이 연구는 공군 과학 연구실의 LRIR 16RH3003J 보조금과 미국 국방부 연구 및 공학 차관실의 ARAP (Synthetic Biology for Military Environments Applied Research for the Advancement of S & T Priorities) 프로그램의 지원을 받았습니다.
ThyRS에 대한 플라스미드 벡터 서열(pSALv-RS-GFPa1, 3.4kb)은 J. Gallivan 박사에 의해 아낌없이 제공되었습니다. Bombyx mori 의 누에 고치는 매사추세츠주 터프츠 대학교의 D.L. Kaplan 박사가 아낌없이 기증했습니다.

<ol>
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여기에 제시된 견해와 의견은 저자의 견해이며 반드시 DoD 또는 그 구성 요소의 견해를 나타내는 것은 아닙니다

다양한 유형의 DNA-인코딩된 센서 설계로 로딩된 선택적 투과성 하이드로겔 마이크로캡슐은 이 프로토콜에 따라 제조될 수 있다. LbL 접근법의 특징 중 하나는 상향식 조립 동안 마이크로 캡슐의 복잡성을 조정할 수 있다는 것인데, 이는 일반적으로 희생 템플릿에 분자 종의 흡착으로 시작됩니다. 초기 성분의 농도, pH 조건 및 층수를 조심스럽게 조절함으로써, 상이한 DNA 로딩 파라미터, 기능성 및 ?...

