Name: stereotaxic surgery for implantation of microelectrode arrays in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus)
Uploaded: 2019-09-29T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereotaxic Surgery for Implantation of Microelectrode Arrays in the Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Bernardo Luiz for technical assistance with filming and editing. This work was supported by Santos Dumont Institute (ISD), Brazilian Ministry of Education (MEC) and Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES).

Animal experiments were performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the Santos Dumont Institute Ethics Committee (protocol 02/2015AAS).
1. Surgery preparation
<ol>
	<li>Attach each electrode array to an electrode holder compatible with the stereotaxic frame to be used.</li>
	<li>Connect one electrode holder to the stereotaxic micromanipulator and set one microwire to the interaural coordinates. Repeat this fo...

<ol>
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O., Dimitrov, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Surgical Techniques for Chronic Implantation of Microwire Arrays in Rodents and Primates. , (2008).</li><li>Santana, M. 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This work provides a detailed description of the procedures involved in the implantation of microelectrode recording arrays in the marmoset brain. This same protocol can be readily used when implanting electrodes, whether homemade or commercially available, in other small primates. Additionally, it can be easily adapted for other experimental ends that require precise targeting of brain structures. Therefore, this protocol is purposefully vague regarding stereotaxic coordinates and cranial drilling techniques, because th...

Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are gaining recognition as an important model organism in many fields of research, including neuroscience. These new-world primates represent an important complementary animal model to both rodents and other non-human primates (NHPs), such as the rhesus macaque. Like rodents, these animals are small, easy to manipulate, and relatively economical to care for and breed1,2,3,4, as compared with larger NHPs. Furthermore, these animals have a propensity for twinning and high fecundity relative to other NHPs1,2,3. Another advantage the marmoset has over many other primates is that modern molecular biology tools3,4,5,6,7 and a sequenced genome2,3,4,5,8 have been used to genetically modify them. Both knock-in animals using lentivirus5, and knock-out animals using zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENS)7, have yielded viable founder animals.
An advantage in relation to rodents is that marmosets, as primates, are phylogenetically closer to humans3,5,6,9,10,11. Like humans, marmosets are diurnal animals that depend on a highly developed visual system to guide much of their behavior10. Further, marmosets exhibit behavioral complexity, including a wide range of social behaviors such as the use of different vocalizations3, allowing researchers to address questions not possible in other species. From a neuroscientific perspective, marmosets have lissencephaly brains, unlike the more commonly used rhesus macaque9. Furthermore, marmosets have a central nervous system similar to humans, including a more highly developed prefrontal cortex9. Together, all these characteristics position marmosets as a valuable model to study brain function in health and disease.
A common method for studying brain function involves implanting electrodes in anatomically specific locations by means of stereotaxic neurosurgery. This allows for chronical recording of the neural activity in different target areas in awake and freely behaving animals12,13. Stereotaxic neurosurgery is an indispensable technique used in many lines of research, as it allows precise targeting of neuroanatomical regions. Compared to macaque and rodent literature, there are fewer published studies describing the stereotaxic neurosurgery specific to the marmoset, and they tend to provide sparse detail of the steps involved in the surgery. Moreover, those with greater detail mainly focus on procedures for electrophysiology recording in head-restrained animals14,15,16,17.
In order to facilitate wider adoption of marmosets as a model organism in neuroscience research, the present method defines specific steps necessary for a successful stereotaxic neurosurgery in this species. In addition to implantation of recording arrays, as detailed in the present method, the same technique can be adapted for many other experimental ends, including implantation of stimulating electrodes for the treatment of diseases18 or causally driving circuit behavior19; implantation of guide cannulas for extraction and quantification of neurotransmitters20, injections of reagents, including those for inducing disease models12 or for circuit tracing studies15; ablation of discrete tissue regions21; implantation of optrodes for optogenetic studies22; implantation of optical windows for cortical microscopic analysis23; and implantation of electrocorticographic (ECoG) arrays24. Thus, the overall goal of this procedure is to outline the surgical steps involved in the implantation of microelectrode arrays for chronic electrophysiological recordings in freely behaving marmosets.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>683 Small Animal Ventilator</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus, Inc.</td>
			<td>55-0000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthesia Assembly</td>
			<td>BRASMED</td>
			<td>COLIBRI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Barber Clippers</td>
			<td>Mundial</td>
			<td>HC-SERIES</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental Drill</td>
			<td>Norgen</td>
			<td>B07-201-M1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Homeothermic Heating Pad and Monitor</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus, Inc.</td>
			<td>50-7212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Marmoset Stereotaxic Frame</td>
			<td>Narishige Scientific Instrument Lab</td>
			<td>SR-6C-HT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Patient Monitor and Pulse Oximeter</td>
			<td>Bionet Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>BM3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotaxic Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Narishige Scientific Instrument Lab</td>
			<td>SM-15R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Microscope</td>
			<td>Opto</td>
			<td>SM PLUS IBZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Allis tissue forceps</td>
			<td>Sklar</td>
			<td>36-2275</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alm Retractor, rounded point, 4x4 teeth</td>
			<td>Rhosse</td>
			<td>RH11078</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Angled McPherson Forceps</td>
			<td>Oftalmologiabr</td>
			<td>11301A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved Surgial Scissors</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus, Inc.</td>
			<td>72-8422</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved Tissue Forceps</td>
			<td>Sklar</td>
			<td>47-1186</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Delicate Dissection forceps</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>WP5015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental Drill Bit</td>
			<td>Microdont</td>
			<td>ISO.806.314.001.524.010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Essring Tissue Forceps</td>
			<td>Sklar</td>
			<td>19-2460</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FG 1/4 Dental Drill Bit</td>
			<td>Microdont</td>
			<td>ISO.700.314.001.006.005</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Halsey Needle Holder</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>15926-G</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Halstead Mosquito forceps</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>503724-12</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Hemostatic Forceps, Straight</td>
			<td>Sklar</td>
			<td>17-1260</td>
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			<td>Jewler Forceps</td>
			<td>Sklar</td>
			<td>66-7436</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>McPherson-Vannas Optathalmic microscissor, 3 mm point</td>
			<td>Argos Instrumental</td>
			<td>ARGOS-4004</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Pereosteal Raspatory</td>
			<td>Golgran</td>
			<td>38-1</td>
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		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpal Handle</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus, Inc.</td>
			<td>72-8354</td>
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			<td>Screwdrivers</td>
			<td>Eurotool</td>
			<td>SCR-830.00</td>
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			<td>Sodering Iron</td>
			<td>Hikari</td>
			<td>21K006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Scissor</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus, Inc.</td>
			<td>72-8400</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Toothed forceps</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>501266-G</td>
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		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposables/Single Use</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>1 ml sterile syringe with 26 G needle</td>
			<td>Descarpack</td>
			<td>7898283812785</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>130 cm x 140 cm surgical field, presterilized</td>
			<td>ProtDesc</td>
			<td>7898467276344</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>24G Needle, presterilized</td>
			<td>Descarpack</td>
			<td>7898283812846</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>50 cm x 50 cm surgical field, presterilized</td>
			<td>Esterili-med</td>
			<td>110100236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton Tipped Probes, Presterilized</td>
			<td>Jiangsu Suyun Medical Materials Co. LTD</td>
			<td>23007</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Higie Topp</td>
			<td>7898095296063</td>
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			<td>Electrode Array</td>
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			<td>Home made</td>
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			<td>Endotracheal tube without cuff, internal diameter 2.0 mm, outer diameter 2.9 mm</td>
			<td>Solidor</td>
			<td>7898913077201</td>
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			<td>Tinned copper wire, 0.15 mm diameter</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>M1.4x3 Stainless steel screws</td>
			<td>USMICROSCREW</td>
			<td>M14-30M-SS-P</td>
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			<td>Medical Tape</td>
			<td>Missner</td>
			<td>7896544910102</td>
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			<td>Nylon surgical sutures</td>
			<td>Shalon</td>
			<td>N540CTI25</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Scalpal Blade, presterilized</td>
			<td>AdvantiVe</td>
			<td>1037</td>
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		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>solder</td>
			<td>Kester</td>
			<td>SN63PB37</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Saline 0.9%</td>
			<td>Isofarma</td>
			<td>7898361700041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Surgical Gloves</td>
			<td>Maxitex</td>
			<td>7898949349051</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Surgical Gown</td>
			<td>ProtDesc</td>
			<td>7898467281208</td>
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			<td>Surgical Gauze, 15 cm x 26 cm presterilized</td>
			<td>H&#233;ika</td>
			<td>7898488470315</td>
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			<td>Gelfoam</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Drugs/Chemicals</td>
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			<td>0.25mg/ml Atropine</td>
			<td>Isofarma</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>10% Lidocaine Spray</td>
			<td>Produtos Qu&#237;micos Farmac&#234;uticos Ltda.</td>
			<td>7896676405644</td>
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			<td>2.5% Enrofloxacino veterinary antibiotic</td>
			<td>Chemitec</td>
			<td>0137-02</td>
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			<td>Dexametasona Veterinary Anti inflammatory</td>
			<td>MSD</td>
			<td>R06177091A-00-15</td>
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			<td>Hydrogen Peroxide</td>
			<td>Farmax</td>
			<td>7896902211537</td>
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			<td>Isoflourane</td>
			<td>BioChimico</td>
			<td>7897406113068</td>
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			<td>Jet Acrylic polymerization solution</td>
			<td>Artigos Odontol&#243;gicos Cl&#225;ssico</td>
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			<td>Jet Auto Polymerizing Acrylic</td>
			<td>Artigos Odontol&#243;gicos Cl&#225;ssico</td>
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			<td>Ketamine 10%</td>
			<td>Syntec</td>
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			<td>Lidocaine and Phenylephrine 1.8 ml local anesthetic</td>
			<td>SS White</td>
			<td>7892525041049</td>
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			<td>Povidone-Iodine solutiom</td>
			<td>Farmax</td>
			<td>7896902234093</td>
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			<td>Riohex 2% surgical Soap</td>
			<td>Rioqu&#237;mica</td>
			<td>7897780209418</td>
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			<td>SPI Supplies</td>
			<td>05002-AB</td>
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			<td>Tramadol chloride 50 mg/ml</td>
			<td>Uni&#227;o Qu&#237;mica</td>
			<td>7896006245452</td>
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			<td>Refresh gel (polyacrylic acid)</td>
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stereotaxic surgery for implantation of microelectrode arrays in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus)

Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are small non-human primates that are gaining popularity in biomedical and preclinical research, including the neurosciences. Phylogenetically, these animals are much closer to humans than rodents. They also display complex behaviors, including a wide range of vocalizations and social interactions. Here, an effective stereotaxic neurosurgical procedure for implantation of recording electrode arrays in the common marmoset is described. This protocol also details the pre- and postoperative steps of animal care that are required to successfully perform such a surgery. Finally, this protocol shows an example of local field potential and spike activity recordings in a freely behaving marmoset 1 week after the surgical procedure. Overall, this method provides an opportunity to study the brain function in awake and freely behaving marmosets. The same protocol can be readily used by researchers working with other small primates. In addition, it can be easily modified to allow other studies requiring implants, such as stimulating electrodes, microinjections, implantation of optrodes or guide cannulas, or ablation of discrete tissue regions.

The purpose of this study was to describe a stereotaxic neurosurgical procedure for implantation of microelectrode arrays for electrophysiological recordings in the common marmoset. A typical surgery (from anesthesia induction to anesthesia recovery) will last for approximately 5&#8722;7 h, depending on the number of arrays implanted. Here, two arrays were symmetrically implanted, one in each brain hemisphere. Each array contained 32 stainless steel microwires arranged in seven bundles targeting several structures of the...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereotaxic Surgery for Implantation of Microelectrode Arrays in the Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus at JoVE.com

Stereotaxic Surgery for Implantation of Microelectrode Arrays in the Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus

This work presents a protocol to perform a stereotaxic, neurosurgical implantation of&#160;microelectrode arrays in the common marmoset. This method specifically enables electrophysiological recordings in freely behaving animals but can be easily adapted to any other similar neurosurgical intervention in this species (e.g., cannula for drug administration or electrodes for brain stimulation).

Stereotaxic Surgery for Implantation of Microelectrode Arrays in the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are small non-human primates that are gaining popularity in biomedical and preclinical research, including the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

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