvar 영화의 여러 배치를 준비 하 고 AFM에 의해 그들의 두께 제어 (단계 2 참조).</li>
	<li>상공에서 슬라이드를 제거 하 고 섬세 하 게 어떤 액체 Formvar 제거 하려면 필터 종이에 그것을 건조.</li>
	<li>면도날으로 Formvar 영화에서 20 m m x 50 m m 사각형으로 잘라.</li>
	<li>깨끗 한 증류수로 비 커를 천천히 빠지게 슬라이드 수직으로 영화에서 부동 물: 영화 물 표면에 플 로트 해야 합니다.</li>
	<li>영화, 빛나는 장소 건조 아세톤 청소 격자 얼굴.</li>
	<li>라운드 유리 coverslip (Ø 12 mm) 격자의 몇 가지에 배치 합니다. 이 coverslip 필름 두께 측정 될 것입니다 (2 단계 참조).</li>
	<li>그것에 맞게 크기 조정 흰색 스티커와 현미경 슬라이드를 커버. 전체 영화 슬라이드에 준수 될 때까지 부동 Formvar 영화의 테두리에서 수직으로 슬라이드를 찍어. 필터 종이 슬라이드에서 과잉의 물을 제거 하 고 실 온에서 하룻밤 말리.</li>
</ol>2입니다. 두께의 측정
<ol><li>주위는 coverslip Formvar 슬라이드에서 그것을 분리 하는 핀셋으로 잘라.</li>
	<li>펜으로는 coverslip 아래의 표에서의 위치를 표시 합니다.</li>
	<li>coverslip에서 그것을 분리 하는 표시 된 그리드 주위 Formvar 잘라. 있을 것입니다 따라서 구멍 나머지 Formvar 시트, 필름 두께 측정할 수 있게 됩니다. PBS 가진 coverslip 커버 하 고 현미경, 유리 슬라이드에 배치.</li>
	<li>AFM 유리 블록, 골든 스트라이프 봄의 끝에 의해 포함 되지 않는 다는 것을 확인에 실리콘 나이트 라 이드 캔틸레버를 탑재 합니다. 참고: 감도 캔틸레버의 스프링 상수 한다은 이전 조정 되었습니다 PBS에.</li>
	<li>AFM 모듈에 유리 블록을 탑재 하 고 모듈 현미경에 놓습니다.</li>
	<li>관측 실에 Formvar 코팅 coverslip 놓고 PBS의 500 µ L로 그것을 커버 합니다.</li>
	<li>접촉 모드와 0.5 nN 힘 세트 포인트에서 AFM을 사용 하 여 Formvar 시트에 구멍의 테두리를 검색 합니다.</li>
	<li>높이 측정, 유리 coverslip 표면 참조로 사용 하 고 횡단면의 높이 Formvar 두께 평가 (Formvar 배치 당 적어도 10 측정을 수행).</li>
</ol>3. 시드 셀 격자에
<ol><li>살 균 후드는 coverslip에 양면 접착 테이프의 스트립 (12 m m x 3 m m)을 넣어.</li>
	<li>핀셋으로 Formvar 코팅 그리드 밖으로 잘라내어 (격자의 가장자리에만 테이프에 붙어 있이 필요가) 접착 스트립에 거꾸로 넣어. Formvar 영화는 coverslip 얼굴을 해야 합니다.</li>
	<li>문화에이 장치를 잘 넣어.</li>
	<li>장소 104 대 식 세포를 포함 하는 FCS 없이 RPMI의 10 µ L 드롭릿 인간 monocytes16에서 분화 했다. 참고: 확인을 Formvar 코팅의 손상을 방지 하기 위해 피 펫 팁 그리드를 건드리지 않도록 주의.</li>
	<li>30 분 (37 ° C, 5% CO2) 셀 준수를 품 어.</li>
	<li>10 %FCS 포함 된 RPMI의 2 mL와 잘 작성.</li>
	<li>AFM 관찰 하기 전에 준수 세포를 37 ° C, 5% CO2 에서 2 h에 대 한 장치를 품 어.</li>
</ol>4. 지형 변형 Podosome 유도의 측정
<ol><li>유리 바닥 페 트리 접시에 두 배로 양면 접착 테이프의 두 스트립을 스틱. 주: 2 개의 지구 사이 거리 격자 직경 보다 작은 이어야 한다.</li>
	<li>신중 하 게 접착 테이프에서 대 식 세포와 도금 그리드를 분리 합니다.</li>
	<li>뒤집어 그리드 셀 유리를 직면 하 고 있기 위하여 그리고 두 접착제 스트립 사이의 눈금 막대기.</li>
	<li>수정 2 그리드 새로운 두 배로 양면 접착제의 제거: 그리드 AFM 팁에 액세스할 수는 격자의 중앙 영역을 떠나 두 접착제 스트립 사이 끼여 될 이렇게 것 이다. 참고: 격자 잘 고정 하지 트위스트; 있는지 확인 그렇지 않으면 AFM 캔틸레버 Formvar 표면 접근 수 되지 않을 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4)와 보충 사전 온수 37 ° C 배양 (RPMI fcs가 10%)의 2 개 mL를 페 트리 접시를 채우십시오.</li>
	<li>37 ° C 접시 히터에 문화 접시를 놓습니다.</li>
	<li>AFM 무대에 접시 히터를 설치 합니다.</li>
	<li>37 ° c.에 안정화 시스템</li>
	<li>0.5 nN 힘으로 접촉 모드에서 podosomes를 찾을 첫 번째 글로벌 이미지를 만들고 약 20 nm 큰 픽셀 3 Hz에서 Formvar 지형 스캔. 참고: 격자의 가장자리 주변을 스캔 하지 마십시오.</li>
</ol>

