우리는 건강의 국가 학회 및 자금 조달을 위한 신경 장애 및 치기의 국가 학회 (R01NS079691)를 인정하고 싶습니다.

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<li>Nih, L. R., Gojgini, S., Carmichael, S. T., Segura, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Duel-function+injectable+angiogenic+biomaterial+for+the+repair+of+brain+tissue+following+stroke%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature+Materials%22%5BJournal%5D)">Duel-function injectable angiogenic biomaterial for the repair of brain tissue following stroke.</a> Nature Materials. 17, 642-651 (2018).</li>
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<li>Lam, J., Lowry, W. E., Carmichael, S. T., Segura, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Delivery+of+iPS-NPCs+to+the+stroke+cavity+within+a+hyaluronic+acid+matrix+promotes+the+differentiation+of+transplanted+cells%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Advance+Functional+Materials%22%5BJournal%5D)">Delivery of iPS-NPCs to the stroke cavity within a hyaluronic acid matrix promotes the differentiation of transplanted cells.</a> Advance Functional Materials. 24, 7053-7062 (2015).</li>
<li>Nih, L. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Engineered+HA+hydrogel+for+stem+cell+transplantation+in+the+brain%3A+Biocompatibility+data+using+a+design+of+experiment+approach%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Data+in+Brief%22%5BJournal%5D)">Engineered HA hydrogel for stem cell transplantation in the brain: Biocompatibility data using a design of experiment approach.</a> Data in Brief. 10, 202-209 (2016).</li>
<li>Carmichael, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+3+Rs+of+Stroke+Biology%3A+Radial%2C+Relayed%2C+and+Regenerative%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neurotherapeutics%22%5BJournal%5D)">The 3 Rs of Stroke Biology: Radial, Relayed, and Regenerative.</a> Neurotherapeutics. 13, 348-359 (2016).</li>
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<li>Lu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Hemodynamic+effects+of+intraoperative+anesthetics+administration+in+photothrombotic+stroke+model%3A+a+study+using+laser+speckle+imaging%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22BMC+Neuroscience%22%5BJournal%5D)">Hemodynamic effects of intraoperative anesthetics administration in photothrombotic stroke model: a study using laser speckle imaging.</a> BMC Neuroscience. 18 (10), (2017).</li>
<li>Wiersma, A. M., Winship, I. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Induction+of+Photothrombotic+Stroke+in+the+Sensorimotor+Cortex+of+Rats+and+Preparation+of+Tissue+for+Analysis+of+Stroke+Volume+and+Topographical+Cortical+Localization+of+Ischemic+Infarct%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Bio-protocol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Induction of Photothrombotic Stroke in the Sensorimotor Cortex of Rats and Preparation of Tissue for Analysis of Stroke Volume and Topographical Cortical Localization of Ischemic Infarct.</a> Bio-protocol. 8 (10), (2018).</li>
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<li>Payne, S. L., Anandakumaran, P. N., Varga, B. V., Morshead, C. M., Nagy, A., Shoichet, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((In+vitro+maturation+of+human+iPSC-derived+neuroepithelial+cells+influences+transplant+survival+in+the+stroke-injured+rat+brain%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Tissue+Engineering+Part+A%22%5BJournal%5D)">In vitro maturation of human iPSC-derived neuroepithelial cells influences transplant survival in the stroke-injured rat brain.</a> Tissue Engineering Part A. 24, 351-360 (2018).</li>
<li>Lee, I. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Delayed+epidural+transplantation+of+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cell-derived+neural+progenitors+enhances+functional+recovery+after+stroke%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science+Reports%22%5BJournal%5D)">Delayed epidural transplantation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitors enhances functional recovery after stroke.</a> Science Reports. 7, 1943(2017).</li>
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</ol>

저자는 TS가 MAP 하이드로겔을 상용화하고자하는 템포 치료제의 창시자라고 선언합니다.

여기서 우리는 쉽게 재현 할 수있는, 최소 침습, 영구 뇌졸중 모델을 설명하고 뇌졸중 후 5 일 동안 광원에 생체 물질을 주입하는 방법을 설명합니다. 포토thrombotic 염료 로즈 벵골과 스테레오 탁스 장치에 연결된 520 nm 콜라주 레이저의 사용은 우리에게 향상된 정밀도로 마우스의 모터 피질에 스트로크를 배치 할 수있는 기능을 제공합니다. 뇌졸중 후 5일 후, 경색의 위치는 조사의 중심에 눈으로 볼...

