저자는 다음 자금 출처 인정: 심혈 관 연구에 대 한 마술을 문제 기금.

1입니다. Cardiomyocytes의 준비
<ol><li>앞에서 설명한17지하실 멤브레인 매트릭스와 문화 인간 유도 만능 줄기 세포 (hiPSCs)와 6 잘 플레이트 코트.</li>
	<li>앞에서 설명한 방법18을 사용 하 여 hiPSC CMs로 hiPSCs를 구분 합니다.</li>
	<li>16-18 d 후 차별화에서 일시 중지는 cardiomyocytes 인산 염 버퍼 식 염 수 (PBS) x 1의 2 mL와 함께 각 잘 헹 궈 서 칼슘 또는 마그네슘, 인큐베이션 1 mL/트립 신 또는 셀 분리 시 약 (참조 테이블의의 뒤에 없이 재료) 실 온에서 5 분.</li>
	<li>트립 신 또는 셀 분리 시 중화 ( 재료의 표참조) 로스웰 파크 기념 연구소 (RPMI) 셀 미디어 B-27 (RPMI/B-27 셀 미디어)와 보완의 동일한 볼륨을 사용 하 여. 위쪽 및 아래쪽 준수 셀을 풀고 플라스틱.</li>
	<li>10 mL 혈 청 학적인 피 펫과 정지 cardiomyocytes 수집 하 고 50 mL 원뿔 튜브에 그들을 전송.</li>
	<li>세포 현 탁 액 셀 펠 렛을 얻기 위해 상 온에서 5 분 동안 250 x g 에서 원심</li>
	<li>RPMI/B-27 셀 미디어 10 mL에 펠 릿을 resuspend.</li>
	<li>20 µ L 세포 현 탁 액의 0.4 %Trypan 블루 솔루션의 동일한 금액으로 결합 하 고 부드럽게 혼합.</li>
	<li>수동 hemocytometer를 사용 하 여 계산 하 고 세포 현 탁 액의 농도 세포 생존 능력을 구하십시오.</li>
</ol>2입니다. 섬유 아 세포의 준비
<ol><li>앞에서 설명한16인간의 심장 섬유 아 세포 (HCF) (성인 심 실 타입) 셀 라인의 문화를 시작 합니다.</li>
	<li>트립 신 또는 셀 분리 시의 적절 한 금액으로 그들을 배양 하 여는 HCFs 일시 중단 ( 재료의 표참조) 실내 온도16시 5 분. T175 플라스 크에 10 mL의 트립 신 또는 셀 분리 시 약 사용 되었다.</li>
	<li>트립 신 또는 셀 분리 시 중화 ( 재료의 표참조) 다음 50 mL 원뿔 튜브에 샘플을 전송 매체의 동일한 볼륨을 사용 하 여, 고를 실 온에서 5 분 동안 250 x g 에 세포 현 탁 액을 원심을 펠 릿입니다.</li>
	<li>섬유 아 세포 성장 매체의 10 mL에 펠 릿을 resuspend ( 재료의 표참조).</li>
	<li>20 µ L HCF 세포 현 탁 액의 0.4 %trypan 블루 솔루션의 동일한 금액으로 결합 하 고 부드럽게 혼합.</li>
	<li>자동된 셀 카운터 또는 수동 hemocytometer를 사용 하 여 계산 하 고 새로운 세포 현 탁 액의 농도 세포 생존 능력을 구하십시오.</li>
</ol>3입니다. 내 피 세포의 준비
<ol><li>앞에서 설명한17인간 탯 줄 정 맥 내 피 세포 (HUVEC) 라인의 문화를 시작 합니다. 트립 신 또는 셀 분리 시의 적절 한 금액으로 그들을 배양 하 여는 HUVECs를 일시 중단 ( 재료의 표참조) 실내 온도17시 3 분. 트립 신 또는 셀 분리 시 중화 ( 재료의 표참조) 다음 50 mL 원뿔 튜브에 전송 매체의 동일한 볼륨을 사용 하 여, 및 펠 릿을 실 온에서 5 분 동안 250 x g 에 세포 현 탁 액을 원심. 참고: T175 플라스 크에 10 mL의 트립 신 또는 셀 분리 시 약 사용 되었다.</li>
	<li>내 피 세포 성장 매체의 10 mL에 펠 릿을 resuspend ( 재료의 표참조).</li>
	<li>HUVEC 서 스 펜 션의 20 µ L를 결합 하 여 0.4 %Trypan 블루 솔루션의 동일한 금액으로 그것을 얼룩 하 고 부드럽게 혼합.</li>
	<li>자동된 셀 카운터 또는 수동 hemocytometer를 사용 하 여 계산 하 고 세포 현 탁 액의 농도 세포 생존 능력을 구하십시오.</li>
</ol>4입니다. 드롭 Spheroids 매달려의 창조
<ol><li>교수형 장소 살 균 6 잘 플레이트에 (각각 350 µ m의 직경) 850 micropores를 포함 하는 드롭 장치.</li>
	<li>위에서 설명한 세 가지 종류의 세포를 분리: hiPSC CMs, HCFs, 및 HUVECs. ML 당 2,475,000 세포의 농도에 RPMI/B-27 셀 미디어 70 %iPSC-CMs, 15% HCFs 50 mL 원뿔 튜브에서 15 %HUVECs 비율에 그들을 결합.</li>
	<li>드롭 시스템 (350 µ m의 작은 직경) 6 잘 플레이트에 매달려 매우 낮은 첨부 파일의 각 음에 세포 현 탁 액 (mL 당 2,475,000 세포)의 4 mL를 분배.</li>
	<li>Spheroids는 교수형에 세포 현 탁 액을 분배의 12 h 이내 저절로 형성 드롭 장치. 37 ° C, 5% CO2, 그리고 95% 습도에서 72 h (3 d)의 총에 대 한 문화는 spheroids의 성숙에 대 한 계속.</li>
	<li>문화의 72 h 후 수확 교수형의 바닥에 숨 구멍을 통해 spheroids 매체와 접시에 장치를 배치 하 고 소용돌이 그것 부드럽게 교수형에서 spheroids를 해제 하 여 시스템을 드롭 드롭 장치.</li>
</ol>5. 3 차원 패치 창조 소설 그물 형을 사용 하 여
<ol><li>기지, 평방 바닥판, 바닥 그물, 및 10 층된 측면 그물은 소독 집게의 쌍의 원조와 함께 소설 몰드를 만드는 조립 첫째, 스택 및 기지, 바닥판 평방, 정렬 하단 코너 게시물을 사용 하 여 net. 그런 다음 스택과 고급 스테인레스 스틸 접지 단자의 그물을 만드는 방향으로 번갈아에 10 쪽 그물 레이어.</li>
