<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Cultivation Strategies for Uncultured Microbial Diversity in the Chicken GI Tract(닭 위장관의 배양되지 않은 미생물 다양성을 위한 배양 전략)

<ol>
	<li>Wylensek, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+collection+of+bacterial+isolates+from+the+pig+intestine+reveals+functional+and+taxonomic+diversity.">A collection of bacterial isolates from the pig intestine reveals functional and taxonomic diversity.</a> Nat Comm. 11 (1), 6389 (2020).</li><li>Medvecky, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+genome+sequencing+and+function+prediction+of+133+gut+anaerobes+isolated+from+chicken+caecum+in+pure+cultures.">Whole genome sequencing and function prediction of 133 gut anaerobes isolated from chicken caecum in pure cultures.</a> BMC Geno. 19 (1), 561 (2018).</li><li>Zenner, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early-life+immune+system+maturation+in+chickens+using+a+synthetic+community+of+cultured+gut+bacteria.">Early-life immune system maturation in chickens using a synthetic community of cultured gut bacteria.</a> mSystems. 6 (3), 1110-1128 (2021).</li><li>Borda-Molina, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+on+the+ileal+microbiota+of+phosphorus+and+calcium+utilization,+bird+performance,+and+gender+in+japanese+quail.">Effects on the ileal microbiota of phosphorus and calcium utilization, bird performance, and gender in japanese quail.</a> Animals. 10 (5), 885 (2020).</li><li>Bonnet, M., Lagier, J. C., Raoult, D., Khelaifia, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+culture+through+selective+and+non-selective+conditions:+The+evolution+of+culture+media+in+clinical+microbiology.">Bacterial culture through selective and non-selective conditions: The evolution of culture media in clinical microbiology.</a> New Micro New Infect. 34, 100622 (2020).</li><li>Tanaka, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+hidden+pitfall+in+the+preparation+of+agar+media+undermines+microorganism+cultivability.">A hidden pitfall in the preparation of agar media undermines microorganism cultivability.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 80 (24), 7659-7666 (2014).</li><li>Kawasaki, K., Kamagata, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphate-catalyzed+hydrogen+peroxide+formation+from+agar,+gellan,+and+&#954;-carrageenan+and+recovery+of+microbial+cultivability+via+catalase+and+pyruvate.">Phosphate-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide formation from agar, gellan, and &#954;-carrageenan and recovery of microbial cultivability via catalase and pyruvate.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 83 (21), e01366-e01417 (2017).</li><li>Kato, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+previously+uncultured+slow-growing+bacteria+by+using+a+simple+modification+in+the+preparation+of+agar+media.">Isolation of previously uncultured slow-growing bacteria by using a simple modification in the preparation of agar media.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 84 (19), e00807-e00818 (2018).</li><li>Lewis, W. H., Tahon, G., Geesink, P., Sousa, D. Z., Ettema, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innovations+to+culturing+the+uncultured+microbial+majority.">Innovations to culturing the uncultured microbial majority.</a> Nat Rev Microbiol. 19 (4), 225-240 (2021).</li><li>Su, X. B., Ko, A. L. A., Saiardi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulations+of+myo-inositol+homeostasis:+Mechanisms,+implications,+and+perspectives.">Regulations of myo-inositol homeostasis: Mechanisms, implications, and perspectives.</a> Adv Biol Regul. 87, 2212-4926 (2023).</li><li>Monastra, G., Dinicola, S., Unfer, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Physiological and pathophysiological roles of inositols in A clinical guide to inositols. , (2023).</li><li>Kanehisa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+understanding+the+origin+and+evolution+of+cellular+organisms.">Toward understanding the origin and evolution of cellular organisms.</a> Prot Sci. 28 (11), 1947-1951 (2019).</li><li>Lee, S. A., Nagalakshmi, D., Raju, M. V., Rao, S. V. R., Bedford, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+phytase+superdosing,+myo-inositol+and+available+phosphorus+concentrations+on+performance+and+bone+mineralisation+in+broilers.">Effect of phytase superdosing, myo-inositol and available phosphorus concentrations on performance and bone mineralisation in broilers.</a> Animal Nutri. 3 (3), 247-251 (2017).</li><li>Farhadi, D., Karimi, A., Sadeghi, G., Rostamzadeh, J., Bedford, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+a+high+dose+of+microbial+phytase+and+myo-inositol+supplementation+on+growth+performance,+tibia+mineralization,+nutrient+digestibility,+litter+moisture+content,+and+foot+problems+in+broiler+chickens+fed+phosphorus-deficient+diets.">Effects of a high dose of microbial phytase and myo-inositol supplementation on growth performance, tibia mineralization, nutrient digestibility, litter moisture content, and foot problems in broiler chickens fed phosphorus-deficient diets.</a> Poultry Sci. 96 (10), 3664-3675 (2017).</li><li>Weber, M., Fuchs, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolism+in+the+niche:+A+large-scale+genome-based+survey+reveals+inositol+utilization+to+be+widespread+among+soil,+commensal,+and+pathogenic+bacteria.">Metabolism in the niche: A large-scale genome-based survey reveals inositol utilization to be widespread among soil, commensal, and pathogenic bacteria.