뇌졸중은 장애의 주요 원인이며 미국에서 다섯 번째로 주요 사망원인입니다 1. 모든 뇌졸중의 약 87%는 허혈성이며 나머지 13%의 대다수는 출혈2입니다. 허혈성 뇌졸중은 주변 조직에 동맥에서 혈류의 막힘으로 정의됩니다. 이 폐색은 수시로 살아남는 환자에 있는 영원한 무력으로 이끌어 내는 산소 부족 그리고 후속 괴사 귀착됩니다. 뇌졸중3의사망률이 감소했지만, 2030년까지 보급은340만명으로 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 장애인 생존자의 증가와 그에 따른 경제적 부담은 신경 수리 메커니즘에 초점을 맞춘 뇌졸중 연구를 위한 추진으로 이어졌습니다. 뇌졸중 다음에 는 괴사 영역이 팽창하는 것을 방지하는 흉터의 형성으로 이어지는 염증 성 기간이 있습니다. 괴사 코어를 둘러싼 지역은 "peri-farct"라고 하며 혈관 신생, 신경 발생 및 축산 발아증가를 포함하는 이 지역의 가소성이 동물 모델과 인간5에서관찰된 회복에 직접 연결된다는 강력한 증거가 있다. 뇌졸중 후 복잡한 상호 작용을 적절하게 복제 할 수있는 체외 모델이 없기 때문에 동물 모델은 뇌졸중 연구에 필수적입니다.
허혈성 스트로크를 생성하는 데 사용할 수있는 생체 내 모델이 몇 가지 있습니다. 마우스에 사용되는 가장 일반적인 모델 중 하나는 말단 또는 근위 (동맥 내 필라멘트를 통해) 폐색을 통해 중간 뇌동맥 폐색, 또는 MCAo입니다. 필라멘트 MCAo (fMCAo)라고도 하는 근위 모델은 일반적으로 대뇌 반구의 5 %에서 50 %까지 포괄하는 큰 허혈성 뇌졸중을 초래하며 요인6의수에 의존합니다. 이러한 모델에서 봉합사 또는 필라멘트는 내부 경동맥에서 중간 뇌동맥(MCA)의 기저부로 발전하여 특정 기간 동안 제자리에 보관된다. 임시 또는 영구로 만들 수 있는 폐색을 위한 이 방법은, 줄무늬에 중심이 되는 광원을 생성하고, 피질6을지나치게 관련시킬 수도 있고 관련되지 않을 수도 있다. 결과 뇌졸중 크기는 매우 가변적이며 레이저 도플러와 같은 이미징 기술은 각 마우스에서 절차의 효과를 확인하는 데 필요합니다. 30분 이상 지속되는 동맥 내 또는 발내 필라멘트 폐색은 크기 범위의 더 큰 끝에서 스트로크를 생성합니다. 일부 조사관은 상당한 실험 초점과 실험실 검증7을필요로하는 짧은 필라멘트 폐색 시간에 초점을 맞추고있다. 마우스에 있는 필라멘트 MCAo 모형은 인간 적인 치기 케이스에서 보인 것과 같이 세포 죽음, 허혈성 진행 및 peri-farct 영역의 형성의 유사한 단계를 따릅니다; 그러나, 더 큰 치기는 악성 뇌 경색의 질병 상태를 더 가깝게 닮은, 덜 일반적이다, 덜 치료 인간 뇌졸중6. 한편, 말단 MCA 폐색은 더 관련된 수술및 craniectomy를 요구합니다. 이 모델에서, 뇌의 표면을 따라 실행되는 MCA의 말단 부분은 봉합사 넥타이 또는 소작으로 직접 가려져 있습니다. 기술의 일부 변형에서, 경동맥은 일방적또는 일시적으로 양측으로 가려져 있다. 말단 MCAo의 장점은 필라멘트 모델보다 크기가 덜 가변적인 피질 기반 스트로크를 생성한다는 것입니다. 그러나, 해단 모델은 fMCAo6의관심사인 외부 경동맥(ECA)의 질부로 인해 더 열악한 행동 출력을 생성한다.