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관심 없음 충돌 선언.

물질의 성질
우리의 경우 Formvar, 변형 막에 대 한 재료의 선택은 몇 가지 요구 사항을 충족 해야 합니다. 자료는 가시 광선에 투명 하 고 밝은 분야 및 형광 현미경 관측을 허용 하도록 제한 된 자동 형광을 전시 해야 합니다. 박막의 거칠기 있어야 잘 10 nm 세포 접착에 있는 지형 효과 방지 하 고 AFM 화상 진 찰에 의해 세포 유도 돌출의 명확한 관측을 허용. 마지막으...

동물 세포 매트릭스와 그들의 환경1을 구성 하는 다른 세포와 물리적으로 상호 작용. 이것이, 시체를 내 면화, 외부 정보를 마이그레이션하거나 차별화 그들을 위해 필요 합니다. 그런 과정에서 셀 기계적인 힘을 생성 해야 합니다 및 힘을 생성 하 고 환경 조사에 셀의 능력 영향 확산 예를 들어 감독의 생물 학적 행동으로 수많은 연구 최근 몇 년 동안, 또는 차별화2,3. 차례로, 세포의 힘의 측정 힘 세대의 규정을 연구 하 고 셀 행동과 조직의 운명4,5에 그것의 연루를 이해 주요 원조 이다.
최근 몇 년 동안 셀의 환경6에 행사할 수 있는 힘을 측정 하기 위해 수많은 기술의 개발을 목격 했다. 이들의 대부분 공개 견인 힘 세포 그들은 모바일 프로브 또는 변형 기판에 끌어 발휘 하는 수단이 되었습니다. 그러나, 기계적인 힘 extracellular 환경으로 돌출에 관련 된 측정 기술의 부족에서 고통 되며 날짜 잘 특징.
이 제한을 극복 하기 위해 우리는 기가 기판에가 해지는 힘을 측정 하는 방법을 제시. 그것은 도금을 측정 하는 세포에 의해 기판 변형 고 참여 세력을 추론할 수 직교 방향으로 변형 수 얇은 탄성 시트에 살아있는 세포로 구성 되어있습니다. 기판 지형 나노 분해능 원자 힘 현미경 검사 법을 사용 하 여 측정 되 고 밀어내 세포 구조7,8, 의 기하학의 지식에 의존 하는 변형에서 세력의 평가 9.
여기, 우리는 설치 및 podosomes, 밀어내 접착 구조 3 차원 환경10,11, 그들의 엽 마이그레이션에 대 한 대 식 세포에 의해 형성 된에 의해 생성 된 힘을 측정 하는 응용 프로그램 설명 12,13,14,15,,1617. 우리는이 기술은 힘 생성 및 돌출을 포함 하는 많은 세포질 과정에 그것의 규칙의 이해를 미리 것입니다 믿습니다.

