저자들은 다트머스 (Dartmouth)의 비교 의학 및 연구 센터 (CCMR) 직원들에게이 연구에 사용 된 마우스에 대한 전문적인 관리에 감사드립니다. Bornstein Research Fund가이 연구에 자금을 지원했습니다.

저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

항상성 및 질환 동안 CNS 구획 내의 세포 조성을 평가하기 위한 방법은 CNS의 생리학적 및 병리학적 상태를 이해하는데 필수적이다. 그러나 CNS에서 중요한 장벽 역할을 하고 다양한 면역 세포를 수용함에도 불구하고 뇌와 척수에 대한 기존의 많은 조직 추출 방법이 이러한 막의 수집을 허용하지 않기 때문에 수막은 종종 분석에서 생략됩니다. 이러한 누락은 수막의 세포 구성과 기능, 정상 상태 및 ?...

중추신경계(CNS)는 면역학적으로 특화된 부위입니다. 중추신경계 실질은 뇌척수액 공간, 수막 및 혈관계를 제외하고, 고전적으로 면역-특권 부위 1,2,3,4,5로 간주되며, 항상성 상태 동안 면역 세포가 상대적으로 없다 2,6,7. 대조적으로, 경막층, 거미층, 피아층으로 구성된 수막은 중추신경계 구획의 중요한 구성 요소로, 질병 발병기전동안 항상성 면역 감시 및 염증 과정에 적극적으로 참여합니다 3,6,7,8. 정상 상태 조건에서 수막은 선천성 림프 세포(ILC), 대식세포, 수지상 세포(DC), 비만 세포, T 세포 및 그보다 덜하지만 B 세포를 포함한 수많은 면역 감시 세포를 지원합니다 9,10,11.
수막은 고도로 혈관화된 구조이며 CNS와 그 주변 사이에 림프 연결을 제공하는 림프관을 포함합니다 8,12,13,14. CNS 손상, 감염, 자가면역 또는 신경변성에 의해 유발된 염증성 상태에서 말초 유래 면역 세포가 실질에 침투하여 수막 내의 면역 환경을 변경합니다. 세포 침윤 후, 수막은 말초 유래 면역 세포에 대한 기능적 틈새를 나타낼 수 있으며, 면역 세포 응집, 국소 면역 세포 활성화 및 CNS 구획에서의 장기 생존을 촉진할 수 있습니다. 두드러진 수막 염증은 다발성 경화증 (MS) 15,16,17,18,19, 뇌졸중 20,21, 무균 손상 22,23 (즉, 척수 손상 및 외상성 뇌 손상), 편두통 24 및 미생물 감염 25,26,27,28,29. 따라서, 수막 구획에서 상주 세포 및 말초 유래 면역 세포의 특성화는 정상 상태 및 질병 발병 기전 동안 이러한 세포의 역할을 이해하는 데 필수적입니다.
두개골과 척추체에서 뇌, 척수 및 수막을 추출하는 것은 기술적으로 어렵고 시간이 많이 걸립니다. 현재 세 개의 수막층이 모두 손상되지 않은 상태에서 뇌를 빠르게 추출할 수 있는 기술은 없습니다. 추궁 절제술은 우수한 척수 조직 형태를 산출하고 수막층을 보존하지만 시간이 많이 걸리고 복잡합니다30,31. 반대로, 두개골에서 뇌를 제거하고 척수를 수압 압출하는 것과 같은 보다 전통적인 추출 방법은 CNS 조직의 빠른 추출을 용이하게 하지만 이러한 기술로 거미주막과 경막 수막이 모두 손실됩니다(30,31). 뇌 및 척수 조직의 기존 분리 동안 경막 및 지주막 층의 누락은 CNS 구획 내의 세포에 대한 불완전한 분석을 초래합니다. 따라서 수막이 손상되지 않은 CNS 조직의 빠른 추출에 초점을 맞춘 새로운 기술의 식별은 CNS 구획의 최적 분석에 매우 중요합니다.
이 원고는 생쥐에서 뇌, 척수 및 수막을 신속하게 추출하는 두 가지 방법을 제시하여 CNS 실질 및 수막에서 상주 세포 및 말초 유래 면역 세포의 다운스트림 분석을 용이하게 합니다. 이러한 최적화된 프로토콜은 1) 다운스트림 분석을 위한 단일 세포 현탁액 분리 및 2) 조직학적 처리를 위한 조직 준비에 중점을 둡니다. 뇌, 척수 조직, 경막 및 지주막 수막(32)으로부터 단세포 현탁액을 얻는 것은 실질 및 수막 구획 둘 다에 상주하는 세포의 동시 분석을 가능하게 한다. 단일 세포 현탁액은 시험관 내 자극 33, 효소 결합 면역스팟(ELISpot)28,34,35, 유세포 분석(36,33) 및 단일 세포 37 또는 벌크 전사체학을 수행하기 위한 세포 배양 분석을 포함한 다양한 응용 분야에서 사용할 수 있습니다. 또한, 두개골 또는 척추가 각각 손상되지 않은 전체 뇌 및 척수의 석회질 제거를 위해 최적화된 프로토콜은 주변 뼈의 부드러운 석회화를 허용하여 수막을 온전하게 유지하고 조직 형태를 보존합니다. 이 방법을 사용하면 실질 및 수막 공간 모두에서 면역조직화학(IHC) 또는 제자리 혼성화(ISH) 기술을 사용하여 단백질 또는 RNA를 선택적으로 식별할 수 있습니다. CNS 내에서 상주 세포 및 말초 유래 면역 세포의 표현형, 활성화 상태 및 국소화의 특성화는 CNS 구획의 개별 세포 유형이 항상성 및 질병 발병기전에 어떻게 기여하는지 이해하는 데 필수적인 정보를 제공할 수 있습니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum foil</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>37002D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>Allegra X-12R centrifuge</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase I</td>
			<td>Worthington</td>
			<td>LS004196</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical tube, 15 mL</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>525-1069</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical tube, 50 mL</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89039-658</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover glass</td>
			<td>Hauser Scientific</td>
			<td>5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryomold</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>18000-128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11003-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable polystyrene tube, 14 mL</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-959-1B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Scalpel</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC0595256</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNAse I</td>
			<td>Worthington</td>
			<td>LS002139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dry ice</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Durmont #7Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11271-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA disodium salt dihydrate</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0105-500g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol, 100%</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30910.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter top tube, 5 mL</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fixable viability stain 780</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>565388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometer</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>Gallios</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>D16-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-mouse IgG (488 conjugate)</td>
			<td>Jackson immunoresearch</td>
			<td>115-546-146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-mouse IgG (594 conjugate)</td>
			<td>Jackson immunoresearch</td>
			<td>115-586-146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rabbit 488</td>
			<td>Jackson immunoresearch</td>
			<td>111-545-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rat 594</td>
			<td>Jackson immunoresearch</td>
			<td>112-585-167</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rat 650</td>
			<td>Jackson immunoresearch</td>
			<td>112-605-167</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#39;s Balnced Salt Solution (HBSS)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>21-020-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemacytometer</td>
			<td>Andwin Scientific</td>