덜 침습적 인 것으로 알려진 대체 뇌졸중 모델은 광혈전증 (PT) 모델입니다. PT 모델은 허혈의 잘 정의된 위치를 초래하고 높은 생존율8과연관된다. 이 기술은 빛 또는 레이저9로원하는 조직을 조사하기만 하면 인트라바스내 광 산화를 허용하는 인트라바스트(intraitone)에 주입된 감광성 염료에 의존한다. 자궁내막시, 내피 손상을 유발하는 산소 라디칼이 형성되어 조사부위8,9에서혈소판 응집 및 응고 형성을 활성화한다. 뇌졸중 크기와 위치를 엄격하게 제어할 뿐만 아니라 PT 모델의 높은 재현성은 생체 재료 연구에 이상적입니다. 정밀도는 레이저 및 스테레오탁스 좌표를 사용하여 가능하지만, 이 모델이 몇 가지 연구에 적합하지 않을 수 있다는 몇 가지 단점이 있습니다. fMCAo 모델과 달리 PT 스트로크 모델은 레퍼퍼프할 수 없습니다. 따라서, 재퍼퓨전 또는 레퍼퓨전 다음 메커니즘에 따른 손상에 특정한 신경보호제 조사를 위한 물질은 여기에서 유용하지 않을 것이다8. 또한 PT 모델의 미세 혈관 모욕으로 인해 상대적으로 작은 허혈성 음벌브라가 보입니다. 대신, 국소 혈관부종은 인간 뇌졸중에 특이하지 않은 것으로 발생하며, 이 모델은 peri-farct 영역6,8에초점을 맞춘 전임상 약물 연구에 바람직하지 않다.
뇌졸중의 생물 물질 전략의 전반적인 목표는 생리 활성 에이전트를 제공하거나 뇌 조직 성장을위한 대리 세포 외 매트릭스 역할을하는 것입니다. 우리가 우리의 방법을 사용하여 탐구할 한 가지 전략은 많은 현재 세포 치료가10전달되는peri-infarct 조직과 는 반대로, 스트로크 코어로 직접 하이드로겔을 전달하는 것입니다. 이 접근법에 대한 근거는 코어에서 발견되는 괴사 조직으로의 전달이 주변의 건강하거나 회복 조직을 방해하지 않을 것이라는 것입니다. 우리는 생물 물질 에 포함 된 임의의 활성 제의 확산은 코어에서 peri-farct에 도달 할 수있을 것입니다 가정, 우리는 하이드로 겔 생체 재료의 전달이 신경교 흉터(11)의두께를 감소 발견하기 때문에 특히. 이것은 peri-farct 지역이 치기 후에 신경 가소성을 전시하기 위하여 표시되었기 때문에 중요합니다, 매력적인 표적으로 만드는. 더욱이, 뇌졸중 코어에 대리 매트릭스의 전달은 새로운 조직의 형성을 유도하기 위해 혈관신생12 또는신경유발성 13인자를 로드할 수 있으며, 전달을 위한 세포(14). 세포 전달은 전달 중에 존재하는 가혹한 주입력 및 현지 환경으로부터 세포를 보호하고 분화 및이식(15)을장려하기 때문에 매트릭스를 사용하여 크게 향상된다.
이러한 주 사용 치료 생체 재료는 뇌졸중 응용 프로그램에서 임상 관련성이 있다, 현재 뇌졸중 후 신경 복구를 자극 하는 의료 치료. 복구에 관여하는 근본적인 신경 회로는 뇌졸중 코어16에인접한 뇌 조직에 있으며 뇌졸중 코어 자체는 실행 가능한 신경 조직이 없습니다. 괴사 뇌졸중 코어에 생체 물질을 전달하는 것은 이전에 언급 된 여러 메커니즘을 통해 인접 조직을 재생 프로세스로 자극 할 수있는 잠재력을 가지고 있을 것으로 예상됩니다( 성장 인자13의창고 방출, 조직 성장 의 자극 및 뇌 조직 개발의 촉진11,12,면역 반응의 변경 17, 줄기 세포 유래 치료제의 전달14, 18. 그러나 이러한 응용 프로그램의 가능성을 효과적으로 연구하기 위해서는 뇌졸중을 유도하고 생체 재료를 주입하는 일관되고 재현 가능한 방법이 필요합니다. PT 스트로크 모델은 스트로크의 방향과 위치를 정밀하게 제어하는 기술을 사용합니다. 스테레오탁틱 장치에 부착된 레이저는 방향을 안내하고, 스테레오택시 장치에 부착된 펌프는 추가 형태의 이미징 없이 재료의 사출 속도를 제어합니다. 따라서, 우리는 마우스의 모터 피질에서 PT 뇌졸중을 수행하고 뇌졸중 코어에 생체 물질을 주입하는 방법을 설명하기로 결정했습니다. 여기서, 우리는 추가된 세포 또는 성장 인자가 없는 주입을 위한 생물재료로 미세다공성 안구 입자(MAP) 하이드로겔을 사용합니다. 또한, 우리는 성공적으로 그대로 생물 재료로 뇌를 검색하는 방법을 설명하고, 우리는 생체 재료의 주입없이 뇌졸중 결과를 분석하는 데 사용되는 면역 화학 분석에 대해 논의.