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protrusion force microscopy: a method to quantify forces developed by cell protrusions

수많은 생물학 문맥에서 동물 세포를 기계적인 힘을 개발 하 여 그들의 환경과 물리적으로 상호 작용 해야 합니다. 이러한 가운데, 견인 힘 잘 성격을 나타낸, 하지만 그들의 기판에 기가 세포에 의해 발휘 된 돌출 힘의 측정을 허용 하는 기술의 부족. 우리는 그들의 기질에 부착 세포에 의해 발휘 된 돌출 힘을 측정 하는 실험 설치 설계. 셀 규격 Formvar 시트에 도금이 기판 변형 하 고 결과 지형 나노미터 스케일에 원자 힘 현미경 (AFM)으로 매핑됩니다. 강제 값 다음 밀어내 세포 구조의 형상에 따라 변형 프로 파일의 분석에서 추출 됩니다. 따라서, 살아있는 세포의 개별 튀어나온 단위에 의해 발휘 된 힘은 시간이 지남에 따라 측정할 수 있습니다. 이 기술은 힘 생성 및 돌출을 포함 하는 많은 세포질 과정에 그것의 규칙의 연구를 수 있게 된다. 여기, 우리 인간의 세포에 의해 형성 하는 podosomes에 의해 생성 된 밀어내 힘을 측정 하는 응용 프로그램을 설명 합니다.

위의 프로토콜 돌출 세력 대 식 세포 podosomes Formvar 기판에 의해 적용 척도를 실험 설치 하는 방법을 설명 합니다. 이 AFM을 사용 하 여 이루어집니다 하 고 그림 1에 나와 있다.
JPK 데이터 처리 소프트웨어를 사용 하 여 podosomes 아래 부푼 것의 지형 이미지를 분석할 때 3도 다항식 적합 해야 공제 하지 각 스?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protrusion Force Microscopy: A Method to Quantify Forces Developed by Cell Protrusions at JoVE.com

Protrusion Force Microscopy: A Method to Quantify Forces Developed by Cell Protrusions

여기, 우리 podosomes 지형 이미지의 자동 분석 영화의 준비에서 규격 필름에 적용 되는 돌출 세력을 평가 하는 데 사용 하는 실험 기법을 상세하게.

돌출 힘 현미경 검사 법: 셀 돌출에 의해 개발 된 세력을 계량 하는 방법

In numerous biological contexts, animal cells need to interact physically with their environment by developing mechanical forces. Among these, traction ...

protrusion-force-microscopy-method-to-quantify-forces-developed-cell

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

5.5K 조회수.  IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS. 여기, 우리 podosomes 지형 이미지의 자동 분석 영화의 준비에서 규격 필름에 적용 되는 돌출 세력을 평가 하는 데 사용 하는 실험 기법을 상세하게.

비디오: Protrusion Force Microscopy: A Method to Quantify Forces Developed by Cell Protrusions

Microfabricated Post-Array-Detectors (mPADs): an Approach to Isolate Mechanical Forces