</a> Microbio Spect. 10 (4), e02013-e02022 (2022).</li><li>Kawsar, H. I., Ohtani, K., Okumura, K., Hayashi, H., Shimizu, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organization+and+transcriptional+regulation+of+myo-inositol+operon+in+Clostridium+perfringens.">Organization and transcriptional regulation of myo-inositol operon in Clostridium perfringens.</a> FEMS Microbiol Lett. 235 (2), 289-295 (2004).</li><li>Hellinckx, J., Heermann, R., Felsl, A., Fuchs, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+binding+affinity+of+repressor+IolR+avoids+costs+of+untimely+induction+of+myo-inositol+utilization+by+Salmonella+Typhimurium.">High binding affinity of repressor IolR avoids costs of untimely induction of myo-inositol utilization by Salmonella Typhimurium.</a> Sci Rep. 7 (1), 44362 (2017).</li><li>Yebra, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+gene+cluster+enabling+Lactobacillus+casei+BL23+to+utilize+myo-inositol.">Identification of a gene cluster enabling Lactobacillus casei BL23 to utilize myo-inositol.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 73 (12), 3850-3858 (2007).</li><li>Zhang, W. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+analysis+of+iol+clusters+in+Lactobacillus+casei+strains.">Comparative analysis of iol clusters in Lactobacillus casei strains.</a> World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 26, 1949-1955 (2010).</li><li>Labeda, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. , (2001).</li><li>Peterson, L. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+media+on+transport+and+recovery+of+anaerobic+bacteria.">Effect of media on transport and recovery of anaerobic bacteria.</a> Clin Infect Dis. 25, 134-136 (1997).</li><li>Ulrich, R. L., Hughes, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+procedure+for+isolating+chromosomal+DNA+from+Lactobacillus+species+and+other+Gram-positive+bacteria.">A rapid procedure for isolating chromosomal DNA from Lactobacillus species and other Gram-positive bacteria.</a> Lett Appl Microbiol. 32 (1), 52-56 (2008).</li><li>Relman, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Universal+bacterial+16s+rRNA+amplification+and+sequencing.">Universal bacterial 16s rRNA amplification and sequencing.</a> Diag Mol Microbiol. , 489-495 (1993).</li><li>Altschul, S. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gapped+BLAST+and+PSI-BLAST:+A+new+generation+of+protein+database+search+programs.">Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: A new generation of protein database search programs.</a> Nuc Acid Res. 25 (17), 3389-3402 (1997).</li><li>Rios-Galicia, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+taxonomic+and+functional+diversity+of+eight+bacteria+from+the+upper+digestive+tract+of+chicken.">Novel taxonomic and functional diversity of eight bacteria from the upper digestive tract of chicken.</a> Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 74 (1), 006210 (2024).</li><li>Lagier, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+culturomics:+Paradigm+shift+in+the+human+gut+microbiome+study.">Microbial culturomics: Paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study.</a> Clin Microbiol Infect. 18 (12), 1185-1193 (2012).</li><li>Lagkouvardos, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mouse+intestinal+bacterial+collection+(mibc)+provides+host-specific+insight+into+cultured+diversity+and+functional+potential+of+the+gut+microbiota.">The mouse intestinal bacterial collection (mibc) provides host-specific insight into cultured diversity and functional potential of the gut microbiota.</a> Nat Microbiol. 1 (10), 1-15 (2016).</li><li>Gilroy, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extensive+microbial+diversity+within+the+chicken+gut+microbiome+revealed+by+metagenomics+and+culture.">Extensive microbial diversity within the chicken gut microbiome revealed by metagenomics and culture.</a> PeerJ. 9, e10941 (2021).</li><li>Huang, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+chicken+gut+metagenome+and+the+modulatory+effects+of+plant-derived+benzylisoquinoline+alkaloids.">The chicken gut metagenome and the modulatory effects of plant-derived benzylisoquinoline alkaloids.</a> Microbiome. 6 (1), 1-17 (2018).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+microbial+genomes+and+gene+catalog+of+the+chicken+gut+from+metagenomic+sequencing+of+high-fidelity+long+reads.">Improved microbial genomes and gene catalog of the chicken gut from metagenomic sequencing of high-fidelity long reads.</a> GigaScience. 11, 116 (2022).</li><li>Segura-Wang, M., Grabner, N., Koestelbauer, A., Klose, V., Ghanbari, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-resolved+metagenomics+of+the+chicken+gut+microbiome.">Genome-resolved metagenomics of the chicken gut microbiome.</a> Front Microbiol. 12, 726923 (2021).</li><li>Borrelli, R. C., Fogliano, V., Monti, S. M., Ames, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+melanoidins+from+a+glucose-glycine+model+system.">Characterization of melanoidins from a glucose-glycine model system.</a> Euro Food Res Technol. 215, 210-215 (2002).</li><li>Ferrario, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Untangling+the+cecal+microbiota+of+feral+chickens+by+culturomic+and+metagenomic+analyses.">Untangling the cecal microbiota of feral chickens by culturomic and metagenomic analyses.