This work was funded by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82070502, 31972909, 32171099), the Sichuan Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province (23NSFSC0576, 2022YFS0607). The authors would like to thank Qingbo Xu from Zhejiang University for help with the cell culture, and the authors acknowledge the scientific and technical assistance of the flow cytometry platform in Southwest Medical University.

This study was approved, and the animals were handled in accordance with the Guidelines for the Management and Use of Laboratory Animals in China. The research strictly adhered to the ethical requirements of animal experiments, with approval from the Animal Ethics Committee (Approval Number: SWMU2020664). Eight-week-old healthy C57BL/6 mice of either gender, weighing between 18-20 g, were utilized for the present study. The animals were housed at the Laboratory Animal Center of Southwest Medical University (SWMU).
1. Tissue block culture of adventitia from Aorta and mesenteric arteries
<ol>
	<li>Resident CD34+ VW-SCs isolation
	<ol>
		<li>Anesthetize two mice with 3% isoflurane inhalation (following institutionally approved protocols). Confirm adequate anesthesia by toe-pinch. Position the mouse supine with medical tape and spray 70% ethanol sanitizer to disinfect the fur of the mouse. Open the thoracic and abdominal cavities using sterile ophthalmic scissors and forceps to expose the heart and intestines. After dissecting the isolated aorta and mesenteric arteries, pin the aorta and mesenteric bed in a petri dish containing silicon elastomer and filled with a physiological salt solution. With another set of sterilized scissors and forceps, rapidly dissect off the fat around the aorta and mesenteric arteries.</li>
		<li>Transfer the dissected tissues to a 6 cm Petri dish containing 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin-Amphotericin B solution (see Table of Materials). After rinsing twice, transfer the arteries to a tissue culture hood under a stereo microscope.</li>
		<li>Cut the arteries longitudinally and use fine forceps to peel off the outer layer of the aorta and the first branch of mesenteric arteries. Transfer the outer layers to a 3.5 cm Petri dish containing 0.1-0.2 mL of culture medium (see Table of Materials). Cut the outer layers into tiny pieces (about 1 mm3).</li>
		<li>Transfer the tissue pieces into a gelatin-coated T25 flask, ensuring even distribution on the flask&#39;s bottom. Maintain a moderate distance between tissue pieces to facilitate cell crawling and growth. Place the flask vertically in an incubator (37 &#176;C, 5% CO2) for 3 h to allow tissue blocks to adhere to the flask&#39;s bottom.</li>
		<li>After 3 h, add 5 mL of DMEM high glucose growth medium to submerge the tissue blocks. Orient the T25 flask horizontally. Monitor cell migration around tissue blocks through a microscope at 3-day intervals. 
		NOTE: The medium should contain 20% fetal bovine serum, 0.2% Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), 0.2 mM &#946;-Mercaptoethanol, and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (see Table of Materials). Fetal bovine serum supports cell proliferation, while LIF and &#946;-Mercaptoethanol impede cell differentiation7,8.</li>
		<li>When cells in the T25 flask reach about 80% confluence, passage and culture them into one or two T75 flasks. Subculture the cells over five passages to ensure proper growth and health.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Magnetic separation of resident CD34+ stem cells
	<ol>
		<li>When the cells in one or two T75 flasks reach 80% confluence, dissociate the cells with Trypsin, and resuspend them in 1 mL of sorting buffer (2 mM EDTA and 0.5% FBS). Determine the cell number (107/T75 flask) and centrifuge the cell suspension at 300 x g for 5 min (at room temperature).</li>
		<li>Discard the supernatant completely and resuspend the cell pellet in 98 &#181;L of sorting buffer per 107 total cells. Add 2 &#181;L CD34 antibody (see Table of Materials). Mix well and incubate for 30 min at 4&#176;C in the dark with occasional shaking.</li>
		<li>Wash cells by adding 2 mL of sorting buffer and centrifuge at 300 x g for 10 min at room temperature.</li>
		<li>Remove the supernatant carefully and completely, and resuspend the cells in 80 &#181;L of sorting buffer.</li>
		<li>Add 20 &#181;L Anti-FITC MicroBeads (per 107 total cells, see Table of Materials) into the buffer. Mix well by repetitive pipetting and incubate for 15 min at 4 &#176;C in the dark with intermittent shaking.</li>
		<li>Wash the cells twice by adding 2 mL of buffer and centrifuge at 300 x g for 5 min to repellet cells. Discard the supernatant completely and resuspend the cells in 1 mL of buffer.</li>
		<li>Position one MS column within the magnetic field of an appropriate separator, ensuring that a collection tube (e.g., a 15 mL centrifuge tube) is placed beneath the MS column to collect the separated components. (see Table of Materials). Rinse the column with 500 &#181;L buffer and wait until it has completely run through.</li>
		<li>Load the cell suspension into the column and collect the flow-through containing unlabeled cells into the 15 mL tube.</li>
		<li>Remove the column from the separator and place it on a new 15 mL centrifuge tube. Introduce 500 &#181;L of buffer into the column, then promptly flush out the magnetically labeled cells by pushing the plunger into the column.</li>