	<li>플러시 PBS 또는 매체를 표면 장력을 감소, 다음, 전송 충전 베이스에 조립된 형 기본 작성.</li>
	<li>PBS와 같은 방법에 있는 매체 그물 금형 캐비티에 젖은. 천천히 원하는 크기의 전제 된 구멍에는 spheroids를 입력 (2 x 2 x 1 mm, 4 x 4 x 1 m m, 또는 6 x 6 x 1 m m). 참고: 셀 집계에 꽉 연결 하 고 정적 유지 구멍에 spheroids의 예상된 하는 볼륨의 120% 공급 있는지 확인 합니다.</li>
	<li>Net 상단과 상단 스퀘어 플레이트 코너 게시물에 어셈블합니다 및 stoppers 및 지주 튜브는 spheroids의 유실을 방지 하기 위해 보안.</li>
	<li>6 잘 플레이트 RPMI/B-27 셀 미디어 또는 전체 조립된 형을 충당 하기 위해 충분 한 매체와 멸 균 용기에 6 mL와 채워진된 그물 형 시스템 전송.</li>
	<li>3000-4000 x g에 7-10 일 동안 스윙 통에 채워진된 금형 시스템 6 잘 플레이트를 품 어. 참고:는 인큐베이션 기간 심장 패치의 크기에 의해 결정 됩니다. 큰 패치, 보육 시간 심장 패치 성숙에 대 한 증가 합니다.</li>
</ol>6. 소설 그물 형에서 패치 제거
<ol><li>미디어에서 금형 시스템을 제거 하 고 소독된 처리 매트 살 균 10 cm 접시에에 놓습니다.</li>
	<li>지주 관, stoppers, 상단 사각 접시 및 최고 그물을 제거 합니다. 신중 하 게 살 균 집게의 쌍을 가진 계층된 측면 그물 하나에 의해 밖으로 슬라이드. Decannulation, 후 그대로 심장 패치 하단의 그물 위에 얻을 수 있다.</li>
	<li>소독 집게를 사용 하 여 패치 순 하단을 선택 하 고 하단의 net RPMI/B27 미디어의 5 mL와 함께 35 mm 접시에 전송. 부드럽게 천천히 접시, 또는 살 균 세포 스 크레이 퍼와 함께 그물을 소용돌이 의해 그물 아래에서 패치를 풉니다. 그물 아래에서 초연, 후 심장 조직 RPMI/B27 미디어 양식 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>35 mm 접시에 부동성 3 차원 심장 패치를 품 어 계속. 금형에서 제거 후 빠르면 24 시간 기능 동기 박동을 관찰할 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>그물 형에서 패치를 제거한 후 모양을 무결성 및 시간 동기 박동 증가의 강도 유지는 관찰 합니다. 참고: 3 차원 그물 형 기반 심장 패치 전시 decannulation 후 구성 요소 cardiospheres의 전기 통합. 우리는 60에서 80 분당 60 일 이상 유지 하는 구타 주파수를 관찰.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Creation+of+Cardiac+Tissue+Exhibiting+Mechanical+Integration+of+Spheroids+Using+3D+Bioprinting.">Creation of Cardiac Tissue Exhibiting Mechanical Integration of Spheroids Using 3D Bioprinting.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 125 (e55438), (2017).</li><li>Tan, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+number+per+spheroid+and+electrical+conductivity+of+nanowires+influence+the+function+of+silicon+nanowired+human+cardiac+spheroids.">Cell number per spheroid and electrical conductivity of nanowires influence the function of silicon nanowired human cardiac spheroids.</a> Acta Biomaterialia. 51, 495-504 (2017).</li><li>Karra, R., Poss, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Redirecting+cardiac+growth+mechanisms+for+therapeutic+regeneration.">Redirecting cardiac growth mechanisms for therapeutic regeneration.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 127 (2), 427-436 (2017).</li><li>Bartholoma, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+in+vitro+reaggregates+of+embryonic+cardiomyocytes:+a+potential+model+system+for+monitoring+effects+of+bioactive+agents.">Three-dimensional in vitro reaggregates of embryonic cardiomyocytes: a potential model system for monitoring effects of bioactive agents.</a> Journal of Biomolecular Screening. 10 (8), 814-822 (2005).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