</a> Environ Microbiol. 19 (11), 4771-4783 (2017).</li><li>Crhanova, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+culturomics+shows+that+half+of+chicken+caecal+microbiota+members+can+be+grown+in+vitro+except+for+two+lineages+of+clostridiales+and+a+single+lineage+of+bacteroidetes.">Systematic culturomics shows that half of chicken caecal microbiota members can be grown in vitro except for two lineages of clostridiales and a single lineage of bacteroidetes.</a> Microorganisms. 7 (11), 496 (2019).</li><li>Rubio, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lactobacilli+counts+in+crop,+ileum+and+caecum+of+growing+broiler+chickens+fed+on+practical+diets+containing+whole+or+dehulled+sweet+lupin+(lupinus+angustifolius)+seed+meal.">Lactobacilli counts in crop, ileum and caecum of growing broiler chickens fed on practical diets containing whole or dehulled sweet lupin (lupinus angustifolius) seed meal.</a> British Poult Sci. 39 (3), 354-359 (1998).</li><li>Bjerrum, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+community+composition+of+the+ileum+and+cecum+of+broiler+chickens+as+revealed+by+molecular+and+culture-based+techniques.">Microbial community composition of the ileum and cecum of broiler chickens as revealed by molecular and culture-based techniques.</a> Poult Sci. 85 (7), 1151-1164 (2006).</li></ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic acid</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>20104.334</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97064-332</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium chloride</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>P726.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anaerobic station</td>
			<td>Don Whitley Scientific</td>
			<td>A35 HEPA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyric acid</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>8.0045.1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride dihydrate&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97061-904</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5424R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chicken lysozyme (Muramidase)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>1.05281.0010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cysteine</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97061-204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextrose</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>90000-908</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Di-potassium hydrogen phosphate</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>P749.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>8043.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Legehennen/ Junghennenfutter</td>
			<td>Deutsche Tiernahrung Cremer GmbH &#38; Co. KG, D&#252;sseldorf, Germany</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MagAttract HMW DNA Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>67563</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>2189.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mixed gas (80% N2 (quality level 5.0), 15% CO2 (quality level 3.0) and 5% H2 (quality level 5.0))</td>
			<td>Westfalen Gase GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mutanolysin, recombinant (lyophilisate)</td>
			<td>A&#38;A Biotechnology</td>
			<td>1017-10L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Myo-inositol</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>4191.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS 1X</td>
			<td>ChemSolute</td>
			<td>8418.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium dihydrogen phosphate</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>3904.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propionic acid</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>6026.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QuantiFluor dsDNA System</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>E2671</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAse A&#160;</td>
			<td>QIAGEN Ribonuclease A (RNase A)&#160;</td>
			<td>19101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>27800.291</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium resazurin</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>85019-296</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium thioglycolate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>102933</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soy Peptone, GMO-Free, Animal-Free</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97064-186</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocycler</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>T100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptone</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>8952.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween80</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>9139.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vitamin mix (supplement)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>968290NL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex</td>
			<td>Star Lab</td>
			<td>07127/92930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>9257.05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-D-Fructose</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>53188-23-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

