기술적인 도움과 지원을 아끼지 않은 Toni Haun, Keith Vogel 및 Shawn Fisher에게 감사의 말씀을 전합니다. 이 연구는 워싱턴 대학교 메리 게이츠 기금(R.I.), 국립보건원(NIH 5R01NS116464, T.B., A.Y.), NIH R01 NS119395(D.J.G., A.Y.), 워싱턴 국립 영장류 연구 센터(WaNPRC, NIH P51 OD010425, U42 OD011123), 신경기술 센터(EEC-1028725, ZA, D.J.G.) 및 웨일 뉴로허브(Weill Neurohub, Z. I.)의 지원을 받았습니다.

NHP 신경외과 계획을 위한 MRI의 자동화된 3D 뇌 및 두개골 모델링

<ol>
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공개할 것이 없습니다.

이 논문은 NHP 두개골 창 이식에 사용되는 구성 요소의 개발에 도움이 될 뿐만 아니라 NHP 신경 과학 연구의 다른 영역으로 이전할 수 있는 간단하고 정확한 신경외과 계획 방법을 설명합니다 13,15,25. NHP 임플란트 계획 및 설계의 다른 현재 방법과 비교하여25,29,30, 이 절차는 간단하고 경제적이기 때문에 더 많은...

비인간 영장류(NHP)는 진화론적으로나 행동적으로 인간과 유사하기 때문에 중개 의학 연구에 매우 중요한 모델입니다. NHP는 신경 공학 전임상 연구에서 특히 중요한데, 그 이유는 NHP의 뇌가 신경 기능 및 기능 장애와 관련성이 높은 모델이기 때문입니다1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. 광유전학, 칼슘 영상 등과 같은 일부 강력한 뇌 자극 및 기록 기술은 두개창을 통해 뇌에 직접 접근할 때 가장 잘 제공됩니다9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23. NHP에서 두개골 창은 뇌를 보호하고 장기 실험을 지원하기 위해 챔버와 인공 경막으로 이루어지는 경우가 많습니다8,10,12,17,18,24,25,26,27. 마찬가지로, 헤드포스트는 실험 중에 헤드를 안정화하고 정렬하기 위해 챔버를 동반하는 경우가 많습니다14,15,25,26,28,29,30. 이러한 구성 요소의 효과는 두개골에 얼마나 잘 맞는지에 따라 크게 달라집니다. 두개골에 더 밀착되면 감염, 골괴사 및 임플란트 불안정성의 가능성을 줄여 뼈 통합과 두개골 건강을 촉진합니다31. 수술 중 헤드포스트를 수동으로 구부리는 것과 같은 기존 설계 방법25,29 자기 공명(MR) 스캔의 관상 및 시상 슬라이스에 원을 맞추어 두개골 곡률을 추정합니다9,12 부정확성으로 인해 합병증이 발생할 수 있습니다. 이들 중 가장 정밀한 것조차도 임플란트와 두개골 사이에 1-2mm의 간격을 만들어 육아 조직이 축적될 수 있는 공간을 제공합니다29. 이러한 틈은 수술에 나사를 끼우는 데 어려움을 초래합니다9, 임플란트의 안정성을 손상시킵니다. 최근에는 골유착 및 임플란트 수명을 개선하기 위해 맞춤형 임플란트가 개발되었습니다9,29,30,32. 추가 비용은 컴퓨터 모델에 의존하기 때문에 맞춤형 임플란트 설계의 발전에 수반되었습니다. 가장 정확한 방법에는 MR 영상(MRI) 기계 외에도 컴퓨터 단층 촬영(CT) 기계와 같은 정교한 장비가 필요합니다30,32,33 임플란트 프로토타입 개발을 위한 컴퓨터 수치 제어(CNC) 밀링 머신도 있습니다25,29,32,34. 특히 NHP와 함께 사용하기 위해 MRI와 CT를 모두 사용하는 것은 두개실 및 헤드포스트와 같은 맞춤형 임플란트가 필요한 실험실에서는 불가능할 수 있습니다.
그 결과, 지역 사회에서는 임플란트를 사용하기 전에 설계하고 검증할 수 있는 신경외과 및 실험 계획의 저렴하고 정확하며 비침습적인 기술에 대한 필요성이 있습니다. 이 논문은 개두술 위치 계획 및 두개골에 맞는 맞춤형 두개실 및 헤드포스트 설계를 위해 MR 데이터에서 가상 3D 뇌 및 두개골 표현을 생성하는 방법을 설명합니다. 이 간소화된 절차는 실험 결과와 연구 동물의 복지에 도움이 될 수 있는 표준화된 설계를 제공합니다. 뼈와 연조직이 모두 MRI에 묘사되기 때문에 이 모델링에는 MRI만 필요합니다. CNC 밀링 머신을 사용하는 대신 여러 번 반복해야 하는 경우에도 모델을 저렴하게 3D 프린팅할 수 있습니다. 이를 통해 최종 설계를 이식용 티타늄과 같은 생체 적합성 금속으로 3D 프린팅할 수 있습니다. 또한 이식 시 두개골 챔버 내부에 배치되는 인공 경막의 제작에 대해 설명합니다. 이러한 구성 요소는 모든 부품을 실물 크기의 3D 프린팅 두개골과 뇌 모형에 장착하여 수술 전 검증할 수 있습니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3D Printing Software (Simplify 3D) (Paid)</td>
			<td>Simplify3D</td>
			<td>Version 4.1</td>
			<td>Used for 3D printing using MakerGear printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C-Clamp</td>
			<td>Bessey</td>
			<td>CM22</td>
			<td>Used for artificial dura fabrication, 2-1/2 Inch Capacity, 1-3/8 Inch Throat</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formlabs Form 3+ 3D Printer</td>
			<td>Formlabs</td>
			<td>Form 3+</td>
			<td>Used for precise 3D printing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MakerGear M2 3D Printer</td>
			<td>MakerGear</td>
			<td>M2 revG</td>
			<td>Used for 3D printing implant prototypes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB (Paid)</td>
			<td>MathWorks</td>
			<td>R2021b</td>
			<td>Used for brain and skull isolation, virtual craniotomy visualization and skull STL reduction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phillips Acheiva MRI System</td>
			<td>Philips</td>
			<td>4522 991 19391</td>
			<td>Used for non-human primate imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photopolymer Resin</td>
			<td>Formlabs</td>
			<td>FLGPGR04</td>
			<td>1L, Grey, used for precise 3D prints with Formlabs printer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PreForm Print Preparation Software</td>
			<td>Formlabs</td>
			<td>Version 2.17.0</td>
			<td>Used for 3D printing with Formlabs printer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Printing Filament (PLA)</td>
			<td>MatterHackers</td>
			<td>88331</td>
			<td>PLA 1.75 mm White. Used for 3D printing with MakerGear printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone CAT-1300</td>
			<td>Shin-Etsu</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for artificial dura fabrication</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone KE1300-T</td>
			<td>Shin-Etsu</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for artificial dura fabrication</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SolidWorks (Paid)</td>
			<td>Dassault Systems</td>
			<td>2020</td>
			<td>Used for chamber and headpost design</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syn.Flex-S Multicoil</td>
			<td>Philips</td>
			<td>45221318123</td>
			<td>Used for non-human primate imaging</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a neural implant design toolbox for nonhuman primates