		<li>To enhance the purity of CD34+ cells, the eluted fraction can undergo enrichment using a second MS column.Repeat the separation process as mentioned above. Assess the purity of the sorted cells via flow cytometry. 
		&#8203;NOTE: Typically, 10%-20% CD34+ cells are obtained, with around 70%-80% negative cells, and approximately 10% loss due to staining and centrifuge procedures.</li>
		<li>To further confirm the purity of vascular wall CD34+ stem cells, identify the sorted cells by flow cytometry. The present study showed a purity of more than 90%.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Cell identification by immunofluorescence
<ol>
	<li>Seed cells on coverslips (diameter 8 mm) pre-coated with 0.04% gelatin.</li>
	<li>When the cells reach about 60%-70% confluence, rinse two times with PBS and fix the cells with 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min.</li>
	<li>Wash cells with PBS for 3 min (3 times), and permeabilize the cells with 0.2% Triton X-100 (in PBS) for 5 min at room temperature.</li>
	<li>Wash cells with PBS for 3 min (3 times), and block the non-specific binding of the antibodies with 5% donkey serum (in PBS) for 1 h.</li>
	<li>Remove the blocking buffer by holding each coverslip on its edge with forceps and draining it onto a sheet of lint free wipe.</li>
	<li>Incubate the cells in 100 times diluted primary antibodies (CD34, Flk-1, c-kit, Sca-1, Ki67, see Table of Materials) in 1% BSA (in PBS) overnight at 4 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Decant the solution and wash the cells with PBS for 3 min (3 times). Incubate the cells with Alexa Fluor 488 labeled secondary antibody (1:200 in 1% BSA) (see Table of Materials) for 1 h at room temperature in the dark.</li>
	<li>Perform DAPI counterstaining by diluting DAPI stock solution to 0.5 &#181;g/mL in PBS and incubating cells for 5 min.</li>
	<li>Rinse with PBS and seal the coverslips with antifade reagent. Capture images under the laser scanning confocal microscope.</li>
</ol>
3. Induced differentiation and characterization of CD34+ VW-SCs
<ol>
	<li>Seed CD34+ stem cells at an appropriate density (40%-50% confluence) on coverslips and 6-well plates, respectively.</li>
	<li>Induce endothelium cell-oriented differentiation from CD34+ cells by culturing cells in endothelial cell culture medium EBM-2 (see Table of Materials) for 1 week.</li>
	<li>Induce fibroblast cell-oriented differentiation from CD34+ cells by culturing cells in fibroblast cell culture medium FM-2 (see Table of Materials) for 3 days.</li>
	<li>Subject the undifferentiated and differentiated cells to immunofluorescence staining (as mentioned in step 2) at laser excitation&#160;of 488 nm and a 40x objective. Detect the expression of endothelial cell markers (CD31, VWF) and fibroblast cell markers (PDGFR&#945;, Vimentin) (see Table of Materials).</li>
	<li>Dissociate the cells with Trypsin and obtain the cell pellet by centrifugation (300 x g, 5 min, room temperature). Resuspend cells with 100 &#181;L of sorting buffer. Preincubate the cell suspension with purified anti-mouse CD16/CD32 mAb (1 &#181;g) (see Table of Materials) at 4 &#730;C for 5 min.</li>
	<li>Add 2 &#181;L of PE Rat anti-Mouse CD34 (1:50), CD31 (PECAM-1) Monoclonal Antibody APC (2 &#181;L, 1:50), and CD140a (PDGFRa) Monoclonal Antibody FITC (2 &#181;L, 1:50) directly to preincubated cells in the presence of Mouse Fc Block and further incubate at 4 &#176;C for 15 min.</li>
	<li>Wash the cells twice by adding 2 mL of buffer and centrifuge at 300 x g for 5 min (room temperature) to repellet the cells. Discard the supernatant completely and resuspend the cells in 300 &#181;L of buffer. Put flow tubes with stained cells into an icebox ready for Flow cytometry.</li>
</ol>
4. Detection of intracellular Ca2+ signaling in vascular CD34+ stem cells
<ol>
	<li>Seed cells on coverslips 10 h before experiments at a density up to 70% confluence.</li>
	<li>Take out the coverslips and affix them to the bottom of a custom chamber with any petroleum jelly.</li>
	<li>Wash the coverslips once with PBS, replace with Fura-2/AM (5 &#181;M) in Tyrode&#39;s solution (NaCl 137 mM, KCl 5.4 mM, MgCl2 1.2 mM, glucose 10 mM, HEPES 10 mM, CaCl2 2.4 mM) (see Table of Materials), and incubate cells for 30 min in the dark.</li>
	<li>Remove the dye by treating with Tyrode&#39;s solution for 10 min to allow for fura-2/AM de-esterification.</li>
	<li>Mount the chamber on the stage of an inverted fluorescence microscope equipped with a wide-field imaging system containing a monochromator and a CCD camera (see Table of Materials).</li>
	<li>Open the main window, go to the Grab Settings dialog and camera page, and press the live button for live image display.</li>
	<li>Choose the fluorescence image type, set the 340 nm/380 nm loop repeat times, image size, and camera exposure time at 380 nm and 340 nm to achieve optimal image brightness.</li>
	<li>Take single snapshots, and draw several freehand lines to circle the cells with different colors and predefine Region of Interests (ROIs), indicating the background as ROI 0.</li>
	<li>Re-edit an already embedded protocol in the workspace view and create a new workspace.</li>
	<li>Execute the protocol, and the &#34;Fluorescence 340 nm div Fluorescence 380 nm (Live Kinetic)&#34; will display the online kinetic graph.</li>
	<li>In the numerical view, a spreadsheet will be visible, presenting columns of gray-scale values and corresponding time information. Export the spreadsheet data by using the clipboard.</li>
	<li>Calculate F340 nm/F380 nm indicating intracellular Ca2+ changes after subtracting the background fluorescence (ROI 0).</li>
</ol>