<table><tbody><tr><td>10% Normal Goat Serum</td><td>VWR</td><td>100504-028</td><td>For blocking buffer</td></tr><tr><td>2-ply alcohol pre pad, Sterile, Medium</td><td>Medline</td><td>MDS090735</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25uL Hamilton Syringe 702RN, no needle</td><td>Fishcer Scientific</td><td>14824663</td><td>Syringes used to inject biomaterials</td></tr><tr><td>25uL Positive displacement pipette</td><td>Gilson</td><td>M-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2x Beam Expander, 400-650nm</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>GBE02-A</td><td>Laser beam expander</td></tr><tr><td>Adjustable Stage Platform</td><td>Kopf Instruments</td><td>901</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Glucose Transporter GLUT1 antibody, rabbit</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab113435</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Iba1 Antibody, goat</td><td>abcam</td><td>ab5076</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BD Vacutainer Safety-Lok Blood Collection Sets. 25G, 12&quot;</td><td>Medsupply</td><td>367294</td><td>For perfusions</td></tr><tr><td>BKF12- Matte Black Aluminum Foil</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>BKF12</td><td>To cover anything that is reflective when using laser.</td></tr><tr><td>Bone Iris Mini Scissors - 3-1/2&quot;</td><td>Sklar surgical instruments</td><td>64-2035</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>C57BL/6 Mice</td><td>Jackson Laboratory</td><td>000664</td><td>8-12 weeks of age</td></tr><tr><td>Cage Assembly Rob</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>ER3-P4</td><td>3&quot; Long, diameter 6mm, 4 pack - for attaching laser to sterotax</td></tr><tr><td>Carbon Steel Burrs -0.5mm Diameter</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>19007-05</td><td>For creating burr hole</td></tr><tr><td>Chromium(III) potassium sulfate dodecahydrate</td><td>VWR</td><td>EM1.01036.0250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Compact Controller for pigtailed lasers</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>CLD1010LP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cotton Swabs</td><td>VWR</td><td>89031-288</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CP 25 pipette tips</td><td>Gilson</td><td>F148012</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Donkey anti-goat IgG H&amp;amp;L (488)</td><td>abcam</td><td>ab150129</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Donkey Anti-rabbit IgG H&amp;amp;L (647)</td><td>abcam</td><td>ab150075</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Donkey Anti-rat IgG H&amp;amp;L (555)</td><td>abcam</td><td>ab150154</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EMS DPX Mountant</td><td>Elecron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>13512</td><td>Mounting solution for slides</td></tr><tr><td>EMS Gelatin Powder Type A 300 Bloom</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>16564</td><td>For gelatin coating slides</td></tr><tr><td>EMS Paraformaldehyde, Granular</td><td>VWR</td><td>100504-162</td><td>For making 45 PFA</td></tr><tr><td>ESD Worstation kit</td><td>Elmstat</td><td>WSKK5324SB</td><td>Need for setting up the laser</td></tr><tr><td>Fiber Bench Wall Plate, unthreaded</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>HCA3</td><td>Need for connecting laser to Kopf shaft</td></tr><tr><td>FiberPort</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>PAF-X-5-A</td><td>FC/APC&amp;amp; APC, f=4.6mm, 350-700nm, diameter 0.75mm</td></tr><tr><td>Fine Scissors - straight/sharp-blunt/10cm</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14028-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GFAP Antibody, rat</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-0300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heating Plate</td><td>Kopf Instruments</td><td>HP-4M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ImmEdge Hydrophobic Barrier Pen</td><td>Vector Laboratories</td><td>H-4000</td><td>For staining slides</td></tr><tr><td>IMPAC 6-Integrated Multi Patient Anesthesia Center</td><td>VetEquip</td><td>901808</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iodine Prep Pads</td><td>Medx Supple</td><td>MED MDS093917H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Jewlers Forceps #5</td><td>GFS chemicals</td><td>46085</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Safety Glasses</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>LG10B</td><td>Amber Lenses, 35% Visible light (googles versions available too)</td></tr><tr><td>M27-1084 Powerful LED Dual Goose-neck</td><td>United Scope</td><td>LED-11C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Medical USP Grade Oxygen</td><td>Airgas</td><td>OX USP250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Miltex Adson Dressing Forceps, Disecting-grade</td><td>Intefra Miltex</td><td>V96-118</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mini Cord/Cordless Small Animal Trimmer</td><td>Harvard aparatus</td><td>72-6110</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mini-pump variable flow</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td>70730-064</td><td>Pump for perfusions</td></tr><tr><td>Mouse Brain Matrices, Coronal Slices, 1mm</td><td>Kent Scientific</td><td>RBMA-200c</td><td>For TTC slices</td></tr><tr><td>Mouse Gas Anethesia Head Holder</td><td>Kopf Instruments</td><td>923-B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nanojet Control Box</td><td>Chemyx</td><td>10050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nanojet pump header</td><td>Chemxy</td><td>10051</td><td>Attach to stereotaxic device for injecting biomaterial</td></tr><tr><td>Needle RN 30G PT STY 3, 0.5 inch</td><td>Fishcer Scientific</td><td>NC9459562</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non-rupture ear bars 60&amp;ordm;</td><td>Kopf Instruments</td><td>922</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS buffer pH 7.4</td><td>VWR</td><td>97062 338</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pigtaled laser 520 nm, 100mW, 5G Pin</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>LP520-MF100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Positive charge glass slides</td><td>Hareta</td><td>AHS90-WH</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power engergy meter</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>PM100D</td><td>Used to measure your mW laser output</td></tr><tr><td>Puralube Vet Ointment</td><td>Dr. Foster Smith</td><td>9N-76855</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rectal Probe Mouse</td><td>kopf Instruments</td><td>Ret-3-ISO</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rose Bengal Dye 95%</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>330000-5G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Shaft Modified 8-32 threaded hole 1/2&quot; depth</td><td>Kopf Instruments</td><td>1770-02</td><td>For connecting laser to sterotaxic device</td></tr><tr><td>Slim photodiode power sensor</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>S130VC</td><td>Used with power energy meter</td></tr><tr><td>SM1-Threaed 30 mm Cage Plate 0.35&quot; thick 2 Retaining</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>CP02</td><td>For connecting laser expander</td></tr><tr><td>Sol-M U-100 Insuline syringe with 1/2 unit markings 0.5 mL</td><td>VWR</td><td>10002-726</td><td>To inject rose bengal</td></tr><tr><td>StainTray Slide Staining System</td><td>Simport Scientific</td><td>M920-2</td><td>For staining slides</td></tr><tr><td>Sterotaxic device</td><td>Kopf Instruments</td><td>940</td><td>Small Animal Stereotaxic Instrument</td></tr><tr><td>Student Adson Forceps -1x2 teeth</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>91127-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Student Fine Forceps - straight/broad Shanks</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>91113-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Temperature Controller</td><td>Kopf Instruments</td><td>TCAT-2LV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue-Tek OCT compound</td><td>VWR</td><td>25608-930</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>VWR</td><td>97063-864</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Upper Bracket Clamp</td><td>Kopf Instruments</td><td>1770-c</td><td>For connecting laser to sterotaxic device</td></tr><tr><td>Vetbond Tissue Adhessive 3mL</td><td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td><td>sc-361931</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vogue Professional My Manicurist</td><td>Bargin Source</td><td>6400</td><td>For Burrs</td></tr><tr><td>VWR Bead Sterilizers</td><td>VWR</td><td>75999-328</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue Tek OCT compound</td><td>Sakura</td><td>4583</td><td>For tissue embeding</td></tr></tbody></table>