이 방법의 중요성의 재현성 및 결과 다층 심장 조직의 효율성에 있다. 심장 조직 공학 분야에서 현재 목표 중 하나는 치는, 다층, 고 기능 3 차원 심장 패치를 생성 하는 방법을 식별 하입니다. 우리는 spheroids 소설 그물 형으로 cardiomyocytes, 내 피 세포, 섬유 아 세포의 구성의 직접 수동 시드 다층된 심장 조직 만들기의 효율적이 고 재현 가능한 방법 보고. 이 방법에 사용 되는 그물 형 6 x 6 x 1 m m 2 x 2 ...

현재 심장 조직 공학의 목표는 대체 또는 손상 된 심근 조직1의 기능과 구조를 복구 하는 치료를 개발 하는 것입니다. 기본 심장 조직의 중요 한 수축 및 electrophysiological 속성을 전시 하는 3 차원 심장 조직 모델을 만드는 방법 급속 하 게 확대 되어 있다2,3. 다양 한 전략을 탐험 하 고 연구4,5에서 사용 되었습니다. 이 방법에서에서 범위 특정 합성 및 천연 생리 활성 hydrogels, 젤라틴, 콜라겐, 섬유 소, 그리고 펩 티 드6, 같은 사용 하 여 바이오 잉크 증 착 기술2 및 bioprinting 기술7.
그것은 비 자유로운 방법 외국 비 계 소재8통합의 단점 없이 소재 기반 방법으로 유사한 조직 생산할 수 표시 되었습니다. 오 렌 Caspi 외. 셀의 다양 한 종류의 매우 vascularized 인간의 조작된 심장 조직9의 세대 수는 설명 했다. 턱 외. spheroids에서 심장 패치 생성을 위한 3 차원 인쇄 방법을 개발. 결과 패치 cardiomyocytes, 섬유 아 세포, 내 피 세포는 70:15:15 비율10에 구성 됩니다. Spheroids 하 여 효과적인 "빌딩 블록" 비 계 없는 심장 조직 창조의 그들은 저 산소 증에 대 한 저항으로 이식11,12에 대 한 충분 한 기계적 무결성을가지고 표시 되었습니다. 이전 학문은 회전 타원 체 생성에 대 한 여러 가지 제작 방법을 설명 했다, 교수형의 사용을 포함 하 여 방법, 스피너 플라스 크13, 미세 시스템14및 비 점착 문화 표면 코팅 또는 코팅 agarose 마이크로 금형15. 이 프로토콜을 사용 하 여 교수형 드롭 장치, spheroids의 수백을 한 번에 집 광을 위한 micropores를 포함.
이 연구는 소설 평방 금형 캐비티에는 spheroids를 수동으로 시드 및 성숙에 대 한 통에 조직 배양 포함 심장 조직 창조에 대 한 효율적인 비 계 없는 방법을 선물 한다. 일반적인 정적 문화 조건 하에서 산소 보급 조직 구조, 중앙 괴 사 발생의 외부 측면에 제한 됩니다. 그러나, 그물 형 금형에 시드 모든 spheroids 영양분과 산소의 증가 보급에 대 한 수 있도록 지속적인 유체 운동, 미디어에 몰두. 또한,이 형 기반 방법 수동 최소의 노력으로 다른 크기의 조직 패치의 동시 생성 가능 하며 결과 조직 형에서 쉽게 제거 될 수 있습니다. 이 새로운 메서드는 비 계, 다층 심장 패치의 효율적이 고 재현 가능한 창조에 대 한 수 있습니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Human Cardiac fibroblasts (HCF)</td><td>Sciencell</td><td>6310</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FM-2 Consists of Basal Medium</td><td>Sciencell</td><td>2331</td><td>HCF culture medium</td></tr><tr><td>Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)</td><td>Lonza</td><td>CC-2935</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EGM+Bullet Kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Lonza</td><td>CC5035</td><td>HUVEC culture medium</td></tr><tr><td>E8 media&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A1517001</td><td>HiPSC culture medium</td></tr><tr><td>Geltrex&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A1413202</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TrypLE Express Enzyme (1X)</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>12604013</td><td>Trypsin and Cell dissociation reagent</td></tr><tr><td>RPMI media</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>11875093</td><td>RPMI media with B-27 supplement is hiPSC-CM culture medium</td></tr><tr><td>B-27 supplement (50x)</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>17504044</td><td>RPMI media with B-27 supplement is hiPSC-CM culture medium</td></tr><tr><td>Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>15250061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Novel net mold&amp;nbsp;</td><td>TissueByNet Co.,Ltd</td><td>NM25-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hanging drop plate</td><td>Kuraray Co.,Ltd</td><td>MPc350</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6 well plates&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>CLS-3516</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a net mold-based method of scaffold-free three-dimensional cardiac tissue creation