이 논문은 비인간 영장류(NHP) 신경외과 계획에 맞게 조정된 자기공명영상(MRI)에서 3D 뇌 및 두개골 모델링의 자체 방법을 설명합니다. 이 자동화된 컴퓨터 소프트웨어 기반 기술은 이미징 소프트웨어를 사용하는 기존의 수동 추출 기술과 달리 MRI 파일에서 뇌 및 두개골 특징을 추출하는 효율적인 방법을 제공합니다. 또한 이 시술은 직관적인 가상 수술 계획을 위해 뇌와 개두술을 함께 시각화하는 방법을 제공합니다. 이를 통해 반복적인 3D 프린팅에 의존했던 과거 작업에 필요한 시간과 리소스를 크게 줄일 수 있습니다. 두개골 모델링 프로세스는 외과적 이식을 위한 맞춤형 두개실과 헤드포스트를 설계하기 위해 모델링 소프트웨어로 내보내는 발자국을 생성합니다. 맞춤형 수술용 임플란트는 감염이나 안정성 저하 등의 합병증을 유발할 수 있는 임플란트와 두개골 사이의 틈을 최소화합니다. 이러한 수술 전 단계를 시행하면 수술 및 실험 합병증을 줄일 수 있습니다. 이러한 기술은 다른 수술 과정에 적용할 수 있으므로 연구자와 잠재적으로 신경외과 의사를 위한 보다 효율적이고 효과적인 실험 계획을 용이하게 할 수 있습니다.

Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are invaluable models for translational medical research because they are evolutionarily and behaviorally similar to humans. NHPs have gained particular importance in neural engineering preclinical studies because their brains are highly relevant models of neural function and dysfunction1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. Some powerful brain stimulation and recording techniques, such as optogenetics, calcium imaging, and others, are best served with direct access to the brain through cranial windows9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23. In NHPs, cranial windows are often achieved with a chamber and an artificial dura to protect the brain and support long-term experimentation8,10,12,17,18,24,25,26,27. Likewise, headposts often accompany chambers to stabilize and align the head during experiments14,15,25,26,28,29,30. The effectiveness of these components is heavily dependent on how well they fit into the skull. A closer fit to the skull promotes bone integration and cranial health by decreasing the likelihood of infection, osteonecrosis, and implant instability31. Conventional design methods, such as manually bending the headpost during surgery25,29 and estimating the skull curvature by fitting circles to coronal and sagittal slices of magnetic resonance (MR) scans9,12 can introduce complications due to imprecision. Even the most precise of these create 1-2 mm gaps between the implant and the skull, providing space for granulation tissue to accumulate29. These gaps additionally introduce difficulty placing screws in surgery9, compromising the stability of the implant. Customized implants have more recently been developed to improve osseointegration and implant longevity9,29,30,32. Additional costs have accompanied advancements in custom implant design because of the reliance on computational models. The most accurate methods require sophisticated equipment such as computerized tomography (CT) machines in addition to MR Imaging (MRI) machines30,32,33 and&#160;even computer numerical control (CNC) milling machines for developing implant prototypes25,29,32,34. Gaining access to both MRI and CT, particularly for use with NHPs, may not be feasible for labs in need of custom-fitted implants like cranial chambers and headposts.
As a result, there is a need in the community for inexpensive, accurate, and non-invasive techniques of neurosurgical and experimental planning that facilitate the design and validation of implants prior to use. This paper describes a method of generating virtual 3D brain and skull representations from MR data for craniotomy location planning and the design of custom cranial chambers and headposts that fit the skull. This streamlined procedure provides a standardized design that can benefit experimental outcomes and the welfare of the research animals. Only MRI is required for this modeling because both bone and soft tissue are depicted in MRI. Instead of using a CNC milling machine, models can be 3D printed inexpensively, even when multiple iterations are required. This also allows for the final design to be 3D printed in biocompatible metals such as titanium for implantation. Additionally, we describe the fabrication of an artificial dura, which is placed inside the cranial chamber upon implantation. These components can be validated pre-surgically by fitting all parts onto a life-size, 3D-printed model of the skull and brain.

저자 스포트라이트: NHP 연구에서 향상된 신경외과 계획을 위한 간소화된 뇌 및 두개골 모델링

비인간 영장류를 위한 신경 임플란트 설계 툴박스

Our research offers an efficient and automated method for brain and skull modeling, which is beneficial for neurosurgical planning and designing custom implants. It facilitates a simultaneous extraction of brain and skull models using a single software platform, which eliminates a requirement for extra imaging processes like commuted tomography scans. Virtual brain and skull modeling for medical imaging such as MRI or CT scans has been increasingly adopted for NHP neurosurgical planning in recent years.These models, used alongside 3D design software and 3D printing, enable the creation of customized implants tailored to specific experiments and animals. Many non-human primate neuroscience experiments require the use of chronic cranial chambers and head posts. The use of generic implants introduces gaps between the implant and the skull, which can result in higher rates of infection, osteonecrosis, and implant instability, therefore compromising experiments and the wellbeing of the animal.Our custom implants reduce gaps and subsequent issues. Our protocol provides researchers with a more accurate and time-effective neurosurgical planning procedure. It increases surgical planning efficacy, and reduces complications associated with NHP neuroscience experiments, thus improving scientific results overall.