injection of hydrogel biomaterial scaffolds to the brain after stroke

뇌졸중은 장애의 주요 원인과 미국에서 다섯 번째 주요 사망 원인입니다. 모든 뇌졸중의 약 87%는 허혈성 뇌졸중이며 뇌에 혈액을 공급하는 혈관의 갑작스런 막힘으로 정의됩니다. 막힘의 분 안에, 세포는 정지하기 시작하고 돌이킬 수 없는 조직 손상을 초래합니다. 현재 치료 치료는 혈전 제거 또는 용해에 초점을 맞추어 재관류를 허용하고 더 심각한 뇌 손상을 예방합니다. 일시적인 뇌 가소성은 시간이 지남에 따라 손상된 조직의 일부를 구출 할 수 있지만, 환자의 상당한 분수는 결코 해결되지 않을 신경 적자로 남아 있습니다. 뇌졸중으로 인한 신경 학적 적자를 치료하는 치료 옵션의 부족이있다, 이 증가하는 환자 인구를 치료하는 새로운 전략을 개발하는 필요성을 강조. 주사용 생체 재료는 현재 뇌 가소성을 향상시키고 활성 제또는 줄기 세포의 전달을 통해 내인성 수리를 개선하도록 설계되고 있습니다. 이러한 접근법을 테스트하는 한 가지 방법은 설치류 스트로크 모델을 활용하고, 생체 물질을 스트로크 코어에 주입하고, 수리를 평가하는 것입니다. 뇌졸중 코어의 정확한 위치를 아는 것은 뇌졸중 후 정확한 치료에 필수적이므로 예측 가능한 뇌졸중 위치를 초래하는 뇌졸중 모델은 주입 전에 이미징의 필요성을 피하는 것이 바람직하다. 다음 프로토콜은 광혈전 뇌졸중을 유도하는 방법, 제어되고 정확한 방식으로 하이드로겔을 주입하는 방법, 생물 물질을 손상시키면서 뇌를 추출하고 저온절하는 방법을 다룰 것입니다. 또한, 이러한 동일한 하이드로겔 물질이 줄기 세포의 공동 전달에 어떻게 사용될 수 있는지 강조할 것입니다. 이 프로토콜은 뇌졸중 코어내로 다른 주사용 생체 물질을 사용하는 것으로 일반화될 수 있다.

이 방법의 목적은 뇌졸중 후 뇌에 생체 물질을 주입하는 방법을 시연하는 것이었습니다. 장미 벵골과 520 nm 레이저를 가진 광혈전 모델은 크기와 위치 모두에서 뇌졸중 병변의 제어 방향에 사용되었다. 뇌졸중 후 5일 동안 경색은수술(도 1B)및 TTC 및 이미징 IHC 염색 슬라이드(도2)에의해 시각화될 수 있다. 2x 렌즈를 가진 레이저 직경의 증가는 레이저만으...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Injection of Hydrogel Biomaterial Scaffolds to The Brain After Stroke at JoVE.com

Injection of Hydrogel Biomaterial Scaffolds to The Brain After Stroke

뇌졸중은 최소한의 치료 옵션과 잃어버린 뇌 조직을 재생하기위한 현재 임상 치료와 글로벌 문제입니다. 여기에서 우리는 설치류의 모터 피질에 정확한 광혈전 뇌졸중을 만들고 뇌졸중 후 조직 재생에 미치는 영향을 연구하기 위해 하이드로 겔 생체 재료의 후속 주입을 만드는 방법을 설명합니다.

하이드로겔 생체 재료 비계의 주입 뇌졸중 후 뇌에

Stroke is the leading cause of disability and the fifth-leading cause of death in the United States. Approximately 87% of all strokes are ischemic strokes ...

injection-of-hydrogel-biomaterial-scaffolds-to-the-brain-after-stroke

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

5.0K 조회수.  Duke University. 뇌졸중은 최소한의 치료 옵션과 잃어버린 뇌 조직을 재생하기위한 현재 임상 치료와 글로벌 문제입니다. 여기에서 우리는 설치류의 모터 피질에 정확한 광혈전 뇌졸중을 만들고 뇌졸중 후 조직 재생에 미치는 영향을 연구하기 위해 하이드로 겔 생체 재료의 후속 주입을 만드는 방법을 설명합니다.

비디오: Injection of Hydrogel Biomaterial Scaffolds to The Brain After Stroke

Promotion of Survival and Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells with Fibrin and Growth Factor Cocktails after Severe Spinal Cord Injury

Neural stem cells (NSCs) can self-renew and differentiate into neurons and glia. Transplanted NSCs can replace lost neurons and glia after spinal cord injury (SCI), and can form functional relays to re-connect spinal cord segments above and below a lesion. Previous studies grafting neural stem cells have been limited by incomplete graft survival within the spinal cord lesion cavity. Further, tracking of graft cell survival, differentiation, and process extension had not been optimized. Finally, in previous studies, cultured rat NSCs were typically reported to differentiate into glia when grafted to the injured spinal cord, rather than neurons, unless fate was driven to a specific cell type. To address these issues, we developed new methods to improve the survival, integration and differentiation of NSCs to sites of even severe SCI. NSCs were freshly isolated from embryonic day 14 spinal cord (E14) from a stable transgenic Fischer 344 rat line expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) and were embedded into a fibrin matrix containing growth factors; this formulation aimed to retain grafted cells in the lesion cavity and support cell survival. NSCs in the fibrin/growth factor cocktail were implanted two weeks after thoracic level-3 (T3) complete spinal cord transections, thereby avoiding peak periods of inflammation. Resulting grafts completely filled the lesion cavity and differentiated into both neurons, which extended axons into the host spinal cord over remarkably long distances, and glia. Grafts of cultured human NSCs expressing GFP resulted in similar findings. Thus, methods are defined for improving neural stem cell grafting, survival and analysis of in vivo findings.

Fibrin matrices containing growth factors were used to retain grafted neural stem cells into sites of complete spinal cord transection. Grafted cells completely filled the lesion cavity and differentiated into multiple neural cell types, including neurons that extended axons into host spinal cord over long distances.

중증 척수 손상 후 섬유소 및 성장 인자 칵테일 신경 줄기 세포의 생존 및 분화 촉진

Neural stem cells (NSCs) can self-renew and differentiate into neurons and glia. Transplanted NSCs can replace lost neurons and glia after spinal cord ...