이 프로토콜 고 추가 비 계 자료 없이 3 차원 (3 차원) 심장 조직을 만들 쉬운 그물 형 기반 방법에 설명 합니다. 인간 유도 만능 줄기 세포 유래 cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs), 인간의 심장 섬유 아 세포 (HCFs), 그리고 인간의 탯 줄 정 맥 내 피 세포 (HUVECs)는 격리 하 고 70 %iPSC-CMs, 15 %HCFs, 및 15 %HUVECs 세포 현 탁 액을 생성 하는 데 사용. 그들은 spheroids의 수백을 한 번에 집 광을 위한 micropores를 포함 하는 매우 낮은 첨부 파일 "걸기 하락" 시스템에서 공동 경작. 셀 집계 하 고 자발적으로 공동 문화의 3 일 후 구타 spheroids를 형성 한다. spheroids 수확, 새로운 금형 캐비티에 시드 고 인큐베이터에 통에 경작. spheroids가 성숙한 기능 조직 시드 후 약 7 일. 만족 스러운 구조적 무결성 및 동기 박동 동작 융합된 spheroids 결과 다층된 조직에 의하여 이루어져 있다. 이 새로운 메서드는 나중에 심장 마비의 치료에 대 한 설계 조직 만들기를 재현 하 고 비용 효율적인 방법으로 유망 가능성이 있다.

우리의 실험에 우리는 70 %iPSC-CMs, 15% HCFs RPMI/B-27 셀 미디어 mL 당 2,475,000 세포의 농도에 15 %HUVECs 세포 현 탁 액을 활용. 세포 현 탁 액을 만든 후 우리는 프로토콜의 4.3 단계에서 설명한 대로 드롭 시스템에 매달려 매우 낮은 첨부 파일의 각 음에 세포 현 탁 액 4 mL 적절. 교수형의 사용 문화 37 ° C, 5% CO2, 그리고 95% 습도에서 3 일 후에 spheroids를 치고 수백의 자발적인 형...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Net Mold-based Method of Scaffold-free Three-Dimensional Cardiac Tissue Creation at JoVE.com

A Net Mold-based Method of Scaffold-free Three-Dimensional Cardiac Tissue Creation

비 계-무료 3 차원 심장 조직 창조의 그물 형 기반 방법

이 프로토콜 만족 구조적 무결성 및 동기 박동 동작 3 차원 비 계 없는 심장 조직을 만들 순 형 기반 방법을 설명 합니다.

This protocol describes a novel and easy net mold-based method to create three-dimensional (3-D) cardiac tissues without additional scaffold material. ...

a-net-mold-based-method-scaffold-free-three-dimensional-cardiac

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

8.8K 조회수.  The First Hospital of Jilin University. 이 프로토콜 만족 구조적 무결성 및 동기 박동 동작 3 차원 비 계 없는 심장 조직을 만들 순 형 기반 방법을 설명 합니다.