			<td>02-671-51B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemostat</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>13004-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethane sulfonic acid)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15630080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Fisher chemical</td>
			<td>BP366-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4 (anhydrous)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5655-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liquid Nitrogen</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse FC block (CD16/32)</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>553141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HP04 (anhydrous)</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>S374-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Fisher chemical</td>
			<td>S671-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle, 25 gauge</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>305122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal mouse serum</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>31881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon mesh strainer</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCT</td>
			<td>Sakura</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde, 20%</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15713-S</td>
			<td>Diluted to 4% using 1 x PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur pipette, 9 inch, unplugged</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-20C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (1x)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>21-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE Rat Anti-Mouse CD4</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>553730</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE-CF594 Rat Anti-Mouse CD19</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>562329</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Percoll density gradient media</td>
			<td>GE healthcare</td>
			<td>17-0891-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PerCP-Cy5.5 Rat Anti-Mouse CD45</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>550994</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish, 100 mm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH meter</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-636-AB150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet-Aid</td>
			<td>Drummond Scientific Corporation</td>
			<td>4-000-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette 200 &#181;l</td>
			<td>Gilson</td>
			<td>FA10005M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette tips, 1 mL</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1111-2831</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette tips, 200 &#181;l</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1111-1816</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette, 1 mL</td>
			<td>Gilson</td>
			<td>FA10006M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Diamond mountant with DAPI</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P36962</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purified Rat Anti-Mouse CD16/CD32</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>553141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti-mouse CD3 (SP7 clone)</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab16669</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti-mouse laminin</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab11575</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat anti-mouse ERT-R7</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab51824</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipet, 1 mL</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>357521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipet, 10 mL</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>357551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipet, 5 mL</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>357543</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S318-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Fisher chemical</td>
			<td>S5-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14001-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical scissors, extra fine</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe, 10 mL</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>302995</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe, 5 mL</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>309646</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum filter system</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>20207749</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum flask</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>5340-2L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum in-line filter</td>
			<td>Pall Corporation</td>
			<td>4402</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum line</td>
			<td>Cole Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-06414-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Versa bath</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolating central nervous system tissues and associated meninges for the downstream analysis of immune cells