연구

신경과학

Glioblastoma Relapse Post-Resection Model for Therapeutic Hydrogel Investigations

Tumor recurrence is an important factor indicative of a poor prognosis in glioblastoma (GBM). Many studies are attempting to identify effective therapeutic strategies to prevent the recurrence of GBM after surgery. Bioresponsive therapeutic hydrogels capable of sustaining locally released drugs are frequently used for the local treatment of GBM after surgery. However, research is limited due to the lack of a suitable GBM relapse post-resection model. Here, a GBM relapse post-resection model was developed and applied in therapeutic hydrogel investigations. This model was constructed based on the orthotopic intracranial GBM model, which is widely used in studies on GBM. Subtotal resection was performed on the orthotopic intracranial GBM model mouse to mimic the clinical treatment. The residual tumor was used to indicate the size of the tumor growth. This model is easy to build, can better mimic the situation of GBM surgical resection, and can be applied in various studies on the local treatment of GBM relapse post-resection. As a result, the GBM relapse post-resection model provides a unique GBM recurrence model for effective local treatment studies of relapse post-resection.

The present protocol establishes a glioblastoma (GBM) relapse post-resection model using microscopy to investigate the therapeutic effect of an injectable, bioresponsive hydrogel in vivo.

치료용 하이드로겔 조사를 위한 교모세포종 재발 절제 후 모델

Tumor recurrence is an important factor indicative of a poor prognosis in glioblastoma (GBM). Many studies are attempting to identify effective ...

암 연구학

Three-dimensional Tissue Engineered Aligned Astrocyte Networks to Recapitulate Developmental Mechanisms and Facilitate Nervous System Regeneration

Neurotrauma and neurodegenerative disease often result in lasting neurological deficits due to the limited capacity of the central nervous system (CNS) to replace lost neurons and regenerate axonal pathways. However, during nervous system development, neuronal migration and axonal extension often occur along pathways formed by other cells, referred to as &#34;living scaffolds&#34;. Seeking to emulate these mechanisms and to design a strategy that circumvents the inhibitory environment of the CNS, this manuscript presents a protocol to fabricate tissue engineered astrocyte-based &#34;living scaffolds&#34;. To create these constructs, we employed a novel biomaterial encasement scheme to induce astrocytes to self-assemble into dense three-dimensional bundles of bipolar longitudinally-aligned somata and processes. First, hollow hydrogel micro-columns were assembled, and the inner lumen was coated with collagen extracellular-matrix. Dissociated cerebral cortical astrocytes were then delivered into the lumen of the cylindrical micro-column and, at a critical inner diameter of &#60;350 &#181;m, spontaneously self-aligned and contracted to produce long fiber-like cables consisting of dense bundles of astrocyte processes and collagen fibrils measuring &#60;150 &#181;m in diameter yet extending several cm in length. These engineered living scaffolds exhibited &#62;97% cell viability and were virtually exclusively comprised of astrocytes expressing a combination of the intermediate filament proteins glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, and nestin. These aligned astrocyte networks were found to provide a permissive substrate for neuronal attachment and aligned neurite extension. Moreover, these constructs maintain integrity and alignment when extracted from the hydrogel encasement, making them suitable for CNS implantation. These preformed constructs structurally emulate key cytoarchitectural elements of naturally occurring glial-based &#34;living scaffolds&#34; in vivo. As such, these engineered living scaffolds may serve as test-beds to study neurodevelopmental mechanisms in vitro or facilitate neuroregeneration by directing neuronal migration and/or axonal pathfinding following CNS degeneration in vivo.

We showcase the development of self-assembled, three-dimensional bundles of longitudinally aligned astrocytic somata and processes within a novel biomaterial encasement. These engineered &#34;living scaffolds&#34;, exhibiting micron-scale diameter yet extending centimeters in length, may serve as test-beds to study neurodevelopmental mechanisms or facilitate neuroregeneration by directing neuronal migration and/or axonal pathfinding.

3 차원 조직 설계 정렬 사이토 네트워크 발달 메커니즘을 정리 하 고 신경 재생을 촉진 하

Neurotrauma and neurodegenerative disease often result in lasting neurological deficits due to the limited capacity of the central nervous system (CNS) to ...

생체공학

A Hydrogel Construct and Fibrin-based Glue Approach to Deliver Therapeutics in a Murine Myocardial Infarction Model.

The murine MI model is widely recognized in the field of cardiovascular disease, and has consistently been used as a first step to test the efficacy of treatments in vivo1. The traditional, established protocol has been further fine-tuned to minimize the damage to the animal. Notably, the pectoral muscle layers are teased away rather than simply cut, and the thoracotomy is approached intercostally as opposed to breaking the ribs in a sternotomy, preserving the integrity of the ribcage. With these changes, the overall stress on the animal is decreased. 
Stem cell therapies aimed to alleviate the damage caused by MIs have shown promise over the years for their pro-angiogenic and anti-apoptotic benefits. Current approaches of delivering cells to the heart surface typically involve the injection of the cells either near the damaged site, within a coronary artery, or into the peripheral blood stream2-4. While the cells have proven to home to the damaged myocardium, functionality is limited by their poor engraftment at the site of injury, resulting in diffusion into the blood stream5. This manuscript highlights a procedure that overcomes this obstacle with the use of a cell-encapsulated hydrogel patch. The patch is fabricated prior to the surgical procedure and is placed on the injured myocardium immediately following the occlusion of the left coronary artery. To adhere the patch in place, biocompatible external fibrin glue is placed directly on top of the patch, allowing for it to dry to both the patch and the heart surface. This approach provides a novel adhesion method for the application of a delicate cell-encapsulating therapeutic construct.