합성 생물학 분야는 미생물에 의해 진화된 자연적 메커니즘을 활용하여 환경과 잠재적 위협을 모니터링함으로써 감지 기능을 개발할 수 있는 독특한 기회를 제공합니다. 중요하게도, 이러한 감지 메커니즘은 일반적으로 이러한 미생물을 유해한 노출로부터 보호하고 유전자 발현을 조절하여 부정적인 영향을 완화하거나 독성 물질의 섭취를 방지하는 반응과 관련이 있습니다. 이러한 자연 반응을 활용하지만 새로운 표적을 인식하거나 정량화 목적으로 측정할 수 있는 측정 가능한 신호(일반적으로 형광)를 생성하도록 방향을 바꾸도록 전체 세포 센서를 만들기 위해 이러한 미생물을 설계하려는 상당한 노력이 있었습니다1,2. 현재, 유전자 변형 미생물(GMO)의 사용에 대한 우려, 특히 환경이나 인체에서 방출될 때, 전체 세포 또는 일부 유전 물질의 누출로 인해, 폴리머 매트릭스에 캡슐화되어 있더라도 이러한 감지 접근법을 활용하기 위한 대안적인 방법이 필요함을 시사한다3.
GMO 배포에 대한 걱정 없이 미생물 기반 감지의 이점을 활용하는 강력한 접근 방식은 체외 전사/번역(IVTT) 시스템을 사용하는 것입니다. 실용적인 관점에서 IVTT 시스템은 초음파 처리, 비드 박동 또는 기타를 포함한 다양한 수단으로 세포에서 "추출"된 활성 상태의 대부분의 세포 구성 요소를 포함하는 혼합물로 구성됩니다4. 이 공정의 최종 산물은 전사 및 번역을 수행하도록 이미 최적화된 생화학 반응 혼합물로, 전체 세포 사용과 관련된 제약 없이(막 확산, 형질전환 효율, 세포 독성 등) "개방형 용기" 형식으로 다양한 센서를 테스트하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 중요한 것은, 서로 다른 센서 구성 요소를 정량적으로 추가할 수 있고, 우리가 설명한 바와 같이 서로 다른 광학 및 분광 기술로 그 효과를 연구할 수 있다는것입니다 5. IVTT 시스템의 성능이 일관되지 않을 수 있음이 밝혀졌습니다. 그러나 최근 연구에서는 준비 및 특성화를 표준화하는 접근 방식을 보여주었으며, 이는 센서 설계6에서 성능을 연구할 때 큰 도움이 됩니다. 최근에, 중금속 이온, 약물, 정족수 감지 요소및 기타의 검출을 포함하여, 종이 매트릭스에서 그 성분들의 동결건조를 통해 종이-기반 분석법을 생성하기 위해 사용되는 IVTT 시스템의 많은 예들이 입증되었다 7,8,9. IVTT 기반 센서의 흥미로운 응용 분야는 토양, 물, 인체를 포함한 다양한 유형의 환경에서 감지 응용 분야에 사용된다는 것입니다. 이러한 IVTT 시스템을 이러한 까다로운 환경에 배포하려면 IVTT 구성 요소를 포함하고 성능 저하로부터 보호하기 위한 캡슐화 접근 방식을 구현해야 합니다.
IVTT 시스템에 대한 가장 일반적인 캡슐화 접근법은 지질 캡슐, 미셀, 폴리머솜 및 기타 밀접하게 밀폐된 마이크로컨테이너(10,11,12)의 사용을 포함한다. 이 접근 방식의 한 가지 단점은 외부 환경과의 통신을 허용하고 감지 기능을 제공하기 위해 컨테이너 안팎으로 재료를 운반하기 위해 수동 또는 능동 메커니즘을 통합해야 한다는 것입니다. 이러한 문제 중 일부를 극복하기 위해 이 연구에서는 IVTT 시스템에서 표현할 다양한 센서 설계에 대한 인코딩 재료를 캡슐화하는 간단하면서도 효과적인 접근 방식을 제공하는 방법을 보고합니다. 이 접근법은 관심 플라스미드의 존재 하에 바이오폴리머의 층별(LbL) 증착을 사용하여 높은 다공성을 가진 중공 마이크로캡슐을 생성함으로써 보호된 유전 물질이 선택한 IVTT의 다양한 구성 요소와 상호 작용할 수 있도록 합니다. 이 연구는 캡슐화된 플라스미드가 플라스미드 인코딩된 앱타머 및 해당 표적에 대한 리보스위치의 반응에서 볼 수 있듯이 이 고분자 매트릭스 내에서 활성화될 때 전사 및 번역을 지시할 수 있음을 입증했습니다. 또한 이 LbL 코팅은 특별한 보관 조건 없이 몇 달 동안 플라스미드를 보호합니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>(Z)-4-(3,5-difluoro-4-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-methyl-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1H-imidazol-5(4 H)-one (DFHBI-1T)</td><td>Lucerna</td><td>DFHBI-1T</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5x T4 DNA Ligase Buffer</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>46300-018</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6x Blue Gel Loading Dye</td><td>New England BioLabs</td><td>B7021S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>96-well plates, black circular</td><td>Corning</td><td>3601</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agarose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A9539</td><td>BioReagent, for molecular biology, low EEO</td></tr><tr><td>Ampicillin sodium salt</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A0166</td><td>powder or crystals, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture</td></tr><tr><td>BlpI restriction enzymes</td><td>New England BioLabs</td><td>R0585S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Corning Disposable Vacuum Filter/Storage Systems</td><td>FisherScientific</td><td>09-761-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>472301</td><td>ACS reagent, &amp;ge;99.9%</td></tr><tr><td>DNA Plasmid, pET28c-F30-2x Broccoli (5.4 kb), BrocApt.</td><td>Addgene</td><td>Plasmid #66788</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DyLightTM550 Antibody Labeling kit (Invitrogen)</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>84530</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>E. coli S30 extract system for circular DNA</td><td>Promega</td><td>L1020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Falcon Conical centrifuge tubes, 15 mL</td><td>FisherScientific</td><td>14-959-53A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Falcon Conical centrifuge tubes, 50 mL</td><td></td><td>14-432-22</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fisherbrand Microcentrifuge tubes, 1.5 mL</td><td>FisherScientific</td><td>05-408-129</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrofluoric acid, HF</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>695068</td><td>ACS reagent, 48%</td></tr><tr><td>Kanamycin sulfate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>60615</td><td>mixture of Kanamycin A (main component) and Kanamycin B and C</td></tr><tr><td>KpnI restriction enzymes</td><td>New England BioLabs</td><td>R0142S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LB agar plate supplemented with 100 &amp;micro;g/mL ampicillin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>L5667</td><td>pre-poured agar plates with 100 &amp;micro;g/mL ampicillin</td></tr><tr><td>LB agar plate supplemented with 50 &amp;micro;g/mL kanamycin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>L0543</td><td>pre-poured agar plates with 50 &amp;micro;g/mL kanamycin</td></tr><tr><td>LB broth (Lennox grade)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>L3022</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lithium bromide, LiBr</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>213225</td><td>ReagentPlus, &amp;ge;99%</td></tr><tr><td>Max Efficiency DH5-&amp;alpha; competent E. coli strain</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>18258012</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>MilliporeSigma</td><td>322415</td><td>anhydrous, 99.8%</td></tr><tr><td>MilliQ-water</td><td>EMD MilliPore</td><td></td><td>Milli-Q Reference Water Purification System</td></tr><tr><td>MinElute PCR Purification Kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N&amp;prime;-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride, EDC</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E1769</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS (phosphate buffered saline)</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>10010023</td><td>1x PBS, pH 7.4</td></tr><tr><td>Phusion High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>M0530S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylenimine, branched</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>408727</td><td>average Mw ~25,000</td></tr><tr><td>PURExpress In Vitro Protein Synthesis Kit</td><td>New England BioLabs</td><td>E6800S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>QIAEX II Gel Extraction Kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>20021</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>&amp;nbsp;27104</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Quick-Load 2-Log DNA Ladder (0.1-10.0 kb)</td><td>New England BioLabs</td><td>N0469S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SiO? silica microspheres, 4.0 &amp;micro;m</td><td>Polysciences, Inc.</td><td>24331-15</td><td>10% aqueous solution</td></tr><tr><td>Slide-A-Lyzer G2 Dialysis Cassettes, 3.5K MWCO, 15 mL</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>87724</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium carbonate, Na?CO?</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>222321</td><td>ACS reagent, anhydrous, &amp;ge;99.5%, powder</td></tr><tr><td>Spectrum Spectra/Por Float-A-Lyzer G2 Dialysis Devices</td><td>FisherScientific</td><td>08-607-008</td><td>Spectrum G235058</td></tr><tr><td>SYBR Safe DNA gel stain</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>S33102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T4 DNA Ligase (5 U/&amp;micro;L)</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>EL0011</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Theophylline</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T1633</td><td>anhydrous, &amp;ge;99%, powder</td></tr><tr><td>Tris Acetate-EDTA buffer (TAE buffer)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T6025</td><td>Contains 40 mM Tris-acetate and 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.3.</td></tr><tr><td>UltraPure DNase/RNase-Free Distilled Water</td><td>FisherScientific</td><td>10-977-023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ZymoPURE II Plasmid MaxiPrep kit</td><td>ZymoResearch</td><td>D4202</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation of multifunctional silk-based microcapsules loaded with dna plasmids encoding rna aptamers and riboswitches