strategies to enhance cultivation of anaerobic bacteria from gastrointestinal tract of chicken

The resurgence of cultivation in studying microorganisms has complemented insights from metagenomic studies by providing material to test metabolic hypotheses that were previously only partially described and quantified. Cultivation of intestinal bacteria provides material to sustain future research on microbial-host interactions, facilitate targeted colonization studies, and improve molecular interaction studies1,2,3. The knowledge gained about gastrointestinal microorganisms has improved animal nutrition and welfare by influencing diet formulations and enhancing nutrient availability4. This understanding has contributed to performance improvements in utilizing prebiotic and probiotic interaction. However, in-depth research is required to gain a complete understanding of how biochemical and physicochemical conditions interact and impact the microbial profile and its structure. To achieve this objective, cultivation remains imperative, serving as a crucial tool to delve into the intricate dynamics of microbial communities within the gastrointestinal environment.
In contrast to the extensive research on microbes associated with the human gut and clinical cultivation studies5, reports on microorganisms from livestock have predominantly utilized a limited range of media for isolation, potentially constraining the diversity of isolates2,3. Furthermore, improvements in the formulation of media and studies on the interaction of phosphate and salts with agar, as elucidated by Tanaka et al. and Kawasaki et al., have not yet been implemented for gut-microbiome studies6,7,8,9.
Considered a semi-essential substance, myo-inositol (MI) has been reported to play a pivotal role in diverse metabolic, physiological, and regulatory processes10,11. These include involvement in bone mineralization, breast muscle development, cellular signaling, promotion of ovulation and fertility, modulation of neuronal signaling, and acting as a regulator of glucose homeostasis and insulin regulation in poultry10,11. MI plays a role as a precursor through its interconversion within pivotal biochemical processes, including the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis process, the citric acid cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Additionally, it also serves as a precursor of phosphatidylinositol (PI), which is further involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism12. Few investigations have reported that the metabolization of MI leads to alterations in bone stability and animal performance. This includes enhancements in feed conversion rate and body weight gain, demonstrating its impact after absorption and utilization within the animal13,14. However, the pathway for MI metabolization and its impact on poultry metabolism remains elusive15. Furthermore, few studies propose a potential role of bacteria in MI utilization, particularly in regions of high metabolic activity such as the ileum16,17,18,19.
Efforts on cultivating bacteria from the GIT of animals aim to enhance genomic databases and expand research, verify genome-based hypothesis, and understand the ecological importance of these resources20. The objective of this work is to improve strategies for bacterial cultivation from the GIT of chicken to enhance the isolation diversity and the targeted isolation of an ecological group of interest that assimilate and metabolize myo-inositol.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>저자 스포트라이트: 가금류를 위한 장내 세균 배양 발전

닭의 위장관에서 혐기성 박테리아의 배양을 강화하기 위한 전략

We aim to isolate and cultivate bacteria from the intestine of chickens to improve our knowledge of microbial networks and interactions with the host. The characterization of these anaerobic bacteria supports the knowledge of intestinal processes and enrich bacteria databases for future research. One of the main challenges is the prevention of oxygen exposition and oxygen-reactive species along the sampling and cultivation process to prevent bacterial inactivation.To our experience, this has improved the diversity recovery of anaerobic bacteria. Our protocol addresses the gap in understanding myo-inositol metabolism in poultry. By isolating potential myo-inositol-metabolizing bacteria from chicken intestine, our goal is to shed light on the specific bacterial community and metabolic pathways involved, advancing knowledge in this area.Our primary goal is understanding how microbial communities interact with a host, especially in the gut. This is where diet is broken down, nutrients are absorbed, and significant interactions occurs with these microorganisms.

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Author Spotlight: Advancing Intestinal Bacteria Cultivation for Poultry at JoVE.com

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of chicken is a complex ecosystem harboring trillions of microbes that play a pivotal role in the host&#39;s physiology, ...

strategies-to-enhance-cultivation-anaerobic-bacteria-from

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Strategies to Enhance Cultivation of Anaerobic Bacteria from Gastrointestinal Tract of Chicken

481 조회수.  University of Hohenheim. 우리는 닭의 장에서 박테리아를 분리하고 배양하여 미생물 네트워크 및 숙주와의 상호 작용에 대한 지식을 향상시키는 것을 목표로 합니다. 이러한 혐기성 박테리아의 특성 분석은 장 과정에 대한 지식을 지원하고 향후 연구를 위한 박테리아 데이터베이스를 풍부하게 합니다. 주요 과제 중 하나는 박테리아 불활성화를 방지하기 위해 샘플링 및 배?...