비디오: A Net Mold-based Method of Scaffold-free Three-Dimensional Cardiac Tissue Creation

Capillary Force Lithography for Cardiac Tissue Engineering

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide1. Cardiac tissue engineering holds much promise to deliver groundbreaking medical discoveries with the aims of developing functional tissues for cardiac regeneration as well as in vitro screening assays. However, the ability to create high-fidelity models of heart tissue has proven difficult. The heart&#8217;s extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex structure consisting of both biochemical and biomechanical signals ranging from the micro- to the nanometer scale2. Local mechanical loading conditions and cell-ECM interactions have recently been recognized as vital components in cardiac tissue engineering3-5.
A large portion of the cardiac ECM is composed of aligned collagen fibers with nano-scale diameters that significantly influences tissue architecture and electromechanical coupling2. Unfortunately, few methods have been able to mimic the organization of ECM fibers down to the nanometer scale. Recent advancements in nanofabrication techniques, however, have enabled the design and fabrication of scalable scaffolds that mimic the in vivo structural and substrate stiffness cues of the ECM in the heart6-9.
Here we present the development of two reproducible, cost-effective, and scalable nanopatterning processes for the functional alignment of cardiac cells using the biocompatible polymer poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)8 and a polyurethane (PU) based polymer. These anisotropically nanofabricated substrata (ANFS) mimic the underlying ECM of well-organized, aligned tissues and can be used to investigate the role of nanotopography on cell morphology and function10-14.
Using a nanopatterned (NP) silicon master as a template, a polyurethane acrylate (PUA) mold is fabricated. This PUA mold is then used to pattern the PU or PLGA hydrogel via UV-assisted or solvent-mediated capillary force lithography (CFL), respectively15,16. Briefly, PU or PLGA pre-polymer is drop dispensed onto a glass coverslip and the PUA mold is placed on top. For UV-assisted CFL, the PU is then exposed to UV radiation (&#955; = 250-400 nm) for curing. For solvent-mediated CFL, the PLGA is embossed using heat (120 &#176;C) and pressure (100 kPa). After curing, the PUA mold is peeled off, leaving behind an ANFS for cell culture. Primary cells, such as neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, as well as human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, can be maintained on the ANFS2.

In this protocol, we demonstrate the fabrication of biomimetic cardiac cell culture substrata made from two distinct polymeric materials using capillary force lithography. The described methods provide a scalable, cost-effective technique to engineer the structure and function of macroscopic cardiac tissues for in vitro and in vivo applications.

심장 조직 공학을위한 모세관 력 리소그래피

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide1. Cardiac tissue engineering holds much promise to deliver groundbreaking medical ...

연구

생체공학

Generation of Aligned Functional Myocardial Tissue Through Microcontact Printing

Advanced heart failure represents a major unmet clinical challenge, arising from the loss of viable and/or fully functional cardiac muscle cells. Despite optimum drug therapy, heart failure represents a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the developed world. A major challenge in drug development is the identification of cellular assays that accurately recapitulate normal and diseased human myocardial physiology in vitro. Likewise, the major challenges in regenerative cardiac biology revolve around the identification and isolation of patient-specific cardiac progenitors in clinically relevant quantities. These cells have to then be assembled into functional tissue that resembles the native heart tissue architecture. Microcontact printing allows for the creation of precise micropatterned protein shapes that resemble structural organization of the heart, thus providing geometric cues to control cell adhesion spatially. Herein we describe our approach for the isolation of highly purified myocardial cells from pluripotent stem cells differentiating in vitro, the generation of cell growth surfaces micropatterned with extracellular matrix proteins, and the assembly of the stem cell-derived cardiac muscle cells into anisotropic myocardial tissue.

The generation of aligned myocardial tissue is a key requirement for adapting the recent advances in stem cell biology to clinically useful purposes. Herein we describe a microcontact printing approach for the precise control of cell shape and function. Using highly purified populations of embryonic stem cell derived cardiac progenitors, we then generate anisotropic functional myocardial tissue.

Microcontact 인쇄를 통해 정렬 기능 심근 조직의 생성

Advanced heart failure represents a major unmet clinical challenge,  arising from the loss of viable and/or fully functional cardiac muscle  cells. ...