This protocol aims to alleviate the limitation of poor cell engraftment for stem cell treatment of myocardial infarctions through the use of a hydrogel system and a fibrin-based glue. With this approach, cell-to-tissue contact post-infarction can be maintained, increasing the therapeutic potential of beneficial agents at the site of injury.

하이드로 겔은 구축 및 쥐 심근 경색 모델에서 치료를 제공하기 위해 접착제 접근을 섬유소 기반.

The murine MI model is widely recognized in the field of cardiovascular disease, and has consistently been used as a first step to test the efficacy of ...

의학

Implantation of Miniosmotic Pumps and Delivery of Tract Tracers to Study Brain Reorganization in Pathophysiological Conditions

Pharmacological treatment in animal models of cerebral disease imposes the problem of repeated injection protocols that may induce stress in animals and result in impermanent tissue levels of the drug. Additionally, drug delivery to the brain is delicate due to the blood brain barrier (BBB), thus significantly reducing intracerebral concentrations of selective drugs after systemic administration. Therefore, a system that allows both constant drug delivery without peak levels and circumvention of the BBB is in order to achieve sufficiently high intracerebral concentrations of drugs that are impermeable to the BBB. In this context, miniosmotic pumps represent an ideal system for constant drug delivery at a fixed known rate that eludes the problem of daily injection stress in animals and that may also be used for direct brain delivery of drugs. Here, we describe a method for miniosmotic pump implantation and post operatory care that should be given to animals in order to successfully apply this technique. We embed the aforementioned experimental paradigm in standard procedures that are used for studying neuroplasticity within the brain of C57BL6 mice. Thus, we exposed animals to 30 min brain infarct and implanted with miniosmotic pumps connected to the skull via a cannula in order to deliver a pro-plasticity drug. Behavioral testing was done during 30 days of treatment. After removal the animals received injections of anterograde tract tracers to analyze neuronal plasticity in the chronic phase of recovery. Results indicated that neuroprotection by the delivered drug was accompanied with increase in motor fibers crossing the midline of the brain at target structures. The results affirm the value of these techniques for drug administration and brain plasticity studies in modern neuroscience.

In order to study brain reorganization under pathological conditions we used miniosmotic pumps for direct protein delivery into the brain circumventing the blood brain barrier. Tract tracers are then injected to study alterations in brain connectivity under the influence of the protein.

Miniosmotic의 주입 펌프 및 요로의 트레이서의 배달 병태 생리 학적 조건에서 뇌 조직 개편을 연구에

Pharmacological treatment in animal models of cerebral disease imposes the problem of repeated injection protocols that may induce stress in animals and ...

Improved 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Primary Glial Cells for In Vitro Modelling of Neuroinflammation

In the central nervous system, numerous acute injuries and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as implanted devices or biomaterials engineered to enhance function result in the same outcome: excess inflammation leads to gliosis, cytotoxicity, and/or formation of a glial scar that collectively exacerbate injury or prevent healthy recovery. With the intent of creating a system to model glial scar formation and study inflammatory processes, we have generated a 3D cell scaffold capable of housing primary cultured glial cells: microglia that regulate the foreign body response and initiate the inflammatory event, astrocytes that respond to form a fibrous scar, and oligodendrocytes that are typically vulnerable to inflammatory injury. The present work provides a detailed step-by-step method for the fabrication, culture, and microscopic characterization of a hyaluronic acid-based 3D hydrogel scaffold with encapsulated rat brain-derived glial cells. Further, protocols for characterization of cell encapsulation and the hydrogel scaffold by confocal immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy are demonstrated, as well as the capacity to modify the scaffold with bioactive substrates, with incorporation of a commercial basal lamina mixture to improved cell integration.

Improved 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Primary Glial Cells for In Vitro Modelling of Neuroinflammation

Herein, we present a protocol for the 3D culture of rat brain-derived glia cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. We demonstrate primary cell culture, methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HAMA) hydrogel synthesis, HAMAphoto-polymerization and cell encapsulation, and sample processing for confocal and scanning electron microscopic imaging.

생체 외에서 Neuroinflammation의 모델링에 대 한 기본 Glial 세포의 3 차원 하이드로 겔 문화 개선

In the central nervous system, numerous acute injuries and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as implanted devices or biomaterials engineered to enhance ...

Electrically Conductive Scaffold to Modulate and Deliver Stem Cells

Stem cell therapy has emerged as an exciting stroke therapeutic, but the optimal delivery method remains unclear. While the technique of microinjection has been used for decades to deliver stem cells in stroke models, this technique is limited by the lack of ability to manipulate the stem cells prior to injection. This paper details a method of using an electrically conductive polymer scaffold for stem cell delivery. Electrical stimulation of stem cells using a conductive polymer scaffold alters the stem cell's genes involved in cell survival, inflammatory response, and synaptic remodeling. After electrical preconditioning, the stem cells on the scaffold are transplanted intracranially in a distal middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model. This protocol describes a powerful technique to manipulate stem cells via a conductive polymer scaffold and creates a new tool to further develop stem cell-based therapy.

This protocol describes fabrication of a cell culture system to allow seeding of stem cells on a conductive polymer scaffold for in vitro electrical stimulation and subsequent in vivo implantation of the stem cell-seeded scaffold using a minimally invasive technique.

변조 및 줄기 세포를 제공 하는 전기 전도성 비 계

Stem cell therapy has emerged as an exciting stroke therapeutic, but the optimal delivery method remains unclear. While the technique of microinjection ...