비디오: 저자 스포트라이트: 가금류를 위한 장내 세균 배양 발전

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of chicken is a complex ecosystem harboring trillions of microbes that play a pivotal role in the host&#39;s physiology, digestion, nutrient absorption, immune system maturation, and prevention of pathogen intrusion. For optimal animal health and productivity, it is imperative to characterize these microorganisms and comprehend their role. While the GIT of poultry holds a reservoir of microorganisms with potential probiotic applications, most of the diversity remains unexplored. To enhance our understanding of uncultured microbial diversity, concerted efforts are required to bring these microorganisms into culture. Isolation and cultivation of GIT-colonizing microorganisms yield reproducible material, including cells, DNA, and metabolites, offering new insights into metabolic processes in the environment. Without cultivation, the role of these organisms in their natural settings remains unclear and limited to a descriptive level. Our objective is to implement cultivation strategies aimed at improving the isolation of a diverse range of anaerobic microbes from the chicken&#39;s GIT, leveraging multidisciplinary knowledge from animal physiology, animal nutrition, metagenomics, feed biochemistry, and modern cultivation strategies. Additionally, we aim to implement the use of proper practices for sampling, transportation, and media preparation, which are known to influence isolation success. Appropriate methodologies should ensure a consistent oxygen-free environment, optimal atmospheric conditions, appropriate host incubation temperature, and provision for specific nutritional requirements in alignment with their distinctive needs. By following these methodologies, cultivation will not only yield reproducible results for isolation but will also facilitate isolation procedures, thus fostering a comprehensive understanding of the intricate microbial ecosystem within the chicken&#39;s GIT.

The protocol presents two methodologies to improve the isolation of anaerobic intestinal bacteria. The first focuses on the isolation of a diverse range of bacteria using different culture media. The second focuses on the cultivation steps of a specific microbial group, possibly assimilating myo-inositol, to fully comprehend its ecological significance.

연구

생물학

Anaerobic Bacterial Isolation from Chicken Digesta as a Cultivation Improvement

To begin, combine 250 milliliters of each carbohydrate, protein, agar and mineral solutions in an autoclave glass bottle. Seal the bottle with a cap having a bore and a rubber stopper. After degassing the mixture with nitrogen, pour it into sterile Petri dishes inside an anaerobic station.Next, transfer the chicken intestinal samples to the anaerobic station containing a bottled gas mixture of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. With a pair of sterile forceps, transfer the intestinal samples from the Hungate tube to the sterile Petri dish. Use sterile scissors to carefully cut the open section.Then use a sterile spatula to extract one gram of the digested content. Transfer the digested content into a tube containing a sterile physiological solution, and perform tenfold serial dilution. Pipette 0.1 milliliter of the sample from dilutions 10 to the negative fourth to 10 to the negative seven into sterile and properly-labeled media plates.Spread the sample with a sterile Drigalski spatula. Finally incubate the Petri dishes inside the anaerobic station in an inverted position for 24 to 48 hours at 39 degrees Celsius. 15 different genera of bacteria were isolated.The diversity of isolates includes eight strains, demonstrating novel taxonomic species related to members of the families Clostridiaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Oscillospiraceae.

Chicken Digesta의 혐기성 세균 분리는 재배 개선으로 작용합니다.

Targeted Isolation of Specific Myo-Inositol Utilizing Bacterial Groups from Chicken Digesta

To begin, homogenized chicken digest are harvested from an extracted chicken intestine on a vortex for 10 to 15 seconds. Transfer the homogenized sample into the tube containing enrichment medium. After incubation, use a vortex mixer to mix the enriched tube thoroughly for 10 to 15 seconds.Then transfer the mixed sample to sterile minimal broth medium before incubating as before. Next, serially dilute the samples in sterile saline solution, starting with a one to 10 dilution and continuing until one to 1000 dilution. Homogenize the sample thoroughly on a vortex mixer after each dilution.Transfer one milliliter of the diluted sample to a Petri dish under sterile and anaerobic conditions. Then pour 15 to 20 milliliters of melted minimal agar medium into the Petri dish. Swirl the dish gently to ensure uniform mixing.When the agar has solidified, incubate the dishes in an inverted position in an anaerobic station for 24 hours. at 39 degrees Celsius. The colonies should appear as distinct, small embedded dots at the end of incubation.Now use a sterile inoculation loop to carefully pick each individual bacterial colony. Transfer the colonies into separate tubes containing five milliliters of minimal broth medium. The increased turbidity of the end of incubation is indicative of bacterial growth.Bacterial colonies capable of utilizing myo-inositol were observed on minimal agar medium.