Tissue Engineering: Construction of a Multicellular 3D Scaffold for the Delivery of Layered Cell Sheets

Many tissues, such as the adult human hearts, are unable to adequately regenerate after damage.2,3 Strategies in tissue engineering propose innovations to assist the body in recovery and repair. For example, TE approaches may be able to attenuate heart remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) and possibly increase total heart function to a near normal pre-MI level.4 As with any functional tissue, successful regeneration of cardiac tissue involves the proper delivery of multiple cell types with environmental cues favoring integration and survival of the implanted cell/tissue graft. Engineered tissues should address multiple parameters including: soluble signals, cell-to-cell interactions, and matrix materials evaluated as delivery vehicles, their effects on cell survival, material strength, and facilitation of cell-to-tissue organization. Studies employing the direct injection of graft cells only ignore these essential elements.2,5,6 A tissue design combining these ingredients has yet to be developed. Here, we present an example of integrated designs using layering of patterned cell sheets with two distinct types of biological-derived materials containing the target organ cell type and endothelial cells for enhancing new vessels formation in the &#8220;tissue&#8221;. Although these studies focus on the generation of heart-like tissue, this tissue design can be applied to many organs other than heart with minimal design and material changes, and is meant to be an off-the-shelf product for regenerative therapies. The protocol contains five detailed steps. A temperature sensitive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAM) is used to coat tissue culture dishes. Then, tissue specific cells are cultured on the surface of the coated plates/micropattern surfaces to form cell sheets with strong lateral adhesions. Thirdly, a base matrix is created for the tissue by combining porous matrix with neovascular permissive hydrogels and endothelial cells. Finally, the cell sheets are lifted from the pNIPAAM coated dishes and transferred to the base element, making the complete construct.

For creation of highly organized structures of complex tissue, one must assemble multiple material and cell types into an integrated composite. This combinatorial design incorporates organ-specific layered cell sheets with two distinct biologically-derived materials containing a strong fibrous matrix base, and endothelial cells for enhancing new vessels formation.

조직 공학 : 계층화 된 세포 시트의 전달을위한 다세포 3D 비계 건설

Many tissues, such as the adult human hearts, are unable to adequately regenerate after damage.2,3 Strategies in tissue engineering propose innovations to ...

Construction of Defined Human Engineered Cardiac Tissues to Study Mechanisms of Cardiac Cell Therapy

Human cardiac tissue engineering can fundamentally impact therapeutic discovery through the development of new species-specific screening systems that replicate the biofidelity of three-dimensional native human myocardium, while also enabling a controlled level of biological complexity, and allowing non-destructive longitudinal monitoring of tissue contractile function. Initially, human engineered cardiac tissues (hECT) were created using the entire cell population obtained from directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells, which typically yielded less than 50% cardiomyocytes. However, to create reliable predictive models of human myocardium, and to elucidate mechanisms of heterocellular interaction, it is essential to accurately control the biological composition in engineered tissues. 
To address this limitation, we utilize live cell sorting for the cardiac surface marker SIRP&#945; and the fibroblast marker CD90 to create tissues containing a 3:1 ratio of these cell types, respectively, that are then mixed together and added to a collagen-based matrix solution. Resulting hECTs are, thus, completely defined in both their cellular and extracellular matrix composition.
Here we describe the construction of defined hECTs as a model system to understand mechanisms of cell-cell interactions in cell therapies, using an example of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) that are currently being used in human clinical trials. The defined tissue composition is imperative to understand how the hMSCs may be interacting with the endogenous cardiac cell types to enhance tissue function. A bioreactor system is also described that simultaneously cultures six hECTs in parallel, permitting more efficient use of the cells after sorting.

This manuscript describes the creation of defined engineered cardiac tissues using surface marker expression and cell sorting. The defined tissues can then be used in a multi-tissue bioreactor to investigate mechanisms of cardiac cell therapy in order to provide a functional, yet controlled, model system of the human heart.

정의 인간 공학 심장 조직의 건설 심장 세포 치료의 메커니즘을 연구하는

Human cardiac tissue engineering can fundamentally impact therapeutic discovery through the development of new species-specific screening systems that ...

Creation of Cardiac Tissue Exhibiting Mechanical Integration of Spheroids Using 3D Bioprinting

This protocol describes 3D bioprinting of cardiac tissue without the use of biomaterials, using only cells. Cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts are first isolated, counted and mixed at desired cell ratios. They are co-cultured in individual wells in ultra-low attachment 96-well plates. Within 3 days, beating spheroids form. These spheroids are then picked up by a nozzle using vacuum suction and assembled on a needle array using a 3D bioprinter. The spheroids are then allowed to fuse on the needle array. Three days after 3D bioprinting, the spheroids are removed as an intact patch, which is already spontaneously beating. 3D bioprinted cardiac patches exhibit mechanical integration of component spheroids and are highly promising in cardiac tissue regeneration and as 3D models of heart disease.

This protocol describes 3D bioprinting of cardiac tissue without the use of biomaterials. 3D bioprinted cardiac patches exhibit mechanical integration of component spheroids and are highly promising in cardiac tissue regeneration and as 3D models of heart disease.