Preparation and Characterization of Graphene-Based 3D Biohybrid Hydrogel Bioink for Peripheral Neuroengineering

Peripheral neuropathies can occur as a result of axonal damage, and occasionally due to demyelinating diseases. Peripheral nerve damage is a global problem that occurs in 1.5%-5% of emergency patients and may lead to significant job losses. Today, tissue engineering-based approaches, consisting of scaffolds, appropriate cell lines, and biosignals, have become more applicable with the development of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technologies. The combination of various hydrogel biomaterials with stem cells, exosomes, or bio-signaling molecules is frequently studied to overcome the existing problems in peripheral nerve regeneration. Accordingly, the production of injectable systems, such as hydrogels, or implantable conduit structures formed by various bioprinting methods has gained importance in peripheral neuro-engineering. Under normal conditions, stem cells are the regenerative cells of the body, and their number and functions do not decrease with time to protect their populations; these are not specialized cells but can differentiate upon appropriate stimulation in response to injury. The stem cell system is under the influence of its microenvironment, called the stem cell niche. In peripheral nerve injuries, especially in neurotmesis, this microenvironment cannot be fully rescued even after surgically binding severed nerve endings together. The composite biomaterials and combined cellular therapies approach increases the functionality and applicability of materials in terms of various properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and processability. Accordingly, this study aims to demonstrate the preparation and use of graphene-based biohybrid hydrogel patterning and to examine the differentiation efficiency of stem cells into nerve cells, which can be an effective solution in nerve regeneration.

In this manuscript, we demonstrate the preparation of a biohybrid hydrogel bioink containing graphene for use in peripheral tissue engineering. Using this 3D biohybrid material, the neural differentiation protocol of stem cells is performed. This can be an important step in bringing similar biomaterials to the clinic.

말초 신경 공학을 위한 그래핀 기반 3D 바이오하이브리드 하이드로겔 바이오잉크의 준비 및 특성화

Peripheral neuropathies can occur as a result of axonal damage, and occasionally due to demyelinating diseases. Peripheral nerve damage is a global ...

Hydrogel Arrays Enable Increased Throughput for Screening Effects of Matrix Components and Therapeutics in 3D Tumor Models

Cell-matrix interactions mediate complex physiological processes through biochemical, mechanical, and geometrical cues, influencing pathological changes and therapeutic responses. Accounting for matrix effects earlier in the drug development pipeline is expected to increase the likelihood of clinical success of novel therapeutics. Biomaterial-based strategies recapitulating specific tissue microenvironments in 3D cell culture exist but integrating these with the 2D culture methods primarily used for drug screening has been challenging. Thus, the protocol presented here details the development of methods for 3D culture within miniaturized biomaterial matrices in a multi-well plate format to facilitate integration with existing drug screening pipelines and conventional assays for cell viability. Since the matrix features critical for preserving clinically relevant phenotypes in cultured cells are expected to be highly tissue- and disease-specific, combinatorial screening of matrix parameters will be necessary to identify appropriate conditions for specific applications. The methods described here use a miniaturized culture format to assess cancer cell responses to orthogonal variation of matrix mechanics and ligand presentation. Specifically, this study demonstrates the use of this platform to investigate the effects of matrix parameters on the responses of patient-derived glioblastoma (GBM) cells to chemotherapy.

The present protocol describes an experimental platform to assess the effects of mechanical and biochemical cues on chemotherapeutic responses of patient-derived glioblastoma cells in 3D matrix-mimetic cultures using a custom-made UV illumination device facilitating high-throughput photocrosslinking of hydrogels with tunable mechanical features.

하이드로겔 어레이는 3D 종양 모델에서 매트릭스 성분 및 치료제의 스크리닝 효과를 위한 처리량 증가를 가능하게 합니다.

Cell-matrix interactions mediate complex physiological processes through biochemical, mechanical, and geometrical cues, influencing pathological changes ...

Development of Combinatorial Therapeutics for Spinal Cord Injury using Stem Cell Delivery

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) induces permanent sensorimotor deficit below the site of injury. It affects approximately a quarter million people in the US, and it represents an immeasurable public health concern. Research has been conducted to provide effective therapy; however, SCI is still considered incurable due to the complex nature of the injury site. A variety of strategies, including drug delivery, cell transplantation, and injectable biomaterials, are investigated, but one strategy alone limits their efficacy for regeneration. As such, combinatorial therapies have recently gained attention that can target multifaceted features of the injury. It has been shown that extracellular matrices (ECM) may increase the efficacy of cell transplantation for SCI. To this end, 3D hydrogels consisting of decellularized spinal cords (dSCs) and sciatic nerves (dSNs) were developed at different ratios and characterized. Histological analysis of dSCs and dSNs confirmed the removal of cellular and nuclear components, and native tissue architectures were retained after decellularization. Afterward, composite hydrogels were created at different volumetric ratios and subjected to analyses of turbidity gelation kinetics, mechanical properties, and embedded human adipose-derived stem cell (hASC) viability. No significant differences in mechanical properties were found among the different ratios of hydrogels and decellularized spinal cord matrices. Human ASCs embedded in the gels remained viable throughout the 14-day culture. This study provides a means of generating tissue-engineered combinatorial hydrogels that present nerve-specific ECM and pro-regenerative mesenchymal stem cells. This platform can provide new insights into neuro-regenerative strategies after SCI with future investigations.

In this study, nerve-mimetic composite hydrogels were developed and characterized that can be utilized to investigate and capitalize on the pro-regenerative behavior of adipose-derived stem cells for spinal cord injury repair.

Stem Cell Delivery를 이용한 척수 손상 조합치료제 개발

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) induces permanent sensorimotor deficit below the site of injury. It affects approximately a quarter million people in ...