연구는 JAG에 NHLBI 연구 과학자 개발 보조금 (1K01HL135461-01)에 의해 지원되었다. David Carmona-Berrio와 Isabel Adarve-Rengifo의 기술 지원에 감사드립니다.

마우스는 밴더빌트 대학 의료 센터 (VUMC) 동물 관리 부서 국립 보건원 (NIH) 지침과 실험실 동물의 관리 및 사용을위한 가이드, 미국 보건 복지부에 따라 보관되고 보살핌을 받았다. 모든 동물 절차는 실험을 시작하기 전에 VUMC 기관 동물 관리 및 사용 위원회의 승인을 받았습니다.
1. 동물 준비 및 해부
<ol><li>수술을 시작하기 약 30 분 전에 가열 패드의 발아기와 워터 펌프를 켭니다.</li>
	<li>날카로운 메스로 0.5mm 길이의 폴리 우레탄 튜브를 자릅니다. 커프를 만들기 위해 길이 방향으로 절단하여 둘레의 0.2mm를 제거하십시오. 참고 : 이것은 극도의 정밀도, 세부 사항 및 인내심에 대한 관심을 필요로하는 신장 동맥 협착 절차의 중요한 부분입니다. 한 번에 여러 조각의 폴리 우레탄 튜브를 자르십시오. 이 모든 절차를 현미경으로 수행하십시오.</li>
	<li>더 이상 진행하기 전에 외과 용 멸균 장갑과 외과 용 마스크를 착용하십시오.</li>
	<li>6-8 주간의 C57BL / 6 야생형 (WT) 마우스를 사용하십시오. 성별 편견을 피하기 위해 동일한 수의 수컷과 암컷 마우스를 사용하십시오.</li>
	<li>수술을 수행하기 전에 마우스의 무게를 기록하십시오. 폴리 우레탄 튜브로 신장 동맥 협착을 수행하는 이상적인 무게는 18-22g입니다. 마우스를 부드럽게 처리하고 마취를 주입하는 동안 교반하지 마십시오. 수술 전 진통을 투여하십시오 (Ketofgen, 5 mg / kg body wieght). 참고 : 생쥐를 숙소실에서 수술실로 옮기는 동안 동요를 피하기 위해 매우 온화하고 조심스럽게 운반하십시오. 트롤리 대신 쥐 케이지를 손에 들고 다니는 것이 좋습니다.</li>
	<li>복강 내 주사를 통해 케타민 (100 mg / kg BW)과 자일라진 (10 mg / kg BW)의 혼합물로 마우스를 마취하십시오.</li>
	<li>완전히 마취 될 때까지 마우스를 케이지 안에 다시 넣으십시오. 마우스가 완전히 의식을 잃기까지 약 4-5 분이 걸립니다. 꼬리 또는 발가락을 포셉으로 집어 넣어 마우스가 완전히 의식이없고 수술 준비가되었는지 확인하십시오.</li>
	<li>마우스를 종이 타월에 등을 대고 눕히십시오. 모발 성장의 반대 방향에 따라 전기 헤어 클리퍼를 사용하여 측면 복부의 머리카락을 제거하십시오. 수술 부위를 면도 한 후 요오드 (또는 클로르헥시딘)를 함유 한 수술 용 스크럽으로 부위를 닦은 다음 70 % 에탄올 (또는 멸균 식염수)으로 헹구십시오.  3 번 반복하십시오. 참고 : 제모 절차는 수술 절차 중 모발 간섭 및 모발 오염을 피하기 위해 수술 절차 벤치와 다른 벤치에서 어느 정도 거리 또는 바람직하게는 수행해야합니다.</li>
	<li>가열 패드를 멸균 시트로 덮으십시오. 마우스를 수술 벤치로 가져 와서 멸균 시트에 올려 놓고 마우스의 오른쪽 측면을 현미경쪽으로 향하게하십시오. 순환수로 패드 온도를 37°C로 일정하게 유지하십시오.</li>
	<li>모든 수술 장비가 들어있는 멸균 된 가방을 엽니 다. 해부 현미경과 멸균 된 날카로운 가위를 사용하여 작은 측면 절개 (13번째 흉부 갈비뼈, 마우스의 마지막 갈비뼈에 가까운)를 만들고 척추에서 약 0.5cm 떨어진 곳에 만듭니다. 요추를 따라 진행하고 1 인치 절개를하십시오.</li>
	<li>피부와 근육을 뒤로 당겨 신장을 노출시킵니다.</li>
	<li>멸균 면봉을 사용하여 주변 지방을 청소하고 제거하여 신장 동맥을 분리하십시오. 구부러진 포셉을 사용하여 신장 동맥에서 신장 신경을 분리하십시오.</li>
	<li>가짜 수술을 수행 할 때 봉합사를 적용하여 피부를 닫고 닫힌 상처에 항생제를 바르고 수술 후 치료를 진행하십시오. 그렇지 않은 경우 다음 섹션을 진행하여 동맥을 스테노스하십시오. 참고 : 모든 실험에는 수술 절차의 통제로 가짜 동물이 있어야합니다. 샴 동물은 커프를 올려 놓지 않고 신장 동맥을 노출시키는 외과 적 절차를 거친 마우스로 구성됩니다.</li>