우리는 희생 구형 코어에서 층별(LbL) 조립 방법을 통해 DNA가 함유된 실크 피브로인 마이크로캡슐을 제조하기 위한 프로토콜을 소개합니다. 프라임층 및 DNA 플라스미드의 흡착에 이어, 단일 실크층의 급성 탈수 동안 실크 2차 구조에서 β-시트를 유도함으로써 견고한 마이크로캡슐의 형성을 촉진하였다. 따라서 층상은 다중 수소 결합과 소수성 상호 작용을 통해 발생했습니다. 다층 쉘의 흡착 시, 코어-쉘 구조는 원격 감지 및/또는 표적 전달에 사용되는 금 나노입자(AuNP) 및/또는 항체(IgG)로 추가로 기능화될 수 있습니다. 폴리머 프라이머의 존재, DNA 및 실크 단백질의 농도, 다수의 흡착된 층과 같은 실리카 코어에 주요 거대분자를 순차적으로 증착하는 동안 몇 가지 주요 매개변수를 조정하면 다양한 투과성 및 DNA 로딩을 갖는 생체 적합성, DNA 함유 마이크로캡슐이 생성되었습니다. 실리카 코어의 용해 시, 프로토콜은 캡슐 멤브레인의 내부 표면에 고정된 DNA 플라스미드를 갖는 중공 및 견고한 마이크로캡슐의 형성을 입증하였다. DNA 플라스미드와 외부 환경 사이에 선택적으로 투과할 수 있는 생체적합성 막을 만들어 장기 보관 시 DNA를 보존하고 공간적으로 제한된 플라스미드의 출력 반응을 개선하는 데 중요한 역할을 했습니다. DNA 템플릿의 활성과 접근성은 시험관 내 전사 및 번역 반응(cell-free system) 동안 테스트되었습니다. RNA 라이트업 앱타머 및 리보스위치를 암호화하는 DNA 플라스미드는 쉘 막에서 형광 표지된 RNA 전사체 또는 GFPa1 단백질의 국소화 중에 시각화된 바와 같이 해당 분석물과 함께 성공적으로 활성화되었습니다.