3D Bioprinting을 이용한 Spheroids의 기계적 통합을 보여주는 심장 조직의 생성

This protocol describes 3D bioprinting of cardiac tissue without the use of biomaterials, using only cells. Cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and ...

Preparation of Mesh-Shaped Engineered Cardiac Tissues Derived from Human iPS Cells for In Vivo Myocardial Repair

The current protocol describes methods to generate scalable, mesh-shaped engineered cardiac tissues (ECTs) composed of cardiovascular cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), which are developed towards the goal of clinical use. HiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and vascular mural cells are mixed with gel matrix and then poured into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) tissue mold with rectangular internal staggered posts. By culture day 14 ECTs mature into a 1.5 cm x 1.5 cm mesh structure with 0.5 mm diameter myofiber bundles. Cardiomyocytes align to the long-axis of each bundle and spontaneously beat synchronously. This approach can be scaled up to a larger (3.0 cm x 3.0 cm) mesh ECT while preserving construct maturation and function. Thus, mesh-shaped ECTs generated from hiPSC-derived cardiac cells may be feasible for cardiac regeneration paradigms.

The present protocol generates mesh-shaped engineered cardiac tissues containing cardiovascular cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells to allow the investigation of cell implantation therapy for heart diseases.

생체 내 심근 수리를 위한 인간 iPS 세포에서 파생된 메쉬 모양의 조작된 심장 조직의 준비

The current protocol describes methods to generate scalable, mesh-shaped engineered cardiac tissues (ECTs) composed of cardiovascular cells derived from ...

Fabrication of 3D Cardiac Microtissue Arrays using Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes, Cardiac Fibroblasts, and Endothelial Cells

Generation of human cardiomyocytes (CMs), cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), and endothelial cells (ECs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has provided a unique opportunity to study the complex interplay among different cardiovascular cell types that drives tissue development and disease. In the area of cardiac tissue models, several sophisticated three-dimensional (3D) approaches use induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) to mimic physiological relevance and native tissue environment with a combination of extracellular matrices and crosslinkers. However, these systems are complex to fabricate without microfabrication expertise and require several weeks to self-assemble. Most importantly, many of these systems lack vascular cells and cardiac fibroblasts that make up over 60% of the nonmyocytes in the human heart. Here we describe the derivation of all three cardiac cell types from iPSCs to fabricate cardiac microtissues. This facile replica molding technique allows cardiac microtissue culture in standard multi-well cell culture plates for several weeks. The platform allows user-defined control over microtissue sizes based on initial seeding density and requires less than 3 days for self-assembly to achieve observable cardiac microtissue contractions. Furthermore, the cardiac microtissues can be easily digested while maintaining high cell viability for single-cell interrogation with the use of flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We envision that this in vitro model of cardiac microtissues will help accelerate validation studies in drug discovery and disease modeling.

Here, we describe an easy-to-use methodology to generate 3D self-assembled cardiac microtissue arrays composed of pre-differentiated human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. This user-friendly and low cell requiring technique to generate cardiac microtissues can be implemented for disease modeling and early stages of drug development.

인간 iPSC 유래 심근세포, 심장 섬유아세포 및 내피 세포를 사용하여 3D 심장 미세 조직 배열의 제조

Generation of human cardiomyocytes (CMs), cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), and endothelial cells (ECs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has provided ...

Stepwise Cell Seeding on Tessellated Scaffolds to Study Sprouting Blood Vessels

The cardiovascular system is a key player in human physiology, providing nourishment to most tissues in the body; vessels are present in different sizes, structures, phenotypes, and performance depending on each specific perfused tissue. The field of tissue engineering, which aims to repair or replace damaged or missing body tissues, relies on controlled angiogenesis to create a proper vascularization within the engineered tissues. Without a vascular system, thick engineered constructs cannot be sufficiently nourished, which may result in cell death, poor engraftment, and ultimately failure. Thus, understanding and controlling the behavior of engineered blood vessels is an outstanding challenge in the field. This work presents a high-throughput system that allows for the creation of organized and repeatable vessel networks for studying vessel behavior in a 3D scaffold environment. This two-step seeding protocol shows that vessels within the system react to the scaffold topography, presenting distinctive sprouting behaviors depending on the compartment geometry in which the vessels reside. The obtained results and understanding from this high throughput system can be applied in order to inform better 3D bioprinted scaffold construct designs, wherein fabrication of various 3D geometries cannot be rapidly assessed when using 3D printing as the basis for cellularized biological environments. Furthermore, the understanding from this high throughput system may be utilized for the improvement of rapid drug screening, the rapid development of co-cultures models, and the investigation of mechanical stimuli on blood vessel formation to deepen the knowledge of the vascular system.