</ol>2. 우측 신장 동맥 협착증
<ol><li>오른쪽 신장 동맥 아래에 두 개의 나일론 봉합사를 놓고 느슨한 매듭을 만든 다음 신장과 대동맥 분기 사이의 약 등거리에있는 주요 신장 동맥 주위에 커프를 놓습니다.</li>
	<li>나일론 봉합사를 사용하여 커프를 닫습니다. 수술 후 봉합사가 손실 될 가능성을 피하기 위해 각 봉합사에 대해 네 개의 매듭을 만드십시오.</li>
	<li>간단한 연속 봉합사를 적용하여 근육의 절개를 닫습니다.</li>
	<li>피부를 닫기 위해 간단한 중단 봉합사를 만드십시오.</li>
	<li>IACUC 승인 진통제를 관리하십시오. 참고 : 모든 사용 전에 Autoclave 수술 도구. 한 번에 두 개 이상의 수술을 수행하는 경우 멸균 알코올 게이지로 사용 된 모든 도구를 닦아 모든 수술 후 15-30 초 동안 뜨거운 발아기에 두십시오. 각 마우스에 대해서도 멸균 장갑을 교체하십시오.</li>
</ol>3. 수술 후 치료
<ol><li>생쥐를 새장으로 돌려 놓고 케이지를 반쯤 켜고, 반쯤 떼어 내고, 순환수 가열 패드를 2 - 3 시간 동안 두십시오. 케이지 안에 젤 다이어트 회복 음식을 추가하십시오.</li>
	<li>다음날 진통제(케토프로펜)를 복강내 투여(용량: 5mg/kg BW)한다.</li>
	<li>다음 이틀 동안 마우스의 무게를 재는 단계; 일부 마우스가 체중의 20 % 이상을 잃은 경우 수의사와상의하고 적절한 IACUC 승인 절차에 따라 동물을 안락사시켜야하는지 결정하십시오.</li>
	<li>매일 마우스를 모니터링하여 발적, 붓기, 통증 또는 감염을 평가하십시오.</li>
	<li>제도적 IACUC 정책에 따라 수술 후 합병증에 대한 수의학 상담을 받으십시오.</li>
</ol>4. 조직 수확
<ol><li>수술 후 3 주 후에 조직을 수확하십시오. 각 마우스의 무게를 기록합니다.</li>
	<li>IACUC가 승인한 절차로 마우스를 안락사시킨다.</li>
	<li>마우스를 수핀 위치의 멸균 플랫폼에 올려 놓고 해부하십시오.</li>
	<li>움직임을 제한하기 위해 팔다리를 고정하고 확장하십시오.</li>
	<li>마우스에 70 % 에탄올을 철저히 뿌리십시오.</li>
	<li>날카로운 가위를 사용하여 복부와 가슴 부위를 열기 위해 중간 선 절개를하십시오.</li>
	<li>피부와 복막 벽을 뒤로 당깁니다.</li>
	<li>조심스럽게 심장을 노출시키고 우심실에 구멍을 뚫고 마우스를 exsanguinate하십시오.</li>
	<li>포셉을 사용하여 두 신장을 모두 제거하십시오. 신장은 생쥐의 뒤쪽에 있습니다. 참고: 두 신장을 모두 섞지 마십시오. 협착, 가짜 및 대측성 신장에 유의하십시오.</li>
	<li>신장 캡슐을 제거하고 지방에서 닦아내고 각 신장의 무게를 별도로 기록하십시오.</li>
	<li>양쪽 신장의 종방향 절편을 절단하고, 파라핀 포매를 위해 나중에 처리되도록 4°C에서 하룻밤 동안 4% PFA에 고정시키고, 계내 혼성화 (ISH) 및 면역조직화학(IHC)을 수행한다. 보고된23,24대로 ISH 및 IHC 프로토콜을 따르십시오.</li>
	<li>남아있는 신장의 피질을 분리하고 액체 질소에서 플래시 동결하여 웨스턴 블롯을 수행하십시오. 분석될 때까지 샘플을 -80°C에서 보관한다.</li>
	<li>레닌을 정량화하고, N-GAL 발현을 문헌23,24에 기재된 바와 같이 웨스턴 블롯으로 정량화한다.</li>
</ol>5. 통계
<ol><li>세 가지 이상의 조건을 가진 실험에는 단방향 또는 양방향 ANOVA를 사용한 다음 개별 그룹 간의 비교를 위해 Bonferroni 사후 테스트를 사용하십시오. p-값이 0.05보다 작거나 같다고 가정하십시오. 소프트웨어(예: GraphPad Prism 8.2)를 사용하여 모든 통계 분석을 수행합니다.</li>
</ol>