Isolation and Magnetic Separation of Murine CD34+ Stem Cells from the Vascular Wall

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The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

This study provides a quick and convenient method for obtaining functional CD34+ VW-SCs from the aorta and mesenteric arteries of mice. CD34+ VW-SCs obtained by this method have proliferative activity and multidirectional differentiation properties. Triphosphate inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), ryanodine receptors (RyRs), and store-operated calcium channels mediate Ca2+ release and entry in CD34+ VW-SCs. The establishment of this technique will lay the...

The vascular wall plays a pivotal role in vascular development, homeostatic regulation, and the progression of vascular diseases. In recent years, numerous studies have unveiled the presence of various stem cell lineages in arteries. In 2004, Professor Qingbo Xu&#39;s group first reported the existence of vascular stem/progenitor cells in the periphery of the adult vascular wall, expressing CD34, Sca-1, c-kit, and Flk-11. These vascular stem cells exhibit multidirectional differentiation and proliferation potential. Under normal conditions, they remain relatively quiescent; however, when activated by specific factors, they can differentiate into smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Alternatively, they can regulate the perivascular matrix and microvessel formation through paracrine effects to promote the repair or remodeling of injured vessels2,3,4,5,6. Recently, resident CD34+ stem cells in the vascular wall were found to play a role in endothelial cell regeneration after femoral artery guidewire injury2. Consequently, the isolation and quantification of CD34+ VW-SCs and the examination of the basic biological characteristics of CD34+ stem cells are crucial for further studying the signal pathways involved in the regulation of CD34+ VW-SCs.
Various methods for cell separation are currently available, including techniques based on cell culture characteristics or physical properties of cells such as density gradient centrifugation, which results in sorted cells containing many non-target cells and relatively low purity7,8,9,10,11,12. Another commonly used technique is fluorescence/magnetic-assisted cell sorting. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a complex system with high technical requirements, and it is relatively expensive, time-consuming, and potentially affects the activity of sorted cells13,14. However, magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) is more efficient and convenient, with a high recovery rate and cell activity and less impact on downstream applications8. Therefore, in this protocol, we applied MACS to purify CD34+ VW-SCs and further identified the cells by flow cytometry. The establishment of MACS-based isolation methods for studying vascular wall stem cells would be invaluable. Firstly, it permits experimental genetic and cell biological studies. Secondly, efficient isolation and culture of vascular wall resident stem cells allow systematic assessment and screening of signaling factors regulating stem cell functions. Thirdly, identification of crucial phenotypes in stem cells provides important &#39;quality control&#39; in assessing cell status. Thus, identifying methods to purify could be useful for similar applications to analogous stem cells derived from vessels.
This report provides a detailed demonstration of a stable and reliable method for the culture of CD34+ VW-SCs, including cell identification and functional assessment performed by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, and Ca2+ signaling measurement. This study provides a basis for further in-depth research on the function of CD34+ VW-SCs and their regulatory mechanisms in physiological and pathological conditions.

