Name: measurement of dynamic force acted on water strider leg jumping upward by the pvdf film sensor
Uploaded: 2018-08-03T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor at JoVE.com

The authors thank the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2011BAK15B06) for their support.&#160;Thank Shuya Zhuang who is a master student from our laboratory for helping us complete the video shoot.

1. Observation of the Surface Structure on Water Strider Leg
<ol>
	<li>Collect water striders from local freshwater ponds using fishing landing net.</li>
	<li>Cut off at least 5 pairs of middle legs as experimental samples using scissors. Touch the bottom of the legs carefully, to prevent the surface contamination and the disrupting of microstructure in the front of legs.</li>
	<li>Dry the legs out in the air naturally.</li>
	<li>Observe the surface microstructure of legs using a scanning electron microscope with micro...

<ol>
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Y., Xu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+flexible+piezoelectric+force+sensor+based+on+PVDF+fabrics.">A flexible piezoelectric force sensor based on PVDF fabrics.</a> Smart Materials and Structures. 20 (4), 045009 (2011).</li><li>Liu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+PVDF+film+to+stress+measurement+of+structural+member.">Application of PVDF film to stress measurement of structural member.</a> Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan. 2002 (192), 591-599 (2002).</li><li>Fujii, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proposal+for+a+step+response+evaluation+method+for+force+transducers.">Proposal for a step response evaluation method for force transducers.</a> Measurement Science and Technology. 14 (10), 1741-1746 (2003).</li><li>Zheng, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+environmental+noise+suppression+for+micronewton+force+sensing+based+on+electrostatic+by+injecting+air+damping.">Improving environmental noise suppression for micronewton force sensing based on electrostatic by injecting air damping.</a> Review of Scientific Instruments. 85 (5), 055002 (2014).</li><li>Zheng, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+multi-position+calibration+of+the+stiffness+for+atomic-force+microscope+cantilevers+based+on+vibration.">The multi-position calibration of the stiffness for atomic-force microscope cantilevers based on vibration.</a> Measurement Science and Technology. 26 (5), 055001 (2015).</li><li>Sun, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Differential+Method+for+Force+Measurement+Based+on+Electrostatic+Force.">The Differential Method for Force Measurement Based on Electrostatic Force.</a> Journal of Sensors. 2017, 1857920 (2017).</li><li>Song, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+Sensitive,+Precise,+and+Traceable+Measurement+of+Force.">Highly Sensitive, Precise, and Traceable Measurement of Force.</a> Instrumentation Science &amp; Technology. 44 (4), 386-400 (2016).</li><li>Kurata, M., Li, X., Fujita, K., Yamaguchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Piezoelectric+dynamic+strain+monitoring+for+detecting+local+seismic+damage+in+steel+buildings.">Piezoelectric dynamic strain monitoring for detecting local seismic damage in steel buildings.</a> Smart Materials and Structures. 22 (11), 115002 (2013).</li><li>Qasaimeh, M. 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In this protocol, a dynamic force measurement system based on the PVDF film sensor was successfully devised, assembled, calibrated to measure the adhesion force away from the water surface. Among the whole steps, it was crucial that the adhesion force was measured at different speeds by lifting the leg from the water surface as this study focused on the remarkable characteristic of the quick maneuvering on the water. The results of departing experiment showed that the adhesion force decreased when the lifting speed incre...