중추신경계(CNS)는 뇌와 척수로 구성되어 있으며 말초와 중추신경계 사이의 장벽 역할을 하는 막층인 수막으로 둘러싸여 있습니다. CNS는 면역학적으로 특화된 부위이며, 정상 상태 조건에서 면역 특권은 CNS 실질에서 가장 분명합니다. 대조적으로, 수막에는 선천성 및 적응 면역 세포를 포함한 다양한 상주 세포가 있습니다. CNS 손상, 자가면역, 감염 또는 신경변성에 의해 유발되는 염증 상태에서 말초 유래 면역 세포가 실질에 들어가 수막 내에 거주할 수 있습니다. 이 세포는 CNS 질병 발병 기간 동안 유익한 작용과 해로운 작용을 모두 수행하는 것으로 생각됩니다. 이러한 지식에도 불구하고, 수막은 종종 CNS 구획을 분석할 때 간과되는데, 이는 종래의 CNS 조직 추출 방법이 수막층을 생략하기 때문이다. 이 프로토콜은 단일 세포 기술, 면역조직화학 및 현장 혼성화 방법을 통한 다운스트림 분석에 적합한 쥐 CNS 조직(즉, 뇌, 척수 및 수막)의 신속한 분리를 위한 두 가지 고유한 방법을 제시합니다. 설명된 방법은 항상성 조건 및 질병 발병 기전 동안 CNS 구획을 차지하는 세포의 표현형, 기능 및 국소화를 평가하는 데 이상적인 CNS 조직의 포괄적인 분석을 제공합니다.

이 대표적인 실험은 B 및 T 세포를 정량화하고 항상성 상태뿐만 아니라 쥐 진행성 MS 모델(즉, TMEV-IDD)에서 수막 및 실질 CNS 구획에서 B 및 T 세포 국소화를 설명하는 것을 목표로 했습니다. TMEV-IDD는 앞서 기술된 바와 같이 TMEV BeAn의 5 x 106 플라크 형성 단위 (PFU)에 의한 두개내 감염에 의해 5주령 암컷 SJL 마우스에서 유도되었다(29).
본 연구는 감염 후 120?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells at JoVE.com

Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells

이 논문은 뇌, 척수 및 수막을 포함한 중추 신경계 내에서 상주 및 말초 유래 면역 세포를 검사하기 위한 두 가지 최적화된 프로토콜을 제시합니다. 이러한 각 프로토콜은 정상 상태 및 염증 조건에서 이러한 구획을 차지하는 세포의 기능과 구성을 확인하는 데 도움이 됩니다.

