Name: recording spatially restricted oscillations in the hippocampus of behaving mice
Uploaded: 2018-07-01T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recording Spatially Restricted Oscillations in the Hippocampus of Behaving Mice at JoVE.com

We are grateful to Karin Winterhalter and Kerstin Semmler for technical assistance. This work was supported by the cluster of excellence BrainLinks - BrainTools (EXC 1086) of the German Research Foundation.

All methods involving living animals have been approved by the Regierungspr&#228;sidium Freiburg in accordance with the German Animal Welfare Act.
1. Preparations
<ol>
	<li>Design and build an appropriate insertion tool transiently carrying the silicon probe and the electrode connector during the process of implantation. See Figure 1 for an example custom built insertion tool.</li>
	<li>Carefully release the silicon probe and electrode connector from its packagi...

<ol>
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Increasing evidences indicate that brain oscillations in hippocampal neuronal circuits occur in discrete spatial domains10,11,16. CSD analysis drastically reduces the influence of volume conduction, a crucial prerequisite for the study of local oscillation events. With this video, we provide a guide to implanting silicon probes into the mouse hippocampus for the analysis of CSD data. We show representative examples of CSD signal...

Oscillations in the LFP are critically involved in information processing by neuronal circuits. They cover a wide spectrum of frequencies, ranging from slow waves (~1 Hz) to fast ripple oscillations (~200 Hz)1. Distinct frequency bands are associated with cognitive functions including memory, emotional processing, and navigation2,3,4,5,6,7. Current flow across neuronal membranes constitutes the largest part of the LFP signal8. Cations entering the cell (e.g. via activation of glutamatergic excitatory synapses) represent an active current sink (as charge leaves the extracellular medium). In contrast, net flow of positive charge to the extracellular medium, for instance by activation of GABAergic inhibitory synapses, depicts an active current source at that location. In neuronal dipoles, current sinks are paired with passive sources and vice versa due to compensating currents affecting membrane charge at distant sites.
The electrical field produced by remote neural processes can also result in considerable voltage deflections on a recording electrode and might thus be falsely considered as a local event. This volume conduction poses a serious challenge to the interpretation of LFP signals. CSD analysis provides information about local current sinks and sources underlying LFP signals and therefore comprises a means to reduce the impact of volume conduction8. In laminated structures like the hippocampus, one-dimensional CSD signals can be obtained by the second spatial derivative of the LFP recorded from equidistant electrodes arranged perpendicular to the laminar planes9. The advent of commercially available linear silicon probes has allowed researchers to utilize the CSD method for the study of local oscillation activity in the hippocampus. For example, it has been demonstrated that distinct gamma oscillations emerge in a layer-specific manner in the CA1 area10. Furthermore, CSD analysis has identified independent hot spots of gamma activity in the principal cell layer of the dentate gyrus11. Importantly, these findings were only apparent in local CSD but not in LFP signals. CSD analysis thus provides a powerful tool to gain insight in the microcircuit operations of the hippocampus.
In this protocol, we provide a comprehensive guide to obtain one-dimensional CSD signals with silicon probes. These methods will enable users to investigate localized oscillation events in the hippocampus of behaving mice.

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			<td>OpenEphys (www.open-ephys.org)</td>
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			<td>allows platform-independent data acquisition</td>
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			<td>Python (www.python.org)</td>
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			<td>allows platform-independent data analysis</td>
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</table>

recording spatially restricted oscillations in the hippocampus of behaving mice

The local field potential (LFP) emerges from ion movements across neural membranes. Since the voltage recorded by LFP electrodes reflects the summed electrical field of a large volume of brain tissue, extracting information about local activity is challenging. Studying neuronal microcircuits, however, requires a reliable distinction between truly local events and volume-conducted signals originating in distant brain areas. Current source density (CSD) analysis offers a solution for this problem by providing information about current sinks and sources in the vicinity of the electrodes. In brain areas with laminar cytoarchitecture such as the hippocampus, one-dimensional CSD can be obtained by estimating the second spatial derivative of the LFP. Here, we describe a method to record multilaminar LFPs using linear silicon probes implanted into the dorsal hippocampus. CSD traces are computed along individual shanks of the probe. This protocol thus describes a procedure to resolve spatially restricted neuronal network oscillations in the hippocampus of freely moving mice.

Figure 1 illustrates the insertion tool used for the implantation of silicon probes. Recordings from chronically implanted silicon probes targeting the CA1 area and the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus are shown in Figure 2. We recorded LFPs from the probe shanks during free movement in the homecage. To minimize the effect of volume conduction, the obtained signals were converted to CSD along each shank of the probe (<stro...

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Recording Spatially Restricted Oscillations in the Hippocampus of Behaving Mice

This protocol describes the recording of local field potentials with multi-shank linear silicon probes. Conversion of the signals using current source density analysis allows the reconstruction of local electrical activity in the mouse hippocampus. With this technique, spatially restricted brain oscillations can be studied in freely moving mice.

The local field potential (LFP) emerges from ion movements across neural membranes. Since the voltage recorded by LFP electrodes reflects the summed ...

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