<table><tbody><tr><td>2% gelatin solution</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G1393</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-CD31 antibody</td><td>R&amp;amp;D</td><td>AF3628</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-CD34 antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab81289</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-c-kit antibody</td><td>CST</td><td>77522</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-FITC MicroBeads</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-048-701&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-FITC MicroBeads MACS</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-048-701</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Flk- 1 antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab24313</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Ki67 antibody</td><td>CST</td><td>34330</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-PDGFR&amp;alpha; antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab131591</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Sca- 1 antibody</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>710952</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD140a (PDGFRA) Monoclonal Antibody (APA5), FITC</td><td>eBioscience &amp;nbsp;Invitrogen</td><td>11-1401-82</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD31 (PECAM-1) Monoclonal Antibody (390), APC</td><td>eBioscience&amp;nbsp; Invitrogen</td><td>17-0311-82</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD34 Antibody, anti-mouse, FITC, REAfinity Clone REA383</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-117-775</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cell culture hood</td><td>JIANGSU SUJING GROUP CO.,LTD&amp;nbsp;</td><td>SW-CJ-2FD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>&amp;nbsp; CENCE&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>L530</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;incubators&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Thermofisher Scientific</td><td>4111</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Confocal laser scanning microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Zeiss&amp;nbsp;</td><td>zeiss 980&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM High Glucose Medium</td><td>ATCC</td><td>30-2002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EBM-2 culture medium</td><td>Lonza</td><td>CC-3162</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FACSMelody&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FACSMelody&amp;trade; System</td><td>&amp;nbsp;BD</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum</td><td>Millipore</td><td>ES-009-C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FM-2 culture medium</td><td>ScienCell</td><td>2331</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fura-2/AM&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>M1292</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor Plus 488</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Thermofisher Scientific&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>A32731</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leukemia inhibitory factor</td><td>Millipore</td><td>LIF2010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX71</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MiniMACS&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Starting Kit</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-090-312</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-Streptomycin-Amphotericin B Solution</td><td>Beyotime</td><td>C0224</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Purified Rat Anti-Mouse CD16/CD32 (Mouse BD Fc Block)</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>553141</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stereo Microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Olympus</td><td>SZX10&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TILLvisION 4.0 program&amp;nbsp;</td><td>&amp;nbsp;T.I.L.L.Photonics GmbH</td><td>polychrome V&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>VWF Monoclonal Antibody (F8/86)</td><td>Thermofisher Scientific</td><td>&amp;nbsp;MA5-14029</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;beta;-Mercaptoethanol</td><td>Thermofisher Scientific</td><td>21985023</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

immunomagnetic isolation of the vascular wall-resident cd34+ stem cells from mice

Resident CD34+ vascular wall-resident stem and progenitor cells (VW-SCs) are increasingly recognized for their crucial role in regulating vascular injury and repair. Establishing a stable and efficient method to culture functional murine CD34+ VW-SCs is essential for further investigating the mechanisms involved in the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of these cells under various physiological and pathological conditions. The described method combines magnetic bead screening and flow cytometry to purify primary cultured resident CD34+ VW-SCs. The purified cells are then functionally identified through immunofluorescence staining and Ca2+ imaging. Briefly, vascular cells from the adventitia of the murine aorta and mesenteric artery are obtained through tissue block attachment, followed by subculturing until reaching a cell count of at least 1 &#215; 107. Subsequently, CD34+ VW-SCs are purified using magnetic bead sorting and flow cytometry. Identification of CD34+ VW-SCs involves cellular immunofluorescence staining, while functional multipotency is determined by exposing cells to a specific culture medium for oriented differentiation. Moreover, functional internal Ca2+ release and external Ca2+ entry is assessed using a commercially available imaging workstation in Fura-2/AM-loaded cells exposed to ATP, caffeine, or thapsigargin (TG). This method offers a stable and efficient technique for isolating, culturing, and identifying vascular wall-resident CD34+ stem cells, providing an opportunity for in vitro studies on the regulatory mechanisms of VW-SCs and the screening of targeted drugs.

Isolation and purification of CD34+ VW-SCs 
High purity of CD34+ VW-SCs is obtained from the adventitia of the mouse aortic and mesenteric artery by tissue attachment and magnetic microbead sorting. The percentage of CD34+ cells in the vessel wall is generally 10%-30%. Flow cytometry confirms that the purity of CD34+ cells obtained by magnetic bead sorting is more than 90% (Figure 1A). Cellular immunofluorescence staining show...

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Author Spotlight: Enhanced Isolation and Characterization of Vascular Wall Resident Murine CD34+ Stem Cells Using Magnetic Bead Screening-Coupled Flow Cytometry

This study has established a stable and efficient method for the isolation, culture, and functional determination of vascular wall-resident CD34+ stem cells (CD34+ VW-SCs). This easy-to-follow and time-effective isolation method can be utilized by other investigators to study the potential mechanisms involved in cardiovascular diseases.

Immunomagnetic Isolation of the Vascular Wall-Resident CD34+ Stem Cells from Mice

Resident CD34+ vascular wall-resident stem and progenitor cells (VW-SCs) are increasingly recognized for their crucial role in regulating vascular injury ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

628 Views.  Southwest Medical University. Bewoner vaatwand CD34+ stamcellen worden steeds meer erkend voor hun cruciale rol bij het reguleren van vasculaire remodellering na letsel. Het opzetten van een stabiele en efficiënte methode om functionele CD34+-cellen te kweken is essentieel voor verder onderzoek naar de deelnemende mechanismen onder verschillende fysiologische en pathologische omstandigheden. Deze techniek combineert magnetische parelscreening en flowcytometrie om de primaire gekweekte residente CD34+-stamcellen te zuiver...

Video: Auteur in de schijnwerpers: verbeterde isolatie en karakterisering van vasculaire wandbewonende muizen CD34+ stamcellen met behulp van magnetische kralenscreening-gekoppelde flowcytometrie

Isolation of Murine Embryonic Hemogenic Endothelial Cells

The specification of hemogenic endothelial cells from embryonic vascular endothelium occurs during brief developmental periods within distinct tissues, and is necessary for the emergence of definitive HSPC from the murine extra embryonic yolk sac, placenta, umbilical vessels, and the embryonic aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region. The transient nature and small size of this cell population renders its reproducible isolation for careful quantification and experimental applications technically difficult. We have established a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based protocol for simultaneous isolation of hemogenic endothelial cells and HSPC during their peak generation times in the yolk sac and AGM. We demonstrate methods for dissection of yolk sac and AGM tissues from mouse embryos, and we present optimized tissue digestion and antibody conjugation conditions for maximal cell survival prior to identification and retrieval via FACS. Representative FACS analysis plots are shown that identify the hemogenic endothelial cell and HSPC phenotypes, and describe a methylcellulose-based assay for evaluating their blood forming potential on a clonal level.

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) derive from specialized (hemogenic) endothelial cells during development, yet little is known about the process by which some endothelial cells specify to become blood forming. We demonstrate a flow-cytometry based method allowing simultaneous isolation of hemogenic endothelial cells and HSPC from murine embryonic tissues.

The specification of hemogenic endothelial cells from embryonic vascular endothelium occurs during brief developmental periods within distinct tissues, ...

Developmental Biology

Isolation of Perivascular Multipotent Precursor Cell Populations from Human Cardiac Tissue

Multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) were conventionally isolated, through their plastic adherence, from primary tissue digests whilst their anatomical tissue location remained unclear. The recent discovery of defined perivascular and MSC cell marker expression by perivascular cells in multiple tissues by our group and other researchers has provided an opportunity to prospectively isolate and purify specific homogenous subpopulations of multipotent perivascular precursor cells. We have previously demonstrated the use of fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) to purify microvascular CD146+CD34- pericytes and vascular CD34+CD146- adventitial cells from human skeletal muscle. Herein we describe a method to simultaneously isolate these two perivascular cell subsets from human myocardium by FACS, based on the expression of a defined set of cell surface markers for positive and negative selections. This method thus makes available two specific subpopulations of multipotent cardiac MSC-like precursor cells for use in basic research and/or therapeutic investigations.

Human cardiac tissue harbours multipotent perivascular precursor cell populations that may be suitable for myocardial regeneration. The technique described here allows for the simultaneous isolation and purification of two multipotent stromal cell populations associated with native blood vessels, i.e. CD146+CD34- pericytes and CD34+CD146- adventitial cells, from the human myocardium.

Multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) were conventionally isolated, through their plastic adherence, from primary tissue digests whilst their ...

Isolation and Identification of Extravascular Immune Cells of the Heart

The immune system is an essential component of a healthy heart. The myocardium is home to a rich population of different immune cell subsets with functional compartmentalization both during steady state and during different forms of inflammation. Until recently, the study of immune cells in the heart required the use of microscopy or poorly developed digestion protocols, which provided enough sensitivity during severe inflammation but were unable to confidently identify small &#8212; but key &#8212; populations of cells during steady state. Here, we discuss a simple method combining enzymatic (collagenase, hyaluronidase and DNAse) and mechanical digestion of murine hearts preceded by intravascular administration of fluorescently-labelled antibodies to differentiate small but unavoidable intravascular cell contaminants. This method generates a suspension of isolated viable cells that can be analyzed by flow cytometry for identification, phenotyping and quantification, or further purified with fluorescence-activated cell sorting or magnetic bead separation for transcriptional analysis or in vitro studies. We include an example of a step-by-step flow cytometric analysis to differentiate the key macrophage and dendritic cell populations of the heart. For a medium sized experiment (10 hearts) the completion of the procedure requires 2&#8211;3 h.

This protocol presents a simple and efficient method to isolate, identify and quantify immune cells residing in the myocardium of mice during steady state or inflammation. The protocol combines enzymatic and mechanical digestion for the generation of a single cell suspension that can be further analyzed by flow cytometry.

The immune system is an essential component of a healthy heart. The myocardium is home to a rich population of different immune cell subsets with ...

Immunology and Infection

Phenotypic Analysis and Isolation of Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Lineage-committed Progenitors

The bone marrow is the principal site where HSCs and more mature blood cells lineage progenitors reside and differentiate in an adult organism. HSCs constitute a minute cell population of pluripotent cells capable of generating all blood cell lineages for a life-time1. The molecular dissection of HSCs homeostasis in the bone marrow has important implications in hematopoiesis, oncology and regenerative medicine. We describe the labeling protocol with fluorescent antibodies and the electronic gating procedure in flow cytometry to score hematopoietic progenitor subsets and HSCs distribution in individual mice (Fig. 1). In addition, we describe a method to extensively enrich hematopoietic progenitors as well as long-term (LT) and short term (ST) reconstituting HSCs from pooled bone marrow cell suspensions by magnetic enrichment of cells expressing c-Kit. The resulting cell preparation can be used to sort selected subsets for in vitro and in vivo functional studies (Fig. 2).
Both trabecular osteoblasts2,3 and sinusoidal endothelium4 constitute functional niches supporting HSCs in the bone marrow. Several mechanisms in the osteoblastic niche, including a subset of N-cadherin+ osteoblasts3 and interaction of the receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2 expressed in HSCs with its ligand angiopoietin-15 concur in determining HSCs quiescence. "Hibernation" in the bone marrow is crucial to protect HSCs from replication and eventual exhaustion upon excessive cycling activity6. Exogenous stimuli acting on cells of the innate immune system such as Toll-like receptor ligands7 and interferon-&alpha;6 can also induce proliferation and differentiation of HSCs into lineage committed progenitors. Recently, a population of dormant mouse HSCs within the lin- c-Kit+ Sca-1+ CD150+ CD48- CD34- population has been described8. Sorting of cells based on CD34 expression from the hematopoietic progenitors-enriched cell suspension as described here allows the isolation of both quiescent self-renewing LT-HSCs and ST-HSCs9. A similar procedure based on depletion of lineage positive cells and sorting of LT-HSC with CD48 and Flk2 antibodies has been previously described10. In the present report we provide a protocol for the phenotypic characterization and ex vivo cell cycle analysis of hematopoietic progenitors, which can be useful for monitoring hematopoiesis in different physiological and pathological conditions. Moreover, we describe a FACS sorting procedure for HSCs, which can be used to define factors and mechanisms regulating their self-renewal, expansion and differentiation in cell biology and signal transduction assays as well as for transplantation.