면역 세포의 다운스트림 분석을 위한 중추신경계 조직 및 관련 수막 분리

The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of the brain and spinal cord and is enveloped by the meninges, membranous layers serving as a barrier ...

isolating-central-nervous-system-tissues-associated-meninges-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

8.8K 조회수.  Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. 이 논문은 뇌, 척수 및 수막을 포함한 중추 신경계 내에서 상주 및 말초 유래 면역 세포를 검사하기 위한 두 가지 최적화된 프로토콜을 제시합니다. 이러한 각 프로토콜은 정상 상태 및 염증 조건에서 이러한 구획을 차지하는 세포의 기능과 구성을 확인하는 데 도움이 됩니다.

비디오: Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cells Within Murine Aortas

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process of medium and large size vessels that is characterized by the formation of plaques consisting of foam cells, immune cells, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, platelets, extracellular matrix, and a lipid-rich core with extensive necrosis and fibrosis of surrounding tissues.1 The innate and adaptive arms of the immune response are involved in the initiation, development and persistence of atherosclerosis.2, 3 There is a significant body of evidence that different subsets of the immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, are present within the aortas of healthy and atherosclerosis-prone mice4. Additionally, immune cells are found in the surrounding aortic adventitia which suggests an important role of this tissue in atherogenesis.2
For some time, the quantitative detection of different types of immune cells, their activation status, and the cellular composition within the aortic wall was limited by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods for the study of atherosclerosis. Few attempts were made to perform flow cytometry using human aortas, and a number of problems, such as a high autofluorescence, have been reported5,6. Human atherosclerotic plaques were digested with collagenase 1, and free cells were collected and stained for CD14+/CD11c+ to highlight macrophage-derived foam cells. In this study, a "mock" channel was used to avoid false-positive staining.6 Necrotic materials accumulating during the digestion process give rise in a large amount of debris that generates a high autofluorescence in aortic samples. To resolve this problem, a panel of negative and positive controls has been proposed, but only double staining could be applied in these samples. We have developed a new flow cytometry-based method7 to analyze the immune cell composition and characterize the activation, proliferation, differentiation of immune cells in healthy and atherosclerosis-prone aorta. This method allows the investigation of the immune cell composition of the aortic wall and opens possibilities to use a broad spectrum of immunological methods for investigations of immune aspects of this disease.

This paper presents a flow cytometry-based method to investigate the immune composition of aortas. The paper also illustrates an additional technique that allows examining surrounding adventitia and vessel wall separately. This method opens possibilities to perform phenotypical analyses of aortic leukocytes and apply several immunological assays for atherosclerosis studies.

Murine Aortas 이내에 면역 세포의 흐름 Cytometry 분석

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process of medium and large size vessels that is characterized by the formation of plaques consisting of foam ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Culturing Microglia from the Neonatal and Adult Central Nervous System

Microglia are the resident macrophage-like cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and, as such, have critically important roles in physiological and pathological processes such as CNS maturation in development, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury. Microglia can be activated and recruited to action by neuronal injury or stimulation, such as axonal damage seen in MS or ischemic brain trauma resulting from stroke. These immunocompetent members of the CNS are also thought to have roles in synaptic plasticity under non-pathological conditions. We employ protocols for culturing microglia from the neonatal and adult tissues that are aimed to maximize the viable cell numbers while minimizing confounding variables, such as the presence of other CNS cell types and cell culture debris. We utilize large and easily discernable CNS components (e.g. cortex, spinal cord segments), which makes the entire process feasible and reproducible. The use of adult cells is a suitable alternative to the use of neonatal brain microglia, as many pathologies studied mainly affect the postnatal spinal cord. These culture systems are also useful for directly testing the effect of compounds that may either inhibit or promote microglial activation. Since microglial activation can shape the outcomes of disease in the adult CNS, there is a need for in vitro systems in which neonatal and adult microglia can be cultured and studied.

We outline methods for the efficient and quick isolation/culture of viable microglia from the neonatal cerebral cortex and adult spinal cord. The dissection and plating of cortical microglia can be accomplished within 90 minutes, with the subsequent microglial harvest taking place ~ 10 days following the initial dissection.

신생아와 성인 중추 신경계에서 배양 소교 세포

Microglia are the resident macrophage-like cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and, as such, have critically important roles in physiological and ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Immune Cells from the Ischemic Mouse Brain

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident cells. A key mechanism of this inflammatory response is the migration of circulating immune cells to the ischemic brain facilitated by chemokine release and increased endothelial adhesion molecule expression. Brain-invading leukocytes are well-known contributing to early-stage secondary ischemic injury, but their significance for the termination of inflammation and later brain repair has only recently been noticed.
Here, a simple protocol for the efficient isolation of immune cells from the ischemic mouse brain is provided. After transcardial perfusion, brain hemispheres are dissected and mechanically dissociated. Enzymatic digestion with Liberase&#160;is followed by density gradient (such as Percoll) centrifugation to remove myelin and cell debris. One major advantage of this protocol is the single-layer density gradient procedure which does not require time-consuming preparation of gradients and can be reliably performed. The approach yields highly reproducible cell counts per brain hemisphere and allows for measuring several flow cytometry panels in one biological replicate. Phenotypic characterization and quantification of brain-invading leukocytes after experimental stroke may contribute to a better understanding of their multifaceted roles in ischemic injury and repair.

Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Increasing evidence suggests that it acts as a double-edged sword which exacerbates early brain injury, but also contributes to later repair. This protocol describes the isolation of immune cells from the ischemic brain and their subsequent flow cytometric phenotyping.

허혈성 마우스 뇌에서 면역 세포의 분리 및 유세포 분석

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident ...

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues

Multiple sclerosis is presumed to be an inflammatory autoimmune disease, which is characterized by lesion formation in the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in cognitive and motor impairment. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a useful animal model of MS, because it is also characterized by lesion formation in the CNS, motor impairment and is also driven by autoimmune and inflammatory reactions. One of the EAE models is induced with a peptide derived from the myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG)35-55 in mice. The EAE mice develop a progressive disease course. This course is divided into three phases: the preclinical phase (day 0 - 9), the disease onset (day 10 - 11) and the acute phase (day 12 - 14). MS and EAE are induced by autoreactive T cells that infiltrate the CNS. These T cells secrete chemokines and cytokines which lead to the recruitment of further immune cells. Therefore, the immune cell distribution in the spinal cord during the three disease phases was investigated. To highlight the time point of the disease at which the activation/proliferation/accumulation of T cells, B cells and monocytes starts, the immune cell distribution in lymph nodes, spleen and blood was also assessed. Furthermore, the levels of several cytokines (IL-1&#946;, IL-6, IL-23, TNF&#945;, IFN&#947;) in the three disease phases were determined, to gain insight into the inflammatory processes of the disease. In conclusion, the data provide an overview of the functional profile of immune cells during EAE pathology.

This manuscript describes the methods for induction and scoring of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, together with the assessment of immune cell distribution and mRNA cytokine levels in lymph nodes, spleen, blood and spinal cord using flow cytometry and quantitative PCR, respectively, at various disease phases.

다양한 조직에서 면역 세포의 질병에 의존하는 유통의 마우스 및 평가에 실험자가 면역 뇌척수염의 유도

Multiple sclerosis is presumed to be an inflammatory autoimmune disease, which is characterized by lesion formation in the central nervous system (CNS) ...

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Immune Synapse in the Human System Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

The immune synapse is the area of communication between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). T cells polarize surface receptors and proteins towards the immune synapse to assure a stable binding and signal exchange. Classical confocal, TIRF, or super-resolution microscopy have been used to study the immune synapse. Since these methods require manual image acquisition and time-consuming quantification, the imaging of rare events is challenging. Here, we describe a workflow that enables the morphological analysis of tens of thousands of cells. Immune synapses are induced between primary human T cells in pan-leukocyte preparations and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB)-loaded Raji cells as APCs. Image acquisition is performed with imaging flow cytometry, also called In-Flow microscopy, which combines features of a flow cytometer and a fluorescence microscope. A complete gating strategy for identifying T cell/APC couples and analyzing the immune synapses is provided. As this workflow allows the analysis of immune synapses in unpurified pan-leukocyte preparations and hence requires only a small volume of blood (i.e., 1 mL), it can be applied to samples from patients. Importantly, several samples can be prepared, measured, and analyzed in parallel.

Here, we describe a complete workflow for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of immune synapses between primary human T cells and antigen-presenting cells. The method is based on imaging flow cytometry, which allows the acquisition and evaluation of several thousand cell images within a relatively short period of time.

Cytometry 이미징 사용 하 여 인간의 시스템에 면역 시 냅 스의 질적 및 양적 분석

The immune synapse is the area of communication between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). T cells polarize surface receptors and proteins ...

Analysis of Microglia and Monocyte-derived Macrophages from the Central Nervous System by Flow Cytometry

Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of immune cells, in particular macrophages, in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. There are two main macrophage populations in the CNS: (i) the microglia, which are the resident macrophages of the CNS and are derived from yolk sac progenitors during embryogenesis, and (ii) the monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), which can infiltrate the CNS during disease and are derived from bone marrow progenitors. The roles of each macrophage subpopulation differ depending on the pathology being studied. Furthermore, there is no consensus on the histological markers or the distinguishing criteria used for these macrophage subpopulations. However, the analysis of the expression profiles of the CD11b and CD45 markers by flow cytometry allows us to distinguish the microglia (CD11b+CD45med) from the MDM (CD11b+CD45high). In this protocol, we show that the density gradient centrifugation and the flow cytometry analysis can be used to characterize these CNS macrophage subpopulations, and to study several markers of interest expressed by these cells as we recently published. Thus, this technique can further our understanding of the role of macrophages in mouse models of neurological diseases and can also be used to evaluate drug effects on these cells.

This protocol provides an analysis of the macrophage subpopulations in the adult mouse central nervous system by flow cytometry and is helpful for the study of multiple markers expressed by these cells.

유동 세포 계측법에 의한 중추 신경계에서 유래 된 대장 세포 및 단구 세포 유래 대 식세포의 분석

Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of immune cells, in particular macrophages, in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. There are two main ...

Isolating Lymphocytes from the Mouse Small Intestinal Immune System

The intestinal immune system plays an essential role in maintaining the barrier function of the gastrointestinal tract by generating tolerant responses to dietary antigens and commensal bacteria while mounting effective immune responses to enteropathogenic microbes. In addition, it has become clear that local intestinal immunity has a profound impact on distant and systemic immunity. Therefore, it is important to study how an intestinal immune response is induced and what the immunologic outcome of the response is. Here, a detailed protocol is described for the isolation of lymphocytes from small intestine inductive sites like the gut-associated lymphoid tissue Peyer&#39;s patches and the draining mesenteric lymph nodes and effector sites like the lamina propria and the intestinal epithelium. This technique ensures isolation of a large numbers of lymphocytes from small intestinal tissues with optimal purity and viability and minimal cross compartmental contamination within acceptable time constraints. The technical capability to isolate lymphocytes and other immune cells from intestinal tissues enables the understanding of immune responses to gastrointestinal infections, cancers, and inflammatory diseases.

Here we describe a detailed protocol for the isolation of lymphocytes from the inductive sites including the gut-associated lymphoid tissue Peyer&#39;s patches and the draining mesenteric lymph nodes, and the effector sites including the lamina propria and the intestinal epithelium of the small intestinal immune system.

마우스 작은 장의 면역 시스템에서 세포를 분리

The intestinal immune system plays an essential role in maintaining the barrier function of the gastrointestinal tract by generating tolerant responses to ...

A Positioning Device for the Placement of Mice During Intranasal siRNA Delivery to the Central Nervous System

Intranasal (IN) drug delivery to the brain has emerged as a promising method to bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for the delivery of drugs into the central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies demonstrate the use of a peptide, RVG9R, incorporating the minimal receptor-binding domain of the Rabies virus glycoprotein, in eliciting the delivery of siRNA into neurons in the brain. In this protocol, the peptide-siRNA formulation is delivered intranasally with a pipette in the dominant hand, while the anesthetized mouse is restrained by the scruff with the nondominant hand in a "head down-and-forward position" to avoid drainage into the lung and stomach upon inhalation. This precise gripping of mice can be learned but is not easy and requires practice and skill to result in effective CNS uptake. Furthermore, the process is long-drawn, requiring about 45 min for the administration of a total volume of ~20-30 &#181;L of solution in 1-2 &#181;L droplet volumes per inhalation, with 3-4 min rest periods between each inhalation. The objective of this study is to disclose a mouse positioning device that enables the appropriate placement of mice for efficient IN administration of the peptide-siRNA formulation. Multiple features are incorporated into the design of the device, such as four or eight positioning chairs with adjustable height and tilt to restrain anesthetized mice in the head down-and-forward position, enabling easy visualization of the mice's nares and a built-in heating pad to maintain the mice's body temperatures during the procedure. Importantly, the ability to treat four or eight mice simultaneously with RVG9R-siRNA complexes in this manner enables studies on a much quicker time scale, for the testing of an IN therapeutic siRNA approach. In conclusion, this device allows for appropriate and controlled mouse head positioning for IN application of RVG9R-siRNA and other therapeutic molecules, such as nanoparticles or antibodies, for CNS delivery.

Here, we present a protocol using a mouse positioning device that enables the appropriate placement of mice for the intranasal administration of a brain-targeting peptide-siRNA formulation enabling effective gene silencing in the central nervous system.

중추 신경계에 비강 siRNA 전달 하는 동안 마우스의 배치에 대 한 위치 장치

Intranasal (IN) drug delivery to the brain has emerged as a promising method to bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for the delivery of drugs into the ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the combination of environmental factors and susceptible genetic background. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a typical disease model of MS widely used for investigating the pathogenesis in which T lymphocytes specific for myelin antigens initiate an inflammatory reaction in CNS. It is very important to assess how lymphocytes in the CNS regulate the development of disease. However, the approach for measuring the quantity and quality of infiltrated lymphocytes in the CNS is very limited due to the difficulties in isolating and detecting infiltrated lymphocytes from the brain. This manuscript presents a protocol for that is useful for the isolation, identification, and characterization of infiltrated lymphocytes from the CNS and will be helpful for our understanding of how lymphocytes are involved in the development of the CNS autoimmune disease.

This manuscript presents a protocol to induce active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. A method for the isolation and characterization of the infiltrated lymphocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) is also presented to show how lymphocytes are involved in the development of CNS autoimmune disease.

실험적인 자가면역 뇌척수염 중 중추신경계에서 림프구 침투의 흐름 세포 분석

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the combination of environmental factors and susceptible ...

Isolation of Mouse Kidney-Resident CD8+ T cells for Flow Cytometry Analysis

Tissue-resident memory T cell (TRM) is a rapidly expanding field of immunology research. Isolating T cells from various non-lymphoid tissues is one of the key steps to investigate TRMs. There are slight variations in lymphocyte isolation protocols for different organs. Kidney is an essential non-lymphoid organ with numerous immune cell infiltration especially after pathogen exposure or autoimmune activation. In recent years, multiple labs including our own have started characterizing kidney resident CD8+ T cells in various physiological and pathological settings in both mouse and human. Due to the abundance of T lymphocytes, kidney represents an attractive model organ to study TRMs in non-mucosal or non-barrier tissues. Here, we will describe a protocol commonly used in TRM-focused labs to isolate CD8+ T cells from mouse kidneys following systemic viral infection. Briefly, using an acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection model in C57BL/6 mice, we demonstrate intravascular CD8+ T cell labeling, enzymatic digestion, and density gradient centrifugation to isolate and enrich lymphocytes from mouse kidneys to make samples ready for the subsequent flow cytometry analysis.

Isolation of Mouse Kidney-Resident CD8+ T cells for Flow Cytometry Analysis

Following viral infection, kidney harbors a relatively large number of CD8+ T cells and offers an opportunity to study non-mucosal TRM cells. Here, we describe a protocol to isolate mouse kidney lymphocytes for flow cytometry analysis.

유동 세포 분석용 마우스 신장 거주자 CD8+ T 세포의 격리

Tissue-resident memory T cell (TRM) is a rapidly expanding field of immunology research. Isolating T cells from various non-lymphoid tissues is one of the ...