Engineered tissues heavily rely on proper vascular networks to provide vital nutrients and gases and remove metabolic waste. In this work, a stepwise seeding protocol of endothelial cells and support cells creates highly organized vascular networks in a high-throughput platform for studying developing vessel behavior in a controlled 3D environment.

스테셀레이트 비계에 단계별 세포 파종하여 발아 혈관을 연구합니다.

The cardiovascular system is a key player in human physiology, providing nourishment to most tissues in the body; vessels are present in different sizes, ...

Developing 3D Organized Human Cardiac Tissue within a Microfluidic Platform

The leading cause of death worldwide persists as cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, modeling the physiological and biological complexity of the heart muscle, the myocardium, is notoriously difficult to accomplish in vitro. Mainly, obstacles lie in the need for human cardiomyocytes (CMs) that are either adult or exhibit adult-like phenotypes and can successfully replicate the myocardium&#39;s cellular complexity and intricate 3D architecture. Unfortunately, due to ethical concerns and lack of available primary patient-derived human cardiac tissue, combined with the minimal proliferation of CMs, the sourcing of viable human CMs has been a limiting step for cardiac tissue engineering. To this end, most research has transitioned toward cardiac differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) as the primary source of human CMs, resulting in the wide incorporation of hiPSC-CMs within in vitro assays for cardiac tissue modeling.
Here in this work, we demonstrate a protocol for developing a 3D mature stem cell-derived human cardiac tissue within a microfluidic device. We specifically explain and visually demonstrate the production of a 3D in vitro anisotropic cardiac tissue-on-a-chip model from hiPSC-derived CMs. We primarily describe a purification protocol to select for CMs, the co-culture of cells with a defined ratio via mixing CMs with human CFs (hCFs), and suspension of this co-culture within the collagen-based hydrogel. We further demonstrate the injection of the cell-laden hydrogel within our well-defined microfluidic device, embedded with staggered elliptical microposts that serve as surface topography to induce a high degree of alignment of the surrounding cells and the hydrogel matrix, mimicking the architecture of the native myocardium. We envision that the proposed 3D anisotropic cardiac tissue-on-chip model is suitable for fundamental biology studies, disease modeling, and, through its use as a screening tool, pharmaceutical testing.

The goal of this protocol is to explain and demonstrate the development of a three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic model of highly aligned human cardiac tissue, composed of stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes co-cultured with cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) within a biomimetic, collagen-based hydrogel, for applications in cardiac tissue engineering, drug screening, and disease modeling.

미세 유체 플랫폼 내에서 3D 조직 된 인간 심장 조직 개발

The leading cause of death worldwide persists as cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, modeling the physiological and biological complexity of the heart ...

Creation of Patient-Specific Silicone Cardiac Models with Applications in Pre-surgical Plans and Hands-on Training

Three dimensional&#160;models can be a valuable tool for surgeons as they develop surgical plans and medical fellows as they learn about complex cases. In particular, 3D models can play an important role in the field of cardiology, where complex congenital heart diseases occur. While many 3D printers can provide anatomically correct and detailed models, existing 3D printing materials fail to replicate myocardial tissue properties and can be extremely costly. This protocol aims to develop a process for the creation of patient-specific models of complex congenital heart defects using a low-cost silicone that more closely matches cardiac muscle properties. With improved model fidelity, actual surgical procedural training could occur in advance of the procedure. Successful creation of cardiac models begins with the segmentation of radiologic images to generate a virtual blood pool (blood that fills the chambers of the heart) and myocardial tissue mold. The blood pool and myocardial mold are 3D printed in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), a plastic dissolvable in acetone. The mold is assembled around the blood pool, creating a negative space simulating the myocardium. Silicone with a shore hardness of 2A is poured into the negative space and allowed to cure. The myocardial mold is removed, and the remaining silicone/blood pool model is submerged in acetone. The described process results in a physical model in which all cardiac features, including intra-cardiac defects, are represented with more realistic tissue properties and are more closely approximated than a direct 3D printing approach. The successful surgical correction of a model with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) using a GORE-TEX patch (standard surgical intervention for defect) demonstrates the utility of the method.

Patient-specific models improve surgeon and fellow confidence when developing or learning surgical plans. Three-dimensional (3D) printers generate adequate detail for surgical preparation, but fail to replicate tissue haptic fidelity. A protocol is presented detailing the creation of patient-specific, silicone cardiac models, combining 3D printing precision with simulated silicone tissue.

수술 전 계획 및 실습 교육에서 응용 프로그램을 갖춘 환자 별 실리콘 심장 모델 생성

Three dimensional&#160;models can be a valuable tool for surgeons as they develop surgical plans and medical fellows as they learn about complex cases. In ...