A method to analyse the distribution of bone marrow hematopoietic progenitors in flow cytometry as well as to efficiently isolate highly purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is described. The isolation procedure is essentially based on magnetic enrichment of c-Kit+ cells and cell sorting to purify HSCs for cellular and molecular studies.

The bone marrow is the principal site where HSCs and more mature blood cells lineage progenitors reside and differentiate in an adult organism. HSCs ...

Biology

Isolation and Purification of Murine Cardiac Pericytes

Pericytes, perivascular cells of microvessels and capillaries, are known to play a part in angiogenesis, vessel stabilization, and endothelial barrier integrity. However, their tissue-specific functions in the heart are not well understood. Moreover, there is currently no protocol utilizing readily accessible materials to isolate and purify pericytes of cardiac origin. Our protocol focuses on using the widely used mammalian model, the mouse, as our source of cells. Using the enzymatic digestion and mechanical dissociation of heart tissue, we obtained a crude cell mixture that was further purified by fluorescence activating cell sorting (FACS) by a plethora of markers. Because there is no single unequivocal marker for pericytes, we gated for cells that were CD31-CD34-CD45-CD140b+NG2+CD146+. Following purification, these primary cells were cultured and passaged multiple times without any changes in morphology and marker expression. With the ability to regularly obtain primary murine cardiac pericytes using our protocol, we hope to further understand the role of pericytes in cardiovascular physiology and their therapeutic potential.

We have optimized a protocol to isolate and purify murine cardiac pericytes for basic research and investigation of their biology and therapeutic potential.

Pericytes, perivascular cells of microvessels and capillaries, are known to play a part in angiogenesis, vessel stabilization, and endothelial barrier ...

Isolation of Mouse Primary Microglia by Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting in Animal Models of Demyelination

Microglia, the resident innate immune cells in the brain, are the primary responders to inflammation or injury in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia can be divided into resting state and activated state and can rapidly change state in response to the microenvironment of the brain. Microglia will be activated under different pathological conditions and exhibit different phenotypes. In addition, there are many different subgroups of activated microglia and great heterogeneity between different subgroups. The heterogeneity mainly depends on the molecular specificity of microglia. Studies have revealed that microglia will be activated and play an important role in the pathological process of inflammatory demyelination. To better understand the characteristics of microglia in inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, we propose a perilesional primary microglial sorting protocol. This protocol utilizes columnar magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) to obtain highly purified primary microglia and preserve the molecular characteristics of microglia to investigate the potential effects of microglia in inflammatory demyelinating diseases.

Here, we present a protocol to isolate and purify primary microglia in animal models of demyelinating diseases, utilizing columnar magnetic-activated cell sorting.

Microglia, the resident innate immune cells in the brain, are the primary responders to inflammation or injury in the central nervous system (CNS). ...

Neuroscience

Obtaining Single-Cell Suspensions from Murine Brain and Skull Bone Marrow

Isolating Immune Cells from Mouse Brain and Skull

Mounting evidence indicates that the immune response triggered by brain disorders (e.g., brain ischemia and autoimmune encephalomyelitis) occurs not only in the brain, but also in the skull. A key step toward analyzing changes in immune cell populations in both the brain and skull bone marrow after brain damage (e.g., stroke) is to obtain sufficient numbers of high-quality immune cells for downstream analyses. Here, two optimized protocols are provided for isolating immune cells from the brain and skull bone marrow. The advantages of both protocols are reflected in their simplicity, speed, and efficacy in yielding a large quantity of viable immune cells. These cells may be suitable for a range of downstream applications, such as cell sorting, flow cytometry, and transcriptomic analysis. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the protocols, immunophenotyping experiments were performed on stroke brains and normal brain skull bone marrow using flow cytometry analysis, and the results aligned with findings from published studies.