In this video, we will present our approach to measure cellular traction forces using a microfabricated array of posts.  Traction forces are generated through myosin-actin interactions and play an important role in our physiology.  During development, they enable cells to move from one location to the next in order to form the early structures of tissue.  Traction forces help in the healing processes.  They are necessary for the proper closure of wounds or the migration and crawling of leukocytes through our body.  These same forces can be detrimental to our health in the case of cancer metastasis or vascular growth towards a tumor.  The most common method by which to study cells in vitro has been to use a glass or polystyrene dish.  However, the rigidity of the substrates makes it impossible to physically measure cell traction forces, and there are relatively few methods to study traction forces.  Our lab has developed a technique to overcome these limitations.  The method is based on a vertical array of flexible cantilevers, the stiffness and size scale of which are such that individual cells spread across many cantilevers and deflect them in the process.  The pillars we use are 3 &mu;m in diameter, 10 &mu;m tall, and are configured in a regular array with 9 &mu;m center-to-center spacing.  But these physical dimensions can be readily varied to accommodate a variety of studies.  We start with a silicon master, but the final posts are made out of silicone rubber called poly (dimethyl siloxane), or PDMS.  We can measure the deflections under a microscope and calculate the magnitude and direction of traction forces required to produce the observed deflections.  We call these substrates microfabricated post-array-detectors, or mPADs.  Here, we will show you how we fabricate and use the mPADs to assess modulations of cellular contractility.

Microfabricated Post-Array-Detectors mPADs: an Approach to Isolate Mechanical Forces

In this video, we demonstrate how to fabricate and utilize microfabricated post array detectors (mPADs) to assess modulations of cellular contractility.

Microfabricated 포스트 - 배열 감지기 (mPADs) : 기계적 힘을 분리하는 접근

In this video, we will present our approach to measure cellular traction forces using a microfabricated array of posts.  Traction forces are generated ...

연구

생물학

Live Cell Response to Mechanical Stimulation Studied by Integrated Optical and Atomic Force Microscopy

To understand the mechanism by which living cells sense mechanical forces, and how they respond and adapt to their environment, a new technology able to investigate cells behavior at sub-cellular level with high spatial and temporal resolution was developed. Thus, an atomic force microscope (AFM) was integrated with total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and fast-spinning disk (FSD) confocal microscopy. The integrated system is broadly applicable across a wide range of molecular dynamic studies in any adherent live cells, allowing direct optical imaging of cell responses to mechanical stimulation in real-time. Significant rearrangement of the actin filaments and focal adhesions was shown due to local mechanical stimulation at the apical cell surface that induced changes into the cellular structure throughout the cell body. These innovative techniques will provide new information for understanding live cell restructuring and dynamics in response to mechanical force. A detailed protocol and a representative data set that show live cell response to mechanical stimulation are presented.

This paper aims to instruct the reader in the operation of an integrated atomic force-optical imaging microscope for mechanical stimulation of live cells in culture. A step-by-step protocol is presented. A representative data set that shows live cell response to mechanical stimulation is presented.

기계 자극에 라이브 세포 응답 통합 광학과 원자 힘 현미경에 의해 연구

To understand the mechanism by which living cells sense mechanical forces, and how they respond and adapt to their environment, a new technology able to ...

Identifying Targets of Human microRNAs with the LightSwitch Luciferase Assay System using 3'UTR-reporter Constructs and a microRNA Mimic in Adherent Cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and play a role in many biological processes. More than 700 human miRNAs have been identified so far with each having up to hundreds of unique target mRNAs. Computational tools, expression and proteomics assays, and chromatin-immunoprecipitation-based techniques provide important clues for identifying mRNAs that are direct targets of a particular miRNA. In addition, 3'UTR-reporter assays have become an important component of thorough miRNA target studies because they provide functional evidence for and quantitate the effects of specific miRNA-3'UTR interactions in a cell-based system. To enable more researchers to leverage 3'UTR-reporter assays and to support the scale-up of such assays to high-throughput levels, we have created a genome-wide collection of human 3'UTR luciferase reporters in the highly-optimized LightSwitch Luciferase Assay System. The system also includes synthetic miRNA target reporter constructs for use as positive controls, various endogenous 3'UTR reporter constructs, and a series of standardized experimental protocols.
Here we describe a method for co-transfection of individual 3'UTR-reporter constructs along with a miRNA mimic that is efficient, reproducible, and amenable to high-throughput analysis.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and have been shown to play a role in numerous biological processes. To better understand miRNA-UTR interactions, we have created a genome-wide collection of 3 UTR luciferase reporters paired with a novel luciferase gene and assay reagent, the LightSwitch system.