여기에서 이 연구는 실크 단백질 캡슐에 캡슐화한 후 다양한 센서 디자인(두 가지 유형의 RNA 조절 전사/번역 요소)을 인코딩하는 DNA 템플릿의 기능을 다룹니다. 마이크로캡슐은 주요 구성 요소인 프라임층, 센서 설계를 인코딩하는 DNA 플라스미드 및 실크 피브로인 바이오폴리머의 템플릿화된 층별(LbL) 조립을 통해 제조되었습니다(그림 2). 층상 방식으로 거대분자를 증착하?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Multifunctional Silk-Based Microcapsules Loaded with DNA Plasmids Encoding RNA Aptamers and Riboswitches at JoVE.com

Preparation of Multifunctional Silk-Based Microcapsules Loaded with DNA Plasmids Encoding RNA Aptamers and Riboswitches

이 프로토콜은 여러 리간드를 추적할 수 있는 다중화된 시험관 내 바이오센서로서 견고하고 생체적합성 DNA가 함유된 마이크로캡슐의 형성을 설명합니다.

RNA 압타머 및 리보스위치를 인코딩하는 DNA 플라스미드가 로딩된 다기능 실크 기반 마이크로캡슐의 제조

We introduce a protocol for the preparation of DNA-laden silk fibroin microcapsules via the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembly method on sacrificial spherical ...

preparation-multifunctional-silk-based-microcapsules-loaded-with-dna

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

1.3K 조회수.  UES Inc.. 이 프로토콜은 여러 리간드를 추적할 수 있는 다중화된 시험관 내 바이오센서로서 견고하고 생체적합성 DNA가 함유된 마이크로캡슐의 형성을 설명합니다.

비디오: Preparation of Multifunctional Silk-Based Microcapsules Loaded with DNA Plasmids Encoding RNA Aptamers and Riboswitches

Folding and Characterization of a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

The DNA nanorobot is a hollow hexagonal nanometric device, designed to open in response to specific stimuli and present cargo sequestered inside. Both stimuli and cargo can be tailored according to specific needs. Here we describe the DNA nanorobot fabrication protocol, with the use of the DNA origami technique. The procedure initiates by mixing short single-strand DNA staples into a stock mixture which is then added to a long, circular, single-strand DNA scaffold in presence of a folding buffer. A standard thermo cycler is programmed to gradually lower the mixing reaction temperature to facilitate the staples-to-scaffold annealing, which is the guiding force behind the folding of the nanorobot. Once the 60 hr folding reaction is complete, excess staples are discarded using a centrifugal filter, followed by visualization via agarose-gel electrophoresis (AGE). Finally, successful fabrication of the nanorobot is verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with the use of uranyl-formate as negative stain.

DNA origami is a powerful method for fabricating precise nanoscale objects by programming the self-assembly of DNA molecules. Here we describe a protocol for the folding of a bio-responsive robot from DNA origami, its purification and negative staining for transmission electron microscopic imaging (TEM).

DNA 접기에서 바이오 응답 로봇의 폴딩 및 특성화

The DNA nanorobot is a hollow hexagonal nanometric device, designed to open in response to specific stimuli and present cargo sequestered inside. Both ...

연구

화학

Cell Squeezing as a Robust, Microfluidic Intracellular Delivery Platform

Rapid mechanical deformation of cells has emerged as a promising, vector-free method for intracellular delivery of macromolecules and nanomaterials. This technology has shown potential in addressing previously challenging applications; including, delivery to primary immune cells, cell reprogramming, carbon nanotube, and quantum dot delivery. This vector-free microfluidic platform relies on mechanical disruption of the cell membrane to facilitate cytosolic delivery of the target material. Herein, we describe the detailed method of use for these microfluidic devices including, device assembly, cell preparation, and system operation. This delivery approach requires a brief optimization of device type and operating conditions for previously unreported applications. The provided instructions are generalizable to most cell types and delivery materials as this system does not require specialized buffers or chemical modification/conjugation steps. This work also provides recommendations on how to improve device performance and trouble-shoot potential issues related to clogging, low delivery efficiencies, and cell viability.

Rapid mechanical deformation of cells has emerged as a promising, vector-free method for intracellular delivery of macromolecules and nanomaterials. This protocol provides detailed steps on how to use the system for a broad range of applications.

