Whole Ovary Immunofluorescence, Clearing, and Multiphoton Microscopy for Quantitative 3D Analysis of the Developing Ovarian Reserve in Mouse

Podsumowanie

Here, we present an optimized protocol for imaging entire ovaries for quantitative and qualitative analyses using whole-mount immunostaining, multiphoton microscopy, and 3D visualization and analysis. This protocol accommodates high-throughput, reliable, and repeatable processing that is applicable for toxicology, clinical diagnostics, and genomic assays of ovarian function.

Streszczenie

Female fertility and reproductive lifespan depend on the quality and quantity of the ovarian oocyte reserve. An estimated 80% of female germ cells entering meiotic prophase I are eliminated during Fetal Oocyte Attrition (FOA) and the first week of postnatal life. Three major mechanisms regulate the number of oocytes that survive during development and establish the ovarian reserve in females entering puberty. In the first wave of oocyte loss, 30-50% of the oocytes are eliminated during early FOA, a phenomenon that is attributed to high Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) expression. The second wave of oocyte loss is the elimination of oocytes with meiotic defects by a meiotic quality checkpoint. The third wave of oocyte loss occurs perinatally during primordial follicle formation when some oocytes fail to form follicles. It remains unclear what regulates each of these three waves of oocyte loss and how they shape the ovarian reserve in either mice or humans.

Immunofluorescence and 3D visualization have opened a new avenue to image and analyze oocyte development in the context of the whole ovary rather than in less informative 2D sections. This article provides a comprehensive protocol for whole ovary immunostaining and optical clearing, yielding preparations for imaging using multiphoton microscopy and 3D modeling using commercially available software. It shows how this method can be used to show the dynamics of oocyte attrition during ovarian development in C57BL/6J mice and quantify oocyte loss during the three waves of oocyte elimination. This protocol can be applied to prenatal and early postnatal ovaries for oocyte visualization and quantification, as well as other quantitative approaches. Importantly, the protocol was strategically developed to accommodate high-throughput, reliable, and repeatable processing that can meet the needs in toxicology, clinical diagnostics, and genomic assays of ovarian function.

Wprowadzenie

Most mammalian females are born with a finite number of meiotically arrested oocytes stored within primordial follicles, constituting the ovarian reserve (OