Name: standard test method astm d 7998-19 for the cohesive strength development of wood adhesives
Uploaded: 2020-05-17T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Standard Test Method ASTM D 7998-19 for the Cohesive Strength Development of Wood Adhesives at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the&#160;United Soybean Board grant&#160;1940-352-0701-C and the U.S.&#160;Department of Agriculture\Forest&#160;Service. We appreciate the support and detailed information&#160;from Phil Humphrey of AES.

1. Preparation of substrates
<ol>
	<li>Use a substrate surface that is suitable for the application. For wood, use a sliced veneer of about 0.6 to 0.8 mm thick from a reliable producer because these veneers are used for plywood and laminated veneer lumber (LVL) manufacturing. These are obtained from a veneer supplier, as sheets of 0.6 to 0.8 mm thickness and cut into 305 mm on a side. A consistent substrate is a hard maple (Acer saccharum) face veneer because of its surface smoothness and consistent thickness,...

<ol>
	<li>Lambuth, A., Pizzi, A., Mittal, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+adhesives+for+wood.">Protein adhesives for wood.</a> Handbook of Adhesive Technology. , 457-477 (2003).</li><li>Keimel, F. A., Pizzi, A., Mittal, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Historical+development+of+adhesives+and+adhesive+bonding.">Historical development of adhesives and adhesive bonding.</a> Handbook of Adhesive Technology. , 1-12 (2003).</li><li>Marra, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Technology of Wood Bonding: Principles in Practice. , 454 (1992).</li><li>Dunky, M., Pizzi, A., Mittal, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adhesives+in+the+Wood+Industry.">Adhesives in the Wood Industry.</a> Handbook of Adhesive Technology. , 511-574 (2017).</li><li>River, B. H., Vick, C. B., Gillespie, R. H., Minford, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wood+as+an+adherend.">Wood as an adherend.</a> Treatise on Adhesion and Adhesives. , (1991).</li><li>Liswell, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploration+of+Wood+DCB+Specimens+Using+Southern+Yellow+Pine+for+Monotonic+and+Cyclic+Loading.">Exploration of Wood DCB Specimens Using Southern Yellow Pine for Monotonic and Cyclic Loading.</a> Engineering Mechanics. , (2004).</li><li>Frihart, C. R., Rowell, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wood+Adhesion+and+Adhesives.">Wood Adhesion and Adhesives.</a> Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites. , 255-313 (2013).</li><li>Humphrey, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+device+to+test+adhesive+bonds.">A device to test adhesive bonds.</a> U.S. Patent. , (2003).</li><li>Humphrey, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature+and+reactant+injection+effects+on+the+bonding+kinetics+of+thermosetting+adhesives.">Temperature and reactant injection effects on the bonding kinetics of thermosetting adhesives.</a> Wood adhesives. , (2005).</li><li>Humphrey, P. E., Frihart, C. R., Hunt, C., Moon, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Outline+Standard+for+Adhesion+Dynamics+Evaluation+Employing+the+ABES+(Automated+Bonding+Evaluation+System)+Technique.">Outline Standard for Adhesion Dynamics Evaluation Employing the ABES (Automated Bonding Evaluation System) Technique.</a> International Conference on Wood Adhesives 2009. , 213-223 (2010).</li><li>ASTM International. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> D 7998-19 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Effect of Temperature on the Cohesive Strength Development of Adhesives using Lap Shear Bonds under Tensile Loading, in Vol. 15.06. , (2019).</li><li>Rohumaa, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+felling+season+and+log-soaking+temperature+on+the+wetting+and+phenol+formaldehyde+adhesive+bonding+characteristics+of+birch+veneer.">The influence of felling season and log-soaking temperature on the wetting and phenol formaldehyde adhesive bonding characteristics of birch veneer.</a> Holzforschung. 68 (8), 965-970 (2014).</li><li>Rohumaa, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+Log+Soaking+and+the+Temperature+of+Peeling+on+the+Properties+of+Rotary-Cut+Birch+(Betula+pendula+Roth)+Veneer+Bonded+with+Phenol-Formaldehyde+Adhesive.">Effect of Log Soaking and the Temperature of Peeling on the Properties of Rotary-Cut Birch (Betula pendula Roth) Veneer Bonded with Phenol-Formaldehyde Adhesive.</a> Bioresources. 11 (3), 5829-5838 (2016).</li><li>Smith, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+some+process+variables+on+the+lap-shear+strength+of+aspen+strands+uniformly+coated+with+pmdi-resin.">The effect of some process variables on the lap-shear strength of aspen strands uniformly coated with pmdi-resin.</a> Wood and Fiber Science. 36 (2), 228-238 (2004).</li><li>Pizzi, A., Pizzi, A., Mittal, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Urea-formaldehyde+adhesives.">Urea-formaldehyde adhesives.</a> Handbook of Adhesive Technology. , 635-652 (2003).</li><li>O'Dell, J. L., Hunt, C. G., Frihart, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+temperature+performance+of+soy-based+adhesives.">High temperature performance of soy-based adhesives.</a> Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology. 27 (18-19), 2027-2042 (2013).</li><li>Frihart, C. R., Beecher, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+that+lead+to+failure+with+wood+adhesive+bonds.">Factors that lead to failure with wood adhesive bonds.</a> World Conference on Timber Engineering 2016. , (2016).</li><li>Hunt, C. G., Frihart, C. R., Dunky, M., Rohumaa, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+wood+bonds:+going+beyond+what+meets+the+eye.">Understanding wood bonds: going beyond what meets the eye.</a> Reviews of Adhesives and Adhesion. 6 (4), 369-440 (2018).</li><li>Frihart, C. R., Dally, B. N., Wescott, J. M., Birkeland, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bio-Based+Adhesives+and+Reliable+Rapid+Small+Scale+Bond+Strength+Testing.">Bio-Based Adhesives and Reliable Rapid Small Scale Bond Strength Testing.</a> International Symposium on Advanced Biomass Science and Technology for Bio-based Products. , (2009).</li></ol>

Critical steps in the procedure are as follows: selection of substrates, preparation of specimens, operability of the equipment, and bonding of samples.
The substrate must be strong, have minimal defects (smooth, flat, no cracks and no discoloration. Unsanded, rotary cut cabinetry face veneer of a diffuse porous hardwood with sugar maple (Acer saccharum) preferred. Sanding creates a less even and more fragmented surface7. After conditioning the veneer at 21 &#1...

Wood bonding is the largest single adhesive market and has led to efficient use of forest resources. For many centuries, solid wood was used for most applications, except for furniture construction, with no test criteria except product in-use durability. However, bonded wood products became more common, starting with plywood and glulam beams, using bio-based adhesives1,2. Although these products were satisfactory at the time, the replacement of soy, casein, and blood glues by synthetic adhesives containing formaldehyde led to improved properties. The higher performance of these new adhesives led to defined testing standards with higher performance expectations than achievable with most bio-based adhesives. The synthetic adhesives also made possible the bonding of particles including sawdust to form particleboards, fibers to form fiberboards with varying densities, chips to provide oriented strandboard and parallel strand lumber, veneers to yield plywood and laminated veneer lumber, as well as finger jointed lumber, glulam, cross laminated lumber, and wood I-joists3. Each of these products have their own testing criteria4. Thus, the development of a new adhesive can require a lot of formulation work and extensive testing to determine if there is any potential for developing sufficient strength. This time-consuming testing and the complexity of wood properties and wood bonding5 has limited the development of new adhesives. In addition, the mechanical properties of wood adhesives can be different when cured between wood surfaces as opposed to neat6. Curing in contact with wood allows water and low molecular weight components from the adhesive to escape, in addition to complex interphase and chemical interactions of the adhesive with the wood3,7.
The development of the Automated Bonding Evaluation System (ABES) has been very helpful for understanding the strength development of wood adhesives because it is rapid and easy to use8,9,10. The system is an integral unit that bonds lap-shear samples and then measures the force under tension needed to break the bond. Its utility has led to development of ASTM method D7998-19 that uses this system11. Although this system was originally designed to measure adhesive strength development as a function of temperature and time, it can also measure the heat resistance of cured adhesives, as well as routine bond strength evaluation. Although the ABES test is a very useful preliminary screening tool, like any test, it has its limitations and does not replace all specific product strength and durability testing.
While there are many means of gauging the curing characteristics of adhesives, ranging from gel-time rheometry to differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and spectroscopy of many types, only the ABES method measures the development of mechanical strength. This requires an instrument that is tightly controlled for heating, cooling, and in-place tensile testing11.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive</td>
			<td>Supplied by user</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Balance</td>
			<td>Normal supply house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mark II Automated Bonding Evaluation System (ABES-II)</td>
			<td>Adhesive Evaluation Systems Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pneumatically driven sample cutting device</td>
			<td>Adhesive Evaluation Systems Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Regular spatula</td>
			<td>Normal supply house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wood supply &#8211; Hard maple</td>
			<td>Besse Forest Products Group</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

standard test method astm d 7998-19 for the cohesive strength development of wood adhesives

The properties of cured wood adhesives are difficult to study because of the loss of water and other components to the wood, the influence of wood on the adhesive cure, and the effect of adhesive penetration on the wood interphase; thus, normal testing of a neat adhesive film is generally not useful. Most tests of wood adhesive bond strength are slow, laborious, can be strongly influenced by the wood and do not provide information on the kinetics of cure. Test method ASTM D 7998-19, however, can be used for fast evaluation of the strength of wood bonds. The use of a smooth, uniform, and strong wood surface, like maple face-veneer, and sufficient bonding pressure reduces the adhesion and wood strength effects on bond strength. This method has three main applications. The first is to provide consistent data on bond strength development. The second is to measure the dry and wet strengths of bonded lap shear samples. The third is to better understand the adhesive heat resistance by quickly evaluating thermal sensitivity and distinguishing between thermal softening and thermal degradation.

The procedure has been used extensively for the study of protein adhesives at the Forest Products Laboratory. It has been found that less than 2 MPa wet bond strength was insufficient to warrant further wood adhesive testing, while greater than 3 MPa was a promising result for further testing19. It has been shown to be useful in demonstrating sensitivity of wood processing conditions12,13. Further examples can be found in Frihart publicati...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Standard Test Method ASTM D 7998-19 for the Cohesive Strength Development of Wood Adhesives at JoVE.com

Standard Test Method ASTM D 7998-19 for the Cohesive Strength Development of Wood Adhesives

We present a procedure, ASTM D7998-19, for a rapid and more consistent evaluation of both dry and wet strength of adhesive bonds on wood. The method can also be used to provide information on strength development as a function of temperature and time or strength retention up to 250 &#176;C.

The properties of cured wood adhesives are difficult to study because of the loss of water and other components to the wood, the influence of wood on the ...

The Abes Automatic Bond evaluation system is the only method for testing sheer bond strength as the adhesive is being cured because it is much faster and easier to use. It is the best method for developing new adhesives for wood bonding. This method can be applied to other adhesive systems for which it would be helpful to determine the strength of the adhesive, but other substrates may be required.To prepare the substrate, select a substrate surface that is suitable for the application. For wood, use a slice of veneer that is about 0.6 to 0.8 millimeters thick. Avoid veneers that are excessively wavy, have an uneven surface and or contain defects including discoloration.At least one day before its use, condition the wood unstacked at 21 degrees Celsius and 50%relative humidity. To prepare the specimen from the selected substrate, after conditioning, check the veneer for any cracks, discoloration or grain irregularities to be avoided when cutting and confirm the functionality of the pneumatically driven specimen cutting device. Next, use a special di cutter to trim the specimen to a 20 by 117 by 0.6 to 0.8 millimeter dimension and place an at least 150 by 300 millimeter piece of veneer under the cutting blades with the veneer grain parallel to the long direction.Before initiating the bonding process, make sure that the automated bonding evaluation system equipment is operating properly according to the standard operating procedure. And set the low pressure gauge to 0.2 mega pascals. The high pressure gauge to 0.2 megapascals, the pole gauge to 0.55 megapascals and the cool air gauge to 0.2 megapascals.Clean the platinums of any adhesive that resulted from squeezing out from the prior sample and adjust the platinum temperature to the desired temperature. Then equilibrate the platinums. For adhesive bonding of the specimen, first, tear each specimen on a balance.Before spreading five milligrams of the experimental adhesive over the terminal 0.5 centimeters of each specimen providing sufficient coverage of the bonding area without excessive squeeze out upon application of the second specimen. Then re weigh the specimen and place a second specimen onto the adhesive, taking care that the two specimens are aligned. To bond the specimens, close the grips on the automated bonding evaluation system tester, making sure that the sample is aligned with the tester and press Start.To have the 120 degree Celsius platinums, apply pressure to the overlapped section for two minutes. At the end of the heat pressing time, retract the platinums and grips and place the specimens at 21 degrees Celsius and 50%relative humidity overnight. The next morning, insert a conditioned sample into the automated bonding evaluation system tester and press Start.To have the instrument, pull one end of the specimen through the servo drive while the other end of the sample pulls on a load cell attached to the grips until the bond breaks. Plans are hot and can cause burns if touched. Also, be sure to keep your hands away from the plans when they're closing.The computer will record the maximum force the sample can withstand as the bond strength. To determine the rate of strength development of an adhesive to estimate the press time required for large scale products, begin the strength testing at a 100 degree Celsius platinum temperature for 10 seconds. At the end of the bonding time, retract the platinums and use the air cooling feature of the automated bonding evaluation system to cool the sample to near room temperature.When the sample has cooled, test the sample again at the same temperature, but for an increased period of bonding time until increasing the time results in little or no increase in strength. When all of the bond times have been tested, raise the temperature by 10 degrees Celsius and repeat the heated pressure applications for increasing periods of time until there is no longer any linear section of strength versus time at the bonding times. If the product needs to meet a certain temperature resistance, heat the platinums to the temperature above which the adhesive starts to soften and insert the bonded sample into the automated bonding evaluation system unit.Close the platinums onto the pre bonded sample for two minutes and measure the bond strength as demonstrated to determine any thermal softening of the adhesive compared to the 120 degree Celsius bonding temperature. Then repeat the test after a 30 minute heat pressure application and determine the strength of the adhesive. If the adhesive is thermally degraded as the main objective is to determine the adhesive strength or rate of cohesive strength development.Be sure to test if the failure is within the adhesive itself due to a failure in the adhesion of the substrate or due to a substrate failure. If a substrate failure occurs then the adhesive had sufficient strength. While cohesive failure in the bulk adhesive indicates an adhesive weakness.As this set of exothermic strength development plots demonstrates as the bonding temperature increases, higher bonding strengths can be developed in shorter bond pressing times. In this derived plot of regressed bonding rate against temperature illustrates an increased strength development rate can be achieved in less time at higher temperatures. In this image of failed samples and adhesion failure due to the adhesive being stronger than the wood resulting in the bond breaking in the wood and wood failure can be observed.While in this sample, a cohesive failure due to the adhesive being weaker than the wood resulting in the bond breaking within the adhesive is shown. Remember to make sure that the bonded areas overlap by half a centimeter. As this area is critical to determining the strength of the bond.The heat sensitivity of the bonds can be measured to determine the temperature at which the adhesive will degrade or fail.

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

A Method for Ovarian Follicle Encapsulation and Culture in a Proteolytically Degradable 3 Dimensional System

The ovarian follicle is the functional unit of the ovary that secretes sex hormones and supports oocyte maturation. In vitro  follicle techniques provide ...

A Simple Hanging Drop Cell Culture Protocol for Generation of 3D Spheroids

Studies of cell-cell cohesion and cell-substratum adhesion have historically been performed on monolayer cultures adherent to rigid substrates. Cells ...

Measurement of Aggregate Cohesion by Tissue Surface Tensiometry

Rigorous measurement of intercellular binding energy can only be made using methods grounded in thermodynamic principles in systems at equilibrium.  We ...

Increasing cDNA Yields from Single-cell Quantities of mRNA in Standard Laboratory Reverse Transcriptase Reactions using Acoustic Microstreaming

Correlating gene expression with cell behavior is ideally done at the single-cell level.  However, this is not easily achieved because the small amount of ...

Creating Transient Cell Membrane Pores Using a Standard Inkjet Printer

Bioprinting has a wide range of applications and significance, including tissue engineering, direct cell application therapies, and biosensor ...

The Portable Chemical Sterilizer (PCS), D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military

The Portable Chemical Sterilizer PCS, D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military

There is a stated Army need for a field-portable, non-steam sterilizer technology that can be used by Forward Surgical Teams, Dental Companies, Veterinary ...

Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube High-Frequency Nanoelectronic Biosensor for Sensing in High Ionic Strength Solutions

The unique electronic properties and high surface-to-volume ratios of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and semiconductor nanowires (NW) 1-4 make them ...

Methods for Characterizing the Co-development of Biofilm and Habitat Heterogeneity

Biofilms are surface-attached microbial communities that have complex structures and produce significant spatial heterogeneities. Biofilm development is ...

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) for Intracellular Targeting Applications

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles SLNs for Intracellular Targeting Applications

Nanoparticle-based delivery vehicles have shown great promise for intracellular targeting applications, providing a mechanism to specifically alter ...

Construction of Defined Human Engineered Cardiac Tissues to Study Mechanisms of Cardiac Cell Therapy

Human cardiac tissue engineering can fundamentally impact therapeutic discovery through the development of new species-specific screening systems that ...