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Complex Immune Response Following Brain Ischemia

To investigate the immune response to brain disorders, one common approach is to analyze changes in immune cells. Here, two simple and effective protocols are provided for isolating immune cells from murine brain tissue and skull bone marrow.

Mounting evidence indicates that the immune response triggered by brain disorders (e.g., brain ischemia and autoimmune encephalomyelitis) occurs not only ...

Isolation of Hypothalamic Microglia from Mice Using MACS for In Vitro Assays

Isolation of Hypothalamic Microglia from Freshly Perfused Adult Mouse Brain by Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting

Microglia, as the resident macrophages of the brain, are essential for maintaining brain homeostasis. They shape neuronal circuits during development, survey their environment for debris or dead cells, as well as respond to infection and injury in the brain, among many other functions. However, their important role in neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity and pathophysiology has not been fully defined, highlighting the need for further investigation. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role of microglia in these processes, we need to isolate microglia and characterize them genetically, metabolically, and functionally. However, the isolation of microglia from adult mice, especially from small brain structures, is challenging as they represent a small percentage of the total brain cells, and the yield of isolated microglia is often too low. Here, the magnetic isolation of microglia using CD11b+ microbeads allows us to sort microglial cells from the hypothalamus of a freshly perfused adult mouse brain. The current method allows us to achieve relatively high purity and yield in a short period while maintaining cell viability.

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Nutrition on Mouse Brain Function and Metabolic Disorders 

We describe a protocol for isolating microglial cells from the mouse hypothalamus (or equivalent small brain structures) using magnetically activated cell sorting (MACS), in a relatively short time. The MACS-sorted hypothalamic microglia can be used for ex vivo analysis and can be plated to perform in vitro assays.

Microglia, as the resident macrophages of the brain, are essential for maintaining brain homeostasis. They shape neuronal circuits during development, ...

Isolating Endothelial Cells from Murine Dermal Lymphatic Capillaries

Murine Dermal Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Isolation

The lymphatic system participates in the regulation of immune surveillance, lipid absorption, and tissue fluid balance. The isolation of murine lymphatic endothelial cells is an important process for lymphatic research, as it allows the performance of in vitro and biochemical experiments on the isolated cells. Moreover, the development of Cre-lox technology has enabled the tissue-specific deficiency of genes that cannot be globally targeted, leading to the precise determination of their role in the studied tissues. The dissection of the role of certain genes in lymphatic physiology and pathophysiology requires the use of lymphatic-specific promoters, and thus, the experimental verification of the expression levels of the targeted genes.
Methods for efficient isolation of lymphatic endothelial cells from wild-type or transgenic mice enable the use of ex vivo and in vitro assays to study the mechanisms regulating the lymphatic functions and the identification of the expression levels of the studied proteins. We have developed, standardized and present a protocol for the efficient isolation of murine dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (DLECs) via magnetic bead purification based on LYVE-1 expression. The protocol outlined aims to equip researchers with a tool to further understand and elucidate important players of lymphatic endothelial cell functions, especially in facilities where fluorescence-activated cell sorting equipment is not available.

Author Spotlight: Magnetic Bead-Based Isolation of Murine Dermal Lymphatic Endothelial Cells

This paper describes a method for magnetic bead-based isolation of murine endothelial cells from dermal lymphatic capillaries. The isolated lymphatic endothelial cells can be used for downstream in vitro experiments and protein expression analysis.

The lymphatic system participates in the regulation of immune surveillance, lipid absorption, and tissue fluid balance. The isolation of murine lymphatic ...

Isolating Microglia from Mouse Brain Demyelinating Lesions Using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting

Source: Zhang, H. et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/63511">Isolation of Mouse Primary Microglia by Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting in Animal Models of Demyelination.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2022).
This video demonstrates a protocol for extracting microglial cells from demyelinating lesions in mouse brains using magnetic cell sorting. The protocol involves dissecting the lesioned brain tissue containing microglial cells, treating the tissue with specific enzymes to obtain a single-cell suspension, and utilizing microglial receptor-specific magnetic beads to isolate the microglial cells.

 All procedures involving animal samples have been reviewed and approved by the appropriate animal ethical review committee. 
1. Materials

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Immunomagnetic Isolation of the Vascular Wall-Resident CD34⁺ Stem Cells from Mice

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