In nature, water striders possess remarkable ability to jump or glide easily and rapidly on the water surface with the help of the slender and nonwetting legs1,2,3,4,5, but seldom move slowly, which is unlike the terrestrial insects. The hierarchical structure of water strider stabilizes the superhydrophobic state, which renders dramatic reduction in contact area and adhesion force between water and the leg6,7,8,9. However, the hydrodynamic advantages of the quick disengagement of water striders from water surface remain poorly interpreted10,11,12.
The process of jumping from the water surface is mainly divided into three stages13,14,15,16. At first, water striders push the water surface downward with the middle and rear legs to convert the biological energy into the surface energy of the water until sinking to the maximum depth, which enable the insect to initialize the jumping direction and determine the detaching velocity. Followed by the ascending stage, the insect is pushed upward by the capillary force of the curved water surface until reaching the maximum velocity. In the final disengagement stage, the water strider continues to rise up by inertia until breaking away from the water surface, but the velocity is largely reduced due to the adhesion force with the water, which has principal influence on the energy consumption of the water strider. Hence, this protocol is proposed to measure the adhesion force at different take-off velocities in the disengagement stage and explain the distinct characteristic of fast moving.
There have been many studies to explore the adhesion force of water striders when propelling from water surface. Lee &#38; Kim theoretically and experimentally confirmed that the adhesion force and energy required lifting the water strider&#39;s legs decreased dramatically when the contact angle increased to 160 degrees17. Pan Jen Wei designed a hydrostatic experiment to measure the adhesion force by the TriboScope System, which was found to be 1/5 of its weight 18. Kehchih Hwang analyzed the quasi-static process of the legs detaching from the water with a 2D model and found the superhydrophobicity of the legs played a significant role in reducing the adhesion force and energy dissipation19. However, the measurement of the adhesion force in previous studies was just in condition of a quasi-static process, which was unable to monitor the adhesion force changes during the fast jumping.
In this study, we designed a dynamic force measurement system using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film sensor and other adjuvant instrument. Compared with other piezoelectric materials, PVDF is more suitable for measuring the dynamic microforce with higher sensitivity20,21,22. By integrating the PVDF film sensor into the system, the real-time adhesion force could be detected and processed when the leg was pulling up from water surface23,24,25.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:559px;" width="559">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;width:87px;">PVDF film sensor</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">TE Connectivity</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">DT1-028K/L</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">The PVDF film sensor is used to sense the dynamic contact force .</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:87px;">Charge amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Wuxi Shiao Technology co.,Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">YE5852B</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">The charge amplifier&#160;is an electronic current integrator that produces a voltage output proportional to the integrated value of the input</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:87px;">Data acquisition device</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">USB-4431</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">The data acquisition device is used to read the voltage data.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:87px;">Displacement stage</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">ZOLIXINSTRUMENTS CO.LTD</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">KSAV1010-ZF</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">KSAV1010/2030-ZF is a wedge vertical stage with high-resolution, high-stability and high-load.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:87px;">CCD camera</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Shenzhen Andonstar Tech Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">digital microscope A1</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Frame rate: 30 frames/sec;Focal distance: 5mm - 30mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:87px;">Computer</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Lenovo</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">G480</td>
			<td style="width:275px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:33px;width:87px;">Servomotor</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">EMAX US Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">ES08MD</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">It&#39;s not bad this servo with speed varying from 0.10 sec/60&#176; / 4.8v to 0.08 sec/60&#176;/6.0v.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:87px;">Mechanical Pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Dragon Laboratory Instruments Limited</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">YE5K693181</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">The pipettes cover volume range of 0.1 &#956;l to 2.5 &#956;l</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of dynamic force acted on water strider leg jumping upward by the pvdf film sensor

This study aimed to make an explanation for the phenomenon in nature that water strider usually jumps or glides on the water surface easily but quickly, with its peak locomotion speed reaching 150 cm/s. First of all, we observed the microstructure and hierarchy of water strider legs using the scanning electron microscope. On the basis of the observed morphology of the legs, a theoretical model of the detachment from water surface was established, which explained water striders' capability to slide on water surface effortlessly in terms of energy reduction. Secondly, a dynamic force measurement system was devised using the PVDF film sensor with excellent sensitivity, which could detect the whole interaction process. Subsequently, a single leg in contact with water was pulled upward at different speeds, and the adhesion force was measured at the same time. The results of the departing experiment suggested a deep understanding of the fast jumping of water striders.

The relation between lifting speed and adhesion force is shown in Table 1. When the lifting speed increases from 0.01 m/s to 0.3 m/s, the adhesion force between the water surface and leg decreases dramatically from 0.10 to 0.03 . The results of the departing experiment showed that the peak adhesion force would decrease dramatically as the lifting speed increase, which indicated that the water striders may feel comfortable if they move quickly on water surface.
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor at JoVE.com

Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor

The protocol here is dedicated to investigating the free and quick maneuvering of water strider on water surface. The protocol includes observing the microstructure of legs and measuring the adhesion force when departing from water surface at different speeds.

This study aimed to make an explanation for the phenomenon in nature that water strider usually jumps or glides on the water surface easily but quickly, ...