강력한, 미세 유체 세포 내 전달 플랫폼으로 휴대 뒤쪽에서

Rapid mechanical deformation of cells has emerged as a promising, vector-free method for intracellular delivery of macromolecules and nanomaterials. This ...

생체공학

Porous Silicon Microparticles for Delivery of siRNA Therapeutics

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) can be used to suppress gene expression, thereby providing a new avenue for the treatment of various diseases. However, the successful implementation of siRNA therapy requires the use of delivery platforms that can overcome the major challenges of siRNA delivery, such as enzymatic degradation, low intracellular uptake and lysosomal entrapment. Here, a protocol for the preparation and use of a biocompatible and effective siRNA delivery system is presented. This platform consists of polyethylenimine (PEI) and arginine (Arg)-grafted porous silicon microparticles, which can be loaded with siRNA by performing a simple mixing step. The silicon particles are gradually degraded over time, thereby triggering the formation of Arg-PEI/siRNA nanoparticles. This delivery vehicle provides a means for protecting and internalizing siRNA, without causing cytotoxicity. The major steps of polycation functionalization, particle characterization, and siRNA loading are outlined in detail. In addition, the procedures for determining particle uptake, cytotoxicity, and transfection efficacy are also described.

Delivery remains the main challenge for the therapeutic implementation of small interfering RNA (siRNA). This protocol involves the use of a multifunctional and biocompatible siRNA delivery platform, consisting of arginine and polyethylenimine grafted porous silicon microparticles.

siRNA를 치료제의 전달을위한 다공성 실리콘 미세 입자

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) can be used to suppress gene expression, thereby providing a new avenue for the treatment of various diseases. However, the ...

Gene-therapy Inspired Polycation Coating for Protection of DNA Origami Nanostructures

DNA origami nanostructures hold an immense potential to be used for biological and medical applications. However, low-salt conditions and nucleases in physiological fluids induce denaturation and degradation of self-assembled DNA nanostructures. In non-viral gene delivery, enzymatic degradation of DNA is overcome by the encapsulation of the negatively charged DNA in a cationic shell. Herein, inspired by gene delivery advancements, a simple, one-step and robust methodology is presented for the stabilization of DNA origami nanostructures by coating them with chitosan and linear polyethyleneimine. The polycation coating efficiently protects DNA origami nanostructures in Mg-depleted and nuclease-rich media. This method also preserves the full addressability of enzyme- and aptamer-based functionalization of DNA nanostructures.

Here, a protocol for the protection of DNA origami nanostructures in Mg-depleted and nuclease-rich media using natural cationic polysaccharide chitosan and synthetic linear polyethyleneimine (LPEI) coatings is presented.

유전자 치료 DNA 종이 접기 Nanostructures의 보호를 위한 Polycation 코팅을 영감

DNA origami nanostructures hold an immense potential to be used for biological and medical applications. However, low-salt conditions and nucleases in ...

Synthesis, Functionalization, and Characterization of Fusogenic Porous Silicon Nanoparticles for Oligonucleotide Delivery

With the advent of gene therapy, the development of an effective in vivo nucleotide-payload delivery system has become of parallel import. Fusogenic porous silicon nanoparticles (F-pSiNPs) have recently demonstrated high in vivo gene silencing efficacy due to its high oligonucleotide loading capacity and unique cellular uptake pathway that avoids endocytosis. The synthesis of F-pSiNPs is a multi-step process that includes: (1) loading and sealing of oligonucleotide payloads in the silicon pores; (2) simultaneous coating and sizing of fusogenic lipids around the porous silicon cores; and (3) conjugation of targeting peptides and washing to remove excess oligonucleotide, silicon debris, and peptide. The particle&#8217;s size uniformity is characterized by dynamic light scattering, and its core-shell structure may be verified by transmission electron microscopy. The fusogenic uptake is validated by loading a lipophilic dye, 1,1&#39;-dioctadecyl-3,3,3&#39;,3&#39;-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), into the fusogenic lipid bilayer and treating it to cells in vitro to observe for plasma membrane staining versus endocytic localizations. The targeting and in vivo gene silencing efficacies were previously quantified in a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia, in which the targeting peptide is expected to help the F-pSiNPs to home to the site of infection. Beyond its application in S. aureus infection, the F-pSiNP system may be used to deliver any oligonucleotide for gene therapy of a wide range of diseases, including viral infections, cancer, and autoimmune diseases.