이러한 구성 요소는 이전에 MRI 시각화와 3D 프린팅 해부학 모델의 조합을 사용하여 검증되었습니다. 자동화된 개두술 시각화를 3D 프린팅된 개두술 및 개두술 위치의 MRI와 비교하면 가상 개두술 표현이 지정된 개두술 위치로 접근할 수 있는 뇌 영역을 정확하게 반영한다는 것이 분명합니다(그림 2A-F). 또한 자동 개두술 시각?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Streamlined Brain and Skull Modeling for Enhanced Neurosurgical Planning in NHP Research at JoVE.com

이 논문은 자기공명영상(MRI) 스캔을 기반으로 한 비인간 영장류 신경외과 계획을 위한 자동화된 프로세스를 간략하게 설명합니다. 이러한 기술은 프로그래밍 및 설계 플랫폼의 절차적 단계를 사용하여 NHP를 위한 맞춤형 임플란트 설계를 지원합니다. 그런 다음 3차원(3D) 프린팅된 실물 크기 해부학 모델을 사용하여 각 구성 요소의 유효성을 확인할 수 있습니다.

This paper describes an in-house method of 3D brain and skull modeling from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tailored for nonhuman primate (NHP) ...

우리의 연구는 뇌 및 두개골 모델링을 위한 효율적이고 자동화된 방법을 제공하며, 이는 신경외과 계획 및 맞춤형 임플란트 설계에 유용합니다. 단일 소프트웨어 플랫폼을 사용하여 뇌와 두개골 모델을 동시에 추출할 수 있으므로 통근 단층 촬영 스캔과 같은 추가 이미징 프로세스가 필요하지 않습니다. MRI 또는 CT 스캔과 같은 의료 영상을 위한 가상 뇌 및 두개골 모델링은 최근 몇 년 동안 NHP 신경외과 계획에 점점 더 많이 채택되고 있습니다.3D 설계 소프트웨어 및 3D 프린팅과 함께 사용되는 이러한 모델을 통해 특정 실험 및 동물에 맞는 맞춤형 임플란트를 만들 수 있습니다. 인간이 아닌 영장류의 신경과학 실험에서는 만성 두개실과 머리 기둥을 사용해야 합니다. 일반 임플란트를 사용하면 임플란트와 두개골 사이에 틈이 생겨 감염률, 골괴사, 임플란트 불안정성 비율이 높아져 실험과 동물의 웰빙이 저하될 수 있습니다.우리의 맞춤형 임플란트는 틈새와 후속 문제를 줄입니다. 당사의 프로토콜은 연구자들에게 보다 정확하고 시간 효율적인 신경외과 계획 절차를 제공합니다. 수술 계획 효능을 높이고 NHP 신경 과학 실험과 관련된 합병증을 줄여 전반적인 과학적 결과를 향상시킵니다.

a-neural-implant-design-toolbox-for-nonhuman-primates

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

A Neural Implant Design Toolbox for Nonhuman Primates

870 조회수.  University of Washington. 우리의 연구는 뇌 및 두개골 모델링을 위한 효율적이고 자동화된 방법을 제공하며, 이는 신경외과 계획 및 맞춤형 임플란트 설계에 유용합니다. 단일 소프트웨어 플랫폼을 사용하여 뇌와 두개골 모델을 동시에 추출할 수 있으므로 통근 단층 촬영 스캔과 같은 추가 이미징 프로세스가 필요하지 않습니다. MRI 또는 CT 스캔과 같은 의료 영상을 위한 가상 뇌 및 두개골 모델링은 ?...

비디오: 저자 스포트라이트: NHP 연구에서 향상된 신경외과 계획을 위한 간소화된 뇌 및 두개골 모델링

This paper describes an in-house method of 3D brain and skull modeling from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tailored for nonhuman primate (NHP) neurosurgical planning. This automated, computational software-based technique provides an efficient way of extracting brain and skull features from MRI files as opposed to traditional manual extraction techniques using imaging software. Furthermore, the procedure provides a method for visualizing the brain and craniotomized skull together for intuitive, virtual surgical planning. This generates a drastic reduction in time and resources from those required by past work, which relied on iterative 3D printing. The skull modeling process creates a footprint that is exported into modeling software to design custom-fit cranial chambers and headposts for surgical implantation. Custom-fit surgical implants minimize gaps between the implant and the skull that could introduce complications, including infection or decreased stability. By implementing these pre-surgical steps, surgical and experimental complications are reduced. These techniques can be adapted for other surgical processes, facilitating more efficient and effective experimental planning for researchers and, potentially, neurosurgeons.

This paper outlines automated processes for nonhuman primate neurosurgical planning based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. These techniques use procedural steps in programming and design platforms to support customized implant design for NHPs. The validity of each component can then be confirmed using three-dimensional (3D) printed life-size anatomical models.