This message can help answer key questions in the biology, robotics, and fluid dynamics field in understanding the single-cell manipulation tactile, stancing, and a job called lessons process"The men at Rare Tech offer this technique, is that the macrodynamic force can be married with high sensitivity, which can expedite the whole interaction process. The oldest measure can provide insight into the adhesion force between water striders and the water surface. It can also be supply to other systems such as DNA injection and gene therapy.integration or system assembly and software usage is critical, as it's difficult to display and process the voltage signal, or the PVDF film sensor in the computer. Assemble the dynamic force measurement system according to this schematic illustration shown in the text protocol. Fix one side of the PVDF film sensor with the electrodes to the high precise displacement stage, which is placed on the horizontal frame, leaving the other side hanging.This installation method of the PVDF film sensor helps improve the resolution of the environment for the dynamic macro force. Connect the PVDF film sensor to the charge amplifier, the charge amplifier to the data acquisition device, and the data acquisition device to the computer. Fix the camera to the frame.Adjust the camera's position and focus to film water and legs clearly. In order to roughly adjust the distance between the water strider legs and water, fix a high-precise displacement stage to the frame above the PVDF film sensor, whose separation from the PVDF film sensor is about 10 centimeters. To lift the water strider leg away from the water surface at a precise speed, fix the servomotor below the high-precise displacement stage.Prior to starting the calibration of the Dynamic Force Measurement System, download the lab view software and the hardware driver in the official website of National Instruments. Use the electrostatic force system to generate a micro-constant force acted on the free end of the PVDF film sensor, whose magnitude should be less than 0.5 micronewtons. Control the electrostatic force of the system by a voltage applied to the inner and outer electrodes of the parallel cylindrical capacitor.The force should act in a direction particular to the surface of the PVDF film, and the point O application is supposed to be as close as possible to the tip of the PVDF film sensor to increase sensitivity. Release the force in a short time to generate a step input. Read the voltage time signal in the computer using the LabView software, which helps read the output voltage signals of the PVDF film sensor.Open the demo of the continuous analog voltage measurement. Select the physical channel of the data acquisition device connected with the charge amplifier in the module of channel settings. Set the sample rate to 100, 000, and the number of of samples to 100, 000 in the module of time settings.Select the Log and Read'as the Logging Mode, and write the file path to store the voltage data in the module of Logging Settings. Also, select No trigger'in the module of Trigger Settings. Click the arrow-shaped button in the toolbar to sample the voltage signal.Analyze the voltage curve in which the peak voltage corresponds to force acted on the sensor. Repeat these steps at different force input, in which a series of voltage force points are gained. Determine the relationship about the peak output, voltage and standard force in the calibration result.To perform the measurement, first place a water drop on the free end of the PVDF film sensor using a mechanical micro-pipette. The location of the droplet should be close to the tip of the PVDF film sensor. Now, place a single leg to the servomotor below the high-precise displacement stage.Move the high-precise displacement stage downward until the leg contacts with the water surface. Monitor the distance between the leg and water surface by the camera system mounted on the left side of the sensor. Then, lift the leg away from the water surface at a constant speed through the servomotor.Calculate the force corresponding to each point of the voltage curve of the departing process as described in the text protocol. To measure adhesion force at different speeds, alter the lifting speed of the legs by the servomotor, and measure the adhesion force as before. Then plot the adhesion force versus lifting speed curve using the data gained from lifting the leg.Shown here is the real-time adhesion force measured by the PVDF film sensor in the departing experiment of the legs at a certain speed. The results of the departing experiment show that the adhesion force decreases dramatically from 0.10 micronewtons to 0.03 micronewtons, with an increase in lifting speed from 0.0 meters per second to 0.3 meters per second. When attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to change the glide of water strider to avoid them being wetted by water, which helps improve accuracy of this experiment.Generally, individuals new to this measure will struggle because PVDF film sensor may be influenced by the electromagnetic interference and the vibration in the environment. It's crucial that the adhesion force is measured at a different speed by lifting the leg from the water surface. As the study focuses on the remarkable characteristics of quicker maneuvering on the water.After its development, this technique paved the way for the researchers in the field of biology to explore the adhesion force of the water strider departing from the water surface in the Dynamic Force Measurement System.

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