3&#39;UTR - 기자의 구성과 microRNA를 사용하여 LightSwitch의 루시페라제 분석 시스템과 인간 microRNAs의 확인 대상이 자기편 세포의 모방

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and play a role in many biological processes.  More than 700 human miRNAs have been ...

Sample Preparation for Single Virion Atomic Force Microscopy and Super-resolution Fluorescence Imaging

Immobilization of virions to glass surfaces is a critical step in single virion imaging. Here we present a technique&#160;adopted from single molecule imaging assays which allows adhesion of single virions to glass surfaces with specificity. This preparation is based on grafting the surface of the glass with a mixture of PLL-g-PEG and PLL-g-PEG-Biotin, adding a layer of avidin, and finally creating virion anchors through attachment of biotinylated virus specific antibodies. We have applied this technique across a range of experiments including atomic force microscopy (AFM) and super-resolution fluorescence imaging. This sample preparation method results in a control adhesion of the virions to the surface.

The attachment of virions to a surface is a requirement for single virion imaging by Super-resolution fluorescence imaging or atomic force microscopy (AFM). Here we demonstrate a sample preparation method for controlled adhesion of virions to glass surfaces suitable for use in AFM and super-resolution fluorescence imaging.

단일 비리온 원자력 현미경 검사및 초분해성 형광 이미징을 위한 샘플 준비

Immobilization of virions to glass surfaces is a critical step in single virion imaging. Here we present a technique&#160;adopted from single molecule ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain the turnover of all mature blood cell lineages. The coordination of the complex signals leading to specific HSC fates relies upon the interaction between HSCs and the intricate bone marrow microenvironment, which is still poorly understood[1-2].
We describe how by combining a newly developed specimen holder for stable animal positioning with multi-step confocal and two-photon in vivo imaging techniques, it is possible to obtain high-resolution 3D stacks containing HSPCs and their surrounding niches and to monitor them over time through multi-point time-lapse imaging. High definition imaging allows detecting ex vivo labeled hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) residing within the bone marrow. Moreover, multi-point time-lapse 3D imaging, obtained with faster acquisition settings, provides accurate information about HSPC movement and the reciprocal interactions between HSPCs and stroma cells.
Tracking of HSPCs in relation to GFP positive osteoblastic cells is shown as an exemplary application of this method. This technique can be utilized to track any appropriately labeled hematopoietic or stromal cell of interest within the mouse calvarium bone marrow space.

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

The nature of the interactions between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and bone marrow niches is poorly understood. Custom hardware modifications and a multi-step acquisition protocol allow the use of two-photon and confocal microscopy to image ex vivo labeled HSPCs homed within bone marrow areas, tracking interactions and movement.

성인 마우스 두개골 골수에서 조혈 줄기 및 전구 세포의 생체 내 4 차원 추적에서

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...

A Method for Selecting Structure-switching Aptamers Applied to a Colorimetric Gold Nanoparticle Assay

Small molecules provide rich targets for biosensing applications due to their physiological implications as biomarkers of various aspects of human health and performance. Nucleic acid aptamers have been increasingly applied as recognition elements on biosensor platforms, but selecting aptamers toward small molecule targets requires special design considerations. This work describes modification and critical steps of a method designed to select structure-switching aptamers to small molecule targets. Binding sequences from a DNA library hybridized to complementary DNA capture probes on magnetic beads are separated from nonbinders via a target-induced change in conformation. This method is advantageous because sequences binding the support matrix (beads) will not be further amplified, and it does not require immobilization of the target molecule. However, the melting temperature of the capture probe and library is kept at or slightly above RT, such that sequences that dehybridize based on thermodynamics will also be present in the supernatant solution. This effectively limits the partitioning efficiency (ability to separate target binding sequences from nonbinders), and therefore many selection rounds will be required to remove background sequences. The reported method differs from previous structure-switching aptamer selections due to implementation of negative selection steps, simplified enrichment monitoring, and extension of the length of the capture probe following selection enrichment to provide enhanced stringency. The selected structure-switching aptamers are advantageous in a gold nanoparticle assay platform that reports the presence of a target molecule by the conformational change of the aptamer. The gold nanoparticle assay was applied because it provides a simple, rapid colorimetric readout that is beneficial in a clinical or deployed environment. Design and optimization considerations are presented for the assay as proof-of-principle work in buffer to provide a foundation for further extension of the work toward small molecule biosensing in physiological fluids.