We demonstrate the synthesis of fusogenic porous silicon nanoparticles for effective in vitro and in vivo oligonucleotide delivery. Porous silicon nanoparticles are loaded with siRNA to form the core, which is coated by fusogenic lipids through extrusion to form the shell. Targeting moiety functionalization and particle characterization are included.

합성과 기능화, Oligonucleotide 배달에 대 한 Fusogenic 다공성 실리콘 나노 입자의 특성

With the advent of gene therapy, the development of an effective in vivo nucleotide-payload delivery system has become of parallel import. Fusogenic ...

공학

Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

Polyelectrolyte complex micelles (PCMs), core-shell nanoparticles formed by self-assembly of charged polymers in aqueous solution, provide a powerful platform for exploring the physics of polyelectrolyte interactions and also offer a promising solution to the pressing problem of delivering therapeutic oligonucleotides in vivo. Developing predictive structure-property relationships for PCMs has proven difficult, in part due to the presence of strong kinetic traps during nanoparticle self-assembly. This article discusses criteria for choosing polymers for PCM construction and provides protocols based on salt annealing that enable assembly of repeatable, low-polydispersity nanoparticles. We also discuss PCM characterization using light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and electron microscopy.

We provide protocols and representative data for designing, assembling, and characterizing polyelectrolyte complex micelles, core-shell nanoparticles formed by polyelectrolytes and hydrophilic charged-uncharged block copolymers.

Polyelectrolyte complex micelles (PCMs), core-shell nanoparticles formed by self-assembly of charged polymers in aqueous solution, provide a powerful ...

Predicting Gene Silencing Through the Spatiotemporal Control of siRNA Release from Photo-responsive Polymeric Nanocarriers

New materials and methods are needed to better control the binding vs. release of nucleic acids for a wide range of applications that require the precise regulation of gene activity. In particular, novel stimuli-responsive materials with improved spatiotemporal control over gene expression would unlock translatable platforms in drug discovery and regenerative medicine technologies. Furthermore, an enhanced ability to control nucleic acid release from materials would enable the development of streamlined methods to predict nanocarrier efficacy a priori, leading to expedited screening of delivery vehicles. Herein, we present a protocol for predicting gene silencing efficiencies and achieving spatiotemporal control over gene expression through a modular photo-responsive nanocarrier system. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is complexed with mPEG-b-poly(5-(3-(amino)propoxy)-2-nitrobenzyl methacrylate) (mPEG-b-P(APNBMA)) polymers to form stable nanocarriers that can be controlled with light to facilitate tunable, on/off siRNA release. We outline two complementary assays employing fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and gel electrophoresis for the accurate quantification of siRNA release from solutions mimicking intracellular environments. Information gained from these assays was incorporated into a simple RNA interference (RNAi) kinetic model to predict the dynamic silencing responses to various photo-stimulus conditions. In turn, these optimized irradiation conditions allowed refinement of a new protocol for spatiotemporally controlling gene silencing. This method can generate cellular patterns in gene expression with cell-to-cell resolution and no detectable off-target effects. Taken together, our approach offers an easy-to-use method for predicting dynamic changes in gene expression and precisely controlling siRNA activity in space and time. This set of assays can be readily adapted to test a wide variety of other stimuli-responsive systems in order to address key challenges pertinent to a multitude of applications in biomedical research and medicine.

We present a novel method that uses photo-responsive block copolymers for more efficient spatiotemporal control of gene silencing with no detectable off-target effects. Additionally, changes in gene expression can be predicted using straightforward siRNA release assays and simple kinetic modeling.

광 반응성 고분자 나노 캐리어로부터의 siRNA 방출의 시공간 조절을 통한 유전자 침묵 예측

New materials and methods are needed to better control the binding vs. release of nucleic acids for a wide range of applications that require the precise ...

Generation of Cationic Nanoliposomes for the Efficient Delivery of In Vitro Transcribed Messenger RNA

The development of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based therapeutics for the treatment of various diseases becomes more and more important because of the positive properties of in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA. With the help of IVT mRNA, the de novo synthesis of a desired protein can be induced without changing the physiological state of the target cell. Moreover, protein biosynthesis can be precisely controlled due to the transient effect of IVT mRNA.
For the efficient transfection of cells, nanoliposomes (NLps) may represent a safe and efficient delivery vehicle for therapeutic mRNA. This study describes a protocol to generate safe and efficient cationic NLps consisting of DC-cholesterol and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) as a delivery vector for IVT mRNA. NLps having a defined size, a homogeneous distribution, and a high complexation capacity, and can be produced using the dry-film method. Moreover, we present different test systems to analyze their complexation and transfection efficacies using synthetic enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) mRNA, as well as their effect on cell viability. Overall, the presented protocol provides an effective and safe approach for mRNA complexation, which may advance and improve the administration of therapeutic mRNA.

Generation of Cationic Nanoliposomes for the Efficient Delivery of In Vitro Transcribed Messenger RNA

Here we describe a protocol for the generation of cationic nanoliposomes, which is based on the dry-film method and can be used for the safe and efficient delivery of in vitro transcribed messenger RNA.

체 외에서 의 효율적인 배달 양이온 Nanoliposomes의 세대 문자 메신저 RNA

The development of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based therapeutics for the treatment of various diseases becomes more and more important because of the positive ...

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

DNA nanotechnology enables programmable self-assembly of nucleic acids into user-prescribed shapes and dynamics for diverse applications. This work demonstrates that concepts from DNA nanotechnology can be used to program the enzymatic activity of the phage-derived T7 RNA polymerase (RNAP) and build scalable synthetic gene regulatory networks. First, an oligonucleotide-tethered T7 RNAP is engineered via expression of an N-terminally SNAP-tagged RNAP and subsequent chemical coupling of the SNAP-tag with a benzylguanine (BG)-modified oligonucleotide. Next, nucleic-acid strand displacement is used to program polymerase transcription on-demand. In addition, auxiliary nucleic acid assemblies can be used as &#34;artificial transcription factors&#34; to regulate the interactions between the DNA-programmed T7 RNAP with its DNA templates. This in vitro transcription regulatory mechanism can implement a variety of circuit behaviors such as digital logic, feedback, cascading, and multiplexing. The composability of this gene regulatory architecture facilitates design abstraction, standardization, and scaling. These features will enable the rapid prototyping of in vitro&#160;genetic devices for applications such as bio-sensing, disease detection, and data storage.

We describe the engineering of a novel DNA-tethered T7 RNA polymerase to regulate in vitro transcription reactions. We discuss the steps for protein synthesis and characterization, validate proof-of-concept transcriptional regulation, and discuss its applications in molecular computing, diagnostics, and molecular information processing.

시험관 내 전사 및 분자 계산을 위한 DNA 테더드 RNA 폴리머라제

DNA nanotechnology enables programmable self-assembly of nucleic acids into user-prescribed shapes and dynamics for diverse applications. This work ...

양친매성 DNA 나노스타 또는 C-스타의 다용도 생체 분자 응축물

Synthetic Condensates and Cell-Like Architectures from Amphiphilic DNA Nanostructures

Synthetic droplets and condensates are becoming increasingly common constituents of advanced biomimetic systems and synthetic cells, where they can be used to establish compartmentalization and sustain life-like responses. Synthetic DNA nanostructures have demonstrated significant potential as condensate-forming building blocks owing to their programmable shape, chemical functionalization, and self-assembly behavior. We have recently demonstrated that amphiphilic DNA "nanostars", obtained by labeling DNA junctions with hydrophobic moieties, constitute a particularly robust and versatile solution. The resulting amphiphilic DNA condensates can be programmed to display complex, multi-compartment internal architectures, structurally respond to various external stimuli, synthesize macromolecules, capture and release payloads, undergo morphological transformations, and interact with live cells. Here, we demonstrate protocols for preparing amphiphilic DNA condensates starting from constituent DNA oligonucleotides. We will address (i) single-component systems forming uniform condensates, (ii) two-component systems forming core-shell condensates, and (iii) systems in which the condensates are modified to support in vitro transcription of RNA nanostructures.

저자 스포트라이트: 프로그래밍 가능한 양친매성 DNA 나노 구조에서 합성 세포 개발

We present a protocol for preparing synthetic biomolecular condensates consisting of amphiphilic DNA nanostars starting from their constituent DNA oligonucleotides. Condensates are produced from either a single nanostar component or two components and are modified to sustain in vitro transcription of RNA from an embedded DNA template.

양친매성 DNA 나노 구조의 합성 응축물 및 세포와 같은 구조

Synthetic droplets and condensates are becoming increasingly common constituents of advanced biomimetic systems and synthetic cells, where they can be ...