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A., Ichikawa, S., Kurz, K. D., Fowler, W. L., Payne, C. 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재정적 또는 기타 이해 상충은 저자에 의해 선언되지 않습니다.

신장 동맥 협착증은 이차 또는 내성 고혈압 및 신장 손상 1,29의 중요한 원인이다. 두 개의 신장 1 클립 (2K1C) Goldblatt 모델은 RAStenosis 유도 망막 혈관 고혈압1,17,18,19를 연구하기 위해 채택되었다. 다양한 동물 모델을 사용한 다수의 이전 연구들은 신장 동맥의 ...

신장 동맥 협착증 (RAStenosis)은 65 세 이상의 사람들의 약 6 %와 관상 동맥 또는 말초 혈관 질환 1,2 환자의 최대 40 %에 영향을 미치는 난치성 문제입니다. 질병에 대한 현재 치료법은 제한적입니다. 따라서 RAStenosis에 의해 유발 된 망막 혈관 고혈압 또는 내성 고혈압을 치료하기위한 새로운 치료법을 개발할 필요가 있습니다. 레닌 안지오텐신 알도스테론 시스템(RAAS)은 RAStenosis 유도성 고혈압 또는 망혈관 고혈압 3,4의 발병기전에 관여하는 주요 경로이다. ACE 억제제 또는 안지오텐신 수용체 차단제와 같은 RAAS를 표적으로 하는 알려진 치료법은 고혈압을 완화시키지만, 신부전 및 고칼륨혈 증5,6,7에 대한 면밀한 검사가 필요하다. 레닌은 RAAS에서 속도 제한 단계를 촉매한다; 그것은 안지오텐시노겐을 안지오텐신 I로 변환시킨다. 죽상 동맥 경화증에서 플라크 형성은 레닌 분비를 유도하는 신장 동맥의 협착을 일으켜 망상 혈관 고혈압 및 신장 손상을 초래합니다8. 다수의 연구들이 인간에서 망혈관 고혈압 동안 산화적 스트레스의 증가된 수준을 보고하였으며, 이는 두 개의 신장 1클립(2K1C) 마우스 모델 및 다른 고혈압 동물 모델 2,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16으로 확증되었다. . RAStenosis 유도 망혈관 고혈압 동안 레닌 발현 조절의 분자 메카니즘은 잘 이해되지 않으며 추가 조사를 보증한다.
RAStenosis를 안정적이고 재현 가능하게 재해석하는 실험 동물 모델은 새로운 치료법의 개발을 위해 레닌 발현 조절의 세포 및 분자 메커니즘을 밝히는 데 중요합니다. 2K1C 마우스 모델은 망혈관 고혈압17,18,19,20의 발병기전을 연구하기 위해 잘 확립된 실험 모델이다. 이 모델은 클립 17,20,21을 사용하는 신장 동맥의 수축에 의해 생성되며, 따라서 레닌 발현 및 고혈압 17,19,20,21의 증가를 초래하는 신장 동맥 폐색을 생성한다. 그러나 동물 모델에서 신장 동맥 협착증을 발생시키는 단계별 절차를 설명하는 기술 보고서는 없습니다.
종래의 U자형 실버 클립, 폴리우레탄 튜브 및 기타 클립은 신장 동맥 협착을 유도하기 위해 신장 동맥을 수축시키기 위해 사용되어 왔다. 일부 연구에 따르면 클립의 디자인과 재질은 2K1C 동물 모델로 신뢰할 수 있고 재현 가능한 데이터를 얻는 데 중요합니다. Lorenz et al.에 따르면, 기존의 U-designed silver clips의 사용은 고혈압의 낮은 성공률 (40-60 %)을 유도합니다.21. 클립 디자인으로 인해 신장 동맥은 옆으로 눌러 약간의 수축을 유발하고 신장 동맥에서 빠져 나올 확률이 높아집니다. 실버 가단성과 연성은 클립 폭의 변화를 허용 할 수 있습니다; 따라서 생쥐들 사이에서 다른 고혈압 수준을 유발합니다. 클립상의 이산화은은 혈관주위 염증, 내막 증식 및 조직 과립화를 일으켜 신장 동맥 직경(22)을 변화시킬 수 있다. 종래의 U-design 실버 클립으로 수득된 고혈압 수준의 가변성으로 인해, Warner et al. 및 Lorenz 등은 마우스에서 신장 동맥 협착을 개시하기 위해 라운더-디자인 폴리우레탄 튜빙을 성공적으로 사용하여, 두 개의 신장 하나의 클립 동물 모델20,21의 보다 안정적이고 일관된 유도를 생성하였다.
이 보고서에서는 폴리 우레탄 튜브를 사용하여 신장 동맥을 수축시키는 마우스에서 실험적 RAStenosis를 생성하는 수술 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 폴리 우레탄 라운드 디자인 커프는 마우스에서 협착을 발생시키는보다 재현 가능하고 신뢰할 수 있으며 저렴한 클립입니다. 이 실험 모델의 목표는 신장 동맥 협착 동안 레닌 발현 조절의 분자 및 세포 메커니즘을 연구하고 정의하는 것입니다. 레닌 발현 및 신장 손상 마커인 호중구 젤라틴아제-관련 리포칼린(N-GAL)을 측정함으로써 RAStenosis 마우스 모델의 성공을 확인하였다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Diet Gel</td>
			<td>Clear H2O</td>
			<td>Diet-Gel 76A</td>
			<td>Surgery recovery diet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMC Heated Hard pad</td>
			<td>Hallowell</td>
			<td>000A2788B</td>
			<td>Heating pads were used to keep mice warm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethilon Nylon Suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>662G</td>
			<td>4-0 (1.5 metric), This suture was used to close the peritoneum, and skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethilon Nylon Suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>2815 G</td>
			<td>8-0 (0.4 metric), This suture was used to close cuff to tie and constrict the artery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Germinator 500</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td>GER 5287</td>
			<td>Sterilize surgical tools between surgeries</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketoprofen</td>
			<td>Zoetis</td>
			<td>Ketofen</td>
			<td>Painkiller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyurethane</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td>MRE-025</td>
			<td>This tube was used to initiate stenosis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Povidone-iodine antiseptic swabsticks</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>MDS093901</td>
			<td>It was applied after hair removal and surgery on the skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reflex 7 Clip Applier</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument Co</td>
			<td>204-1000</td>
			<td>This clip applier was used to apply clip in case one or more sutures went off</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile towel drapes</td>
			<td>Dynarex</td>
			<td>4410</td>
			<td>It was used as a bedsheet for mice during surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triple antibiotic ointment</td>
			<td>Medi-First</td>
			<td>22312</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water pump</td>
			<td>Stryker</td>
			<td>T/pump Professionals</td>
			<td>Used to warm and circulate water in the heating hard pad to keep mice warm during and post-surgery</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a modified two kidney one clip mouse model of renin regulation in renal artery stenosis

신장 동맥 협착증은 레닌 안지오텐신 알도스테론 시스템 (RAAS)이 과도하게 활성화되는 관상 동맥 또는 말초 혈관 질환 환자에서 흔한 상태입니다. 이러한 맥락에서, RAAS에서 속도 제한 프로테아제인 레닌의 발현 및 방출의 증가를 자극하는 신장 동맥의 협착이 존재한다. 레닌 발현의 결과적인 상승은 신장 손상 및 말단 장기 손상과 자주 관련된 망혈관 고혈압의 알려진 동인이다. 따라서이 상태에 대한 새로운 치료법을 개발하는 데 큰 관심이 있습니다. 신장 동맥 협착증에서 레닌 조절의 분자 및 세포 메커니즘은 완전히 이해되지 않았으며 추가 조사를 보증합니다. 마우스에서 신장 동맥 협착을 유도하기 위해, 변형된 2개의 신장 1 클립(2K1C) Goldblatt 마우스 모델이 개발되었다. 오른쪽 신장을 야생형 마우스에서 스테노스화하였고, 가짜 조작 마우스를 대조군으로 사용하였다. 신장 동맥 협착 후, 우리는 레닌 발현과 신장 손상을 결정했습니다. 신장을 수확하고 신선한 피질을 사용하여 레닌의 단백질 및 mRNA 발현을 확인했습니다. 이 동물 모델은 재현 가능하며 혈관 고혈압 및 신장 손상에 관련된 병리 생리학 반응, 분자 및 세포 경로를 연구하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다.

신장 동맥 수축은 협착 된 신장에서 레닌 발현을 증가시키고 대측성 신장에서의 발현을 억제합니다. 협착증의 두 신장 1 클립 (2K1C) 또는 Goldblatt 모델은 레닌 발현 증가 및 신장 손상을 유도한다. 이것은 인간에서 일방적 인 신장 동맥 협착증의 가장 대표적인 모델로 인식됩니다.
레닌과 프로레닌(레닌의 전구체)의 발현은 면역블롯팅을 이용하여 측정하였다. 데이터는 대측성 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Modified Two Kidney One Clip Mouse Model of Renin Regulation in Renal Artery Stenosis at JoVE.com

A Modified Two Kidney One Clip Mouse Model of Renin Regulation in Renal Artery Stenosis

변형된 2 신장 1 클립(2K1C) Goldblatt 마우스 모델은 폴리우레탄 튜브를 사용하여 신장 동맥 협착을 개시하여 레닌 발현 및 신장 손상의 증가를 유도하여 개발되었다. 여기에서는 재현 가능하고 일관된 2K1C 마우스 모델을 생성하기 위해 커프를 준비하고 신장 동맥 상에 배치하는 자세한 절차를 설명합니다.

신장 동맥 협착증에서 레닌 조절의 수정 된 두 신장 하나의 클립 마우스 모델

Renal artery stenosis is a common condition in patients with coronary or peripheral vascular disease where the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

4.5K 조회수.  Vanderbilt University Medical Center. 변형된 2 신장 1 클립(2K1C) Goldblatt 마우스 모델은 폴리우레탄 튜브를 사용하여 신장 동맥 협착을 개시하여 레닌 발현 및 신장 손상의 증가를 유도하여 개발되었다. 여기에서는 재현 가능하고 일관된 2K1C 마우스 모델을 생성하기 위해 커프를 준비하고 신장 동맥 상에 배치하는 자세한 절차를 설명합니다.

비디오: A Modified Two Kidney One Clip Mouse Model of Renin Regulation in Renal Artery Stenosis

Use of a Hanging-weight System for Isolated Renal Artery Occlusion

In hospitalized patients, over 50% of cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) are caused by renal ischemia 1-3. A recent study of hospitalized patients revealed that only a mild increase in serum creatinine levels (0.3 to 0.4 mg/dl) is associated with a 70% greater risk of death than in persons without any increase 1. Along these lines, surgical procedures requiring cross-clamping of the aorta and renal vessels are associated with a renal failure rates of up to 30% 4. Similarly, AKI after cardiac surgery occurs in over 10% of patients under normal circumstances and is associated with dramatic increases in mortality. AKI are also common complications after liver transplantation. At least 8-17% of patients end up requiring renal replacement therapy 5. Moreover, delayed graft function due to tubule cell injury during kidney transplantation is frequently related to ischemia-associated AKI 6. Moreover, AKI occurs in approximately 20% of patients suffering from sepsis 6.The occurrence of AKI is associated with dramatic increases of morbidity and mortality 1. Therapeutic approaches are very limited and the majority of interventional trials in AKI have failed in humans. Therefore, additional therapeutic modalities to prevent renal injury from ischemia are urgently needed 3, 7-9. 
To elucidate mechanisms of renal injury due to ischemia and possible therapeutic strategies murine models are intensively required 7-13. Mouse models provide the possibility of utilizing different genetic models including gene-targeted mice and tissue specific gene-targeted mice (cre-flox system). However, murine renal ischemia is technically challenging and experimental details significantly influence results. We performed a systematic evaluation of a novel model for isolated renal artery occlusion in mice, which specifically avoids the use of clamping or suturing the renal pedicle 14. This model requires a nephrectomy of the right kidney since ischemia can be only performed in one kidney due to the experimental setting. In fact, by using a hanging-weight system, the renal artery is only instrumented once throughout the surgical procedure. In addition, no venous or urethral obstruction occurs with this technique. We could demonstrate time-dose-dependent and highly reproducible renal injury with ischemia by measuring serum creatinine. Moreover, when comparing this new model with conventional clamping of the whole pedicle, renal protection by ischemic preconditioning is more profound and more reliable. Therefore his new technique might be useful for other researchers who are working in the field of acute kidney injury.

A precise murine model for acute kidney injury (AKI) due to ischemia is an important tool to investigate acute kidney injury and possibly find therapeutic tools to treat renal injury. The hanging weight system offers a tool for immediate and reliable renal artery occlusion and reperfusion without causing renal congestion.

절연 신장 동맥 폐색에 대한 한깅 - 무게 시스템의 사용

In hospitalized patients, over 50% of cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) are caused by renal ischemia 1-3. A recent study of hospitalized patients ...

연구

의학

Mouse Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Stroke is the most common fatal neurological disease in the United States 1. The majority of strokes (88%) result from blockage of blood vessels in the brain (ischemic stroke) 2. Since most ischemic strokes (~80%) occur in the territory of middle cerebral artery (MCA) 3, many animal stroke models that have been developed have focused on this artery. The intraluminal monofilament model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) involves the insertion of a surgical filament into the external carotid artery and threading it forward into the internal carotid artery (ICA) until the tip occludes the origin of the MCA, resulting in a cessation of blood flow and subsequent brain infarction in the MCA territory 4. The technique can be used to model permanent or transient occlusion 5. If the suture is removed after a certain interval (30 min, 1 h, or 2 h), reperfusion is achieved (transient MCAO); if the filament is left in place (24 h) the procedure is suitable as a model of permanent MCAO. This technique does not require craniectomy, a neurosurgical procedure to remove a portion of skull, which may affect intracranial pressure and temperature 6. It has become the most frequently used method to mimic permanent and transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats and mice 7,8. To evaluate the extent of cerebral infarction, we stain brain slices with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to identify ischemic brain tissue 9. In this video, we demonstrate the MCAO method and the determination of infarct size by TTC staining.

We demonstrate in the video a method for producing a middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult mice using an intraluminal monofilament. We also show how to evaluate the extent of cerebral infarction by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining.

중간 대뇌 동맥 폐색의 마우스 모델

Stroke is the most common fatal neurological disease in the United States 1. The majority of strokes (88%) result from blockage of blood vessels in the ...

Modified Technique for Coronary Artery Ligation in Mice

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important causes of mortality in humans1-3. In order to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with MI we need better knowledge about pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia. This knowledge may be valuable to define new therapeutic targets for innovative cardiovascular therapies4. Experimental MI model in mice is an increasingly popular small-animal model in preclinical research in which MI is induced by means of permanent or temporary ligation of left coronary artery (LCA)5. In this video, we describe the step-by-step method of how to induce experimental MI in mice.
The animal is first anesthetized with 2% isoflurane. The unconscious mouse is then intubated and connected to a ventilator for artificial ventilation. The left chest is shaved and 1.5 cm incision along mid-axillary line is made in the skin. The left pectoralis major muscle is bluntly dissociated until the ribs are exposed. The muscle layers are pulled aside and fixed with an eyelid-retractor. After these preparations, left thoracotomy is performed between the third and fourth ribs in order to visualize the anterior surface of the heart and left lung. The proximal segment of LCA artery is then ligated with a 7-0 ethilon suture which typically induces an infarct size ~40% of left ventricle. At the end, the chest is closed and the animals receive postoperative analgesia (Temgesic, 0.3 mg/50 ml, ip). The animals are kept in a warm cage until spontaneous recovery.

The surgical procedure used to induce experimental myocardial infarction in mice begins with left thoracotomy between the third and the fourth ribs in order to visualize the anterior surface of the heart and left lung. The left coronary artery is ligated, the chest is closed and the mouse is allowed to recover spontaneously.

마우스의 관상 동맥 결합에 대한 수정 기술

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important causes of mortality in humans1-3. In order to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with MI ...

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this is only partially explained by traditional CVD risk factors. Vascular dysfunction is an important non-traditional risk factor, characterized by vascular endothelial dysfunction (most commonly assessed as impaired endothelium-dependent dilation [EDD]) and stiffening of the large elastic arteries. While various techniques exist to assess EDD and large elastic artery stiffness, the most commonly used are brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMDBA) and aortic pulse-wave velocity (aPWV), respectively. Both of these noninvasive measures of vascular dysfunction are independent predictors of future cardiovascular events in patients with and without kidney disease. Patients with CKD demonstrate both impaired FMDBA, and increased aPWV. While the exact mechanisms by which vascular dysfunction develops in CKD are incompletely understood, increased oxidative stress and a subsequent reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability are important contributors. Cellular changes in oxidative stress can be assessed by collecting vascular endothelial cells from the antecubital vein and measuring protein expression of markers of oxidative stress using immunofluorescence. We provide here a discussion of these methods to measure FMDBA, aPWV, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

The degree of vascular dysfunction and contributing physiological mechanisms can be assessed in patients with chronic kidney disease by measuring brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, aortic pulse-wave velocity, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

만성 신장 질환 환자에서 혈관 기능의 평가

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this ...

Renal Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury: A Mouse Model of Injury and Regeneration

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable during renal transplantation. Experimental models that accurately and reproducibly recapitulate renal IRI are crucial in dissecting the pathophysiology of AKI and the development of novel therapeutic agents. Presented here is a mouse model of renal IRI that results in reproducible AKI. This is achieved by a midline laparotomy approach for the surgery with one incision allowing both a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia of the left kidney. By careful monitoring of the clamp position and body temperature during the period of ischaemia this model achieves reproducible functional and structural injury. Mice sacrificed 24 hr&#160;following surgery demonstrate loss of renal function with elevation of the serum or plasma creatinine level as well as structural kidney damage with acute tubular necrosis evident. Renal function improves and the acute tissue injury resolves during the course of 7 days following renal IRI such that this model may be used to study renal regeneration. This model of renal IRI has been utilized to study the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of AKI as well as analysis of the subsequent renal regeneration.

The mouse model of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury described here comprises of a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia that results in acute kidney injury. This model uses a midline laparotomy approach with all steps performed via one incision.

신장 허혈 재관류 상해 : 상해의 마우스 모델 및 재생

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable ...

Murine Kidney Transplant Technique

The first mouse kidney transplant technique was published in 19731 by the Russell laboratory. Although it took some years for other labs to become proficient in and utilize this technique, it is now widely used by many laboratories around the world. A significant refinement to the original technique using the donor aorta to form the arterial anastomosis instead of the renal artery was developed and reported in 1993 by Kalina and Mottram 2 with a further advancement coming from the same laboratory in 1999 3. While one can become proficient in this model, a search of the literature reveals that many labs still experience a high proportion of graft loss due to arterial thrombosis. We describe here a technique that was devised in our laboratory that vastly reduces the arterial thrombus reported by others 4,5. This is achieved by forming a heel-and-toe cuff of the donor infra-renal aorta that facilitates a larger anastomosis and straighter blood flow into the kidney.

The goal of this manuscript is to describe the steps required to perform a kidney transplant in a mouse, paying particular attention to the details of the arterial anastomosis.

쥐 신장 이식 기술

The first mouse kidney transplant technique was published in 19731 by the Russell laboratory. Although it took some years for other labs to become ...

Assessment of Kidney Function in Mouse Models of Glomerular Disease

The use of murine models to mimic human kidney disease is becoming increasingly common. Our research is focused on the assessment of glomerular function in diabetic nephropathy and podocyte-specific VEGF-A knock-out mice; therefore, this protocol describes the full kidney work-up used in our lab to assess these mouse models of glomerular disease, enabling a vast amount of information regarding kidney and glomerular function to be obtained from a single mouse. In comparison to alternative methods presented in the literature to assess glomerular function, the use of the method outlined in this paper enables the glomerular phenotype to be fully evaluated from multiple aspects. By using this method, the researcher can determine the kidney phenotype of the model and assess the mechanism as to why the phenotype develops. This vital information on the mechanism of disease is required when examining potential therapeutic avenues in these models. The methods allow for detailed functional assessment of the glomerular filtration barrier through measurement of the urinary albumin creatinine ratio and individual glomerular water permeability, as well as both structural and ultra-structural examination using the Periodic Acid Schiff stain and electron microscopy. Furthermore, analysis of the genes dysregulated at the mRNA and protein level enables mechanistic analysis of glomerular function. This protocol outlines the generic but adaptable methods that can be applied to all mouse models of glomerular disease.

This protocol describes a full kidney work-up that should be carried out in mouse models of glomerular disease. The methods allow for detailed functional, structural, and mechanistic analysis of glomerular function, which can be applied to all mouse models of glomerular disease.

신장 기능 사 질병 마우스 모델에서의 평가

The use of murine models to mimic human kidney disease is becoming increasingly common. Our research is focused on the assessment of glomerular function ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Myography 와이어를 사용 하 여 마우스 Mesenteric 동맥의 isometric 수축 측정

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

An Efficient Sieving Method to Isolate Intact Glomeruli from Adult Rat Kidney

Preservation of glomerular structure and function is pivotal in the prevention of glomerulonephritis, a category of kidney disease characterized by proteinuria which can eventually lead to chronic and end-stage renal disease. The glomerulus is a complex apparatus responsible for the filtration of plasma from the body. In disease, structural integrity is lost and allows for the abnormal leakage of plasma contents into the urine. A method to isolate and examine glomeruli in culture is critical for the study of these diseases. In this protocol, an efficient method of retrieving intact glomeruli from adult rat kidneys while conserving structural and morphological characteristics is described. This process is capable of generating high yields of glomeruli per kidney with minimal contamination from other nephron segments. With these glomeruli, injury conditions can be mimicked by incubating them with a variety of chemical toxins, including protamine sulfate, which causes foot process effacement and proteinuria in animal models. Degree of injury can be assessed using transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, and western blotting. Nephrin and Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1) levels can also be assessed from these cultures. Due to the ease and flexibility of this protocol, the isolated glomeruli can be utilized as described or in a way that best suits the needs of the researcher to help better study glomerular health and structure in diseased states.

The main focus of this protocol is to efficiently isolate viable primary glomeruli cultures with minimal contaminants for use in a variety of downstream applications. The isolated glomeruli retain structural relationships between component cell types and can be cultured ex vivo for a short time.

그대로 Glomeruli 성인 쥐 신장에서 분리 하는 효율적인 체질 하 방법

Preservation of glomerular structure and function is pivotal in the prevention of glomerulonephritis, a category of kidney disease characterized by ...

Direct Drug Delivery to Kidney via the Renal Artery

There is a need for directed injections to enable increased and specific renal exposure for efficient evaluation of drug targets in the renal research field. Accumulation of drugs in certain organs may give rise to adverse and unwanted effects, depending on the nature of injectate. To minimize spillover and/or accumulation in other tissues, the herein described method directs the formulation into the renal artery bloodstream by inserting a catheter in the infra renal aorta, just below where it branches into the renal artery, resulting in the kidney as first reached organ and distributing of formulation throughout the kidney.
This manuscript provides a detailed description of the method, as well as its challenges and difficulties. It guides the experimenter to become skillful with this type of microsurgery that requires accuracy under sterile conditions. Speed is crucial for minimizing the ischemia and practicing the procedure will increase the chance of successful injections without adverse effects. By modulating the time between injection and reperfusion as well as the injected volume, the risk of spillover to other organs is mitigated. 
Note that this technique is suitable for single dosing strategies.

This manuscript describes a method for targeted delivery to a single kidney via a catheter placed in the infrarenal abdominal aorta in the mouse.

신장 동맥을 통해 신장에 직접 약물 전달

There is a need for directed injections to enable increased and specific renal exposure for efficient evaluation of drug targets in the renal research ...