A protocol is provided to select structure-switching aptamers for small molecule targets based on a tunable stringency magnetic bead selection method. Aptamers selected with structure-switching properties are beneficial for assays that require a conformational change to signal the presence of a target, such as the described gold nanoparticle assay.

색채 금 나노 입자 분석에 적용 구조 전환 앱 타머를 선택하는 방법

Small molecules provide rich targets for biosensing applications due to their physiological implications as biomarkers of various aspects of human health ...

Design and Development of Aptamer&#8211;Gold Nanoparticle Based Colorimetric Assays for In-the-field Applications

The design and development of an aptamer&#8211;gold nanoparticle (AuNP) colorimetric assay for the detection of small molecules for in-the-field applications was examined. Target selective AuNP based color assays have been developed in controlled proof-of-concept laboratory settings. However, these schemes have not been exerted to a point of failure to determine their practical use beyond laboratory settings. This work describes a generic approach to design, develop, and troubleshoot an aptamer-AuNP colorimetric assay for small molecule analytes and using the assay for in-the-field settings. The assay is advantageous because adsorbed aptamers passivate the nanoparticle surfaces and provide a means to reduce and eliminate false positive responses to non-target analytes. Transitioning this system to practical uses required defining not only the shelf-life of the aptamer-AuNP assay, but establishing methods and procedures for extending the long-term storage capabilities. Also, one of the recognized concerns with colorimetric readout is the burden placed on analysts to accurately identify often subtle changes in color. To lessen the responsibility on analysts in the field, a color analysis protocol was designed to perform the color identification duties without the need for performing this task on laboratory grade equipment. The method for creating and testing the data analysis protocol is described. However to understand and influence the design of adsorbed aptamer assays, the interactions associated with the aptamer, target, and AuNPs require further study. The knowledge gained could lead to tailoring aptamers for improved functionality.

The design and development of an aptamer&#8211;gold nanoparticle colorimetric assay for the detection of small molecules for in-the-field applications was examined. Additionally, a smart-device colorimetric application (app) was validated and long-term storage of the assay was established for use in the field.

인 - 더 - 필드 응용 프로그램에 대한 설계 및 앱 타머 - 금 나노 입자 기반 비색 분석법 개발

The design and development of an aptamer&#8211;gold nanoparticle (AuNP) colorimetric assay for the detection of small molecules for in-the-field ...

Novel Method of Plasmid DNA Delivery to Mouse Bladder Urothelium by Electroporation

Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are extremely valuable in revealing novel biological insights into the initiation and progression mechanisms of human diseases such as cancer. Transgenic and conditional knockout mice have been frequently used for gene overexpression or ablation in specific tissues or cell types in vivo. However, generating germline mouse models can be time-consuming and costly. Recent advancements in gene editing technologies and the feasibility of delivering DNA plasmids by viral infection have enabled rapid generation of non-germline autochthonous mouse cancer models for several organs. The bladder is an organ that has been difficult for viral vectors to access, due to the presence of a glycosaminoglycan layer covering the urothelium. Here, we describe a novel method developed in lab for efficient delivery of DNA plasmids into the mouse bladder urothelium in vivo. Through intravesical instillation of pCAG-GFP DNA plasmid and electroporation of surgically exposed bladder, we show that the DNA plasmid can be delivered specifically into the bladder urothelial cells for transient expression. Our method provides a fast and convenient way for overexpression and knockdown of genes in the mouse bladder, and can be applied to building GEMMs of bladder cancer and other urological diseases.

We describe a novel method for the delivery of DNA plasmid into the urothelial cells of mouse bladder in vivo through urethra catheterization and electroporation. It offers a fast and convenient way for generating autochthonous mouse models of bladder diseases.

새로운 방식의 마우스 방광 Urothelium Electroporation에 의해 플라스 미드 DNA 전달

Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are extremely valuable in revealing novel biological insights into the initiation and progression mechanisms ...

Applications of Spatio-temporal Mapping and Particle Analysis Techniques to Quantify Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling In Situ

Ca2+ imaging of isolated cells or specific types of cells within intact tissues often reveals complex patterns of Ca2+ signaling. This activity requires careful and in-depth analyses and quantification to capture as much information about the underlying events as possible. Spatial, temporal and intensity parameters intrinsic to Ca2+ signals such as frequency, duration, propagation, velocity and amplitude may provide some biological information required for intracellular signalling. High-resolution Ca2+ imaging typically results in the acquisition of large data files that are time consuming to process in terms of translating the imaging information into quantifiable data, and this process can be susceptible to human error and bias. Analysis of Ca2+ signals from cells in situ typically relies on simple intensity measurements from arbitrarily selected regions of interest (ROI) within a field of view (FOV). This approach ignores much of the important signaling information contained in the FOV. Thus, in order to maximize recovery of information from such high-resolution recordings obtained with Ca2+dyes or optogenetic Ca2+ imaging, appropriate spatial and temporal analysis of the Ca2+ signals is required. The protocols outlined in this paper will describe how a high volume of data can be obtained from Ca2+ imaging recordings to facilitate more complete analysis and quantification of Ca2+ signals recorded from cells using a combination of spatiotemporal map (STM)-based analysis and particle-based analysis. The protocols also describe how different patterns of Ca2+ signaling observed in different cell populations in situ can be analyzed appropriately. For illustration, the method will examine Ca2+ signaling in a specialized population of cells in the small intestine, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), using GECIs.

Applications of Spatio-temporal Mapping and Particle Analysis Techniques to Quantify Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling In Situ

Genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECIs) have radically changed how in situ Ca2+ imaging is performed. To maximize data recovery from such recordings, appropriate analysis of Ca2+ signals is required. The protocols in this paper facilitate the quantification of Ca2+ signals recorded in situ using spatiotemporal mapping and particle-based analysis.

세포내 캘리포니아2 + 제자리에서 신호 계량 Spatio 시간적 매핑 및 입자 분석 기법에의 응용

Ca2+ imaging of isolated cells or specific types of cells within intact tissues often reveals complex patterns of Ca2+ signaling. This activity requires ...

Live-cell Imaging of Single-Cell Arrays (LISCA) - a Versatile Technique to Quantify Cellular Kinetics

Live-cell Imaging of Single-Cell Arrays (LISCA) is a versatile method to collect time courses of fluorescence signals from individual cells in high throughput. In general, the acquisition of single-cell time courses from cultured cells is hampered by cell motility and diversity of cell shapes. Adhesive micro-arrays standardize single-cell conditions and facilitate image analysis. LISCA combines single-cell microarrays with scanning time-lapse microscopy and automated image processing. Here, we describe the experimental steps of taking single-cell fluorescence time courses in a LISCA format. We transfect cells adherent to a micropatterned array using mRNA encoding for enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and monitor the eGFP expression kinetics of hundreds of cells in parallel via scanning time-lapse microscopy. The image data stacks are automatically processed by newly developed software that integrates fluorescence intensity over selected cell contours to generate single-cell fluorescence time courses. We demonstrate that eGFP expression time courses after mRNA transfection are well described by a simple kinetic translation model that reveals expression and degradation rates of mRNA. Further applications of LISCA for event time correlations of multiple markers in the context of signaling apoptosis are discussed.

Live-cell Imaging of Single-Cell Arrays LISCA - a Versatile Technique to Quantify Cellular Kinetics

We present a method for the acquisition of fluorescence reporter time courses from single cells using micropatterned arrays. The protocol describes the preparation of single-cell arrays, the setup and operation of live-cell scanning time-lapse microscopy and an open-source image analysis tool for automated preselection, visual control and tracking of cell-integrated fluorescence time courses per adhesion site.

세포 역학을 정량화하는 다목적 기술인 단세포 어레이(LISCA)의 라이브 셀 이미징

Live-cell Imaging of Single-Cell Arrays (LISCA) is a versatile method to collect time courses of fluorescence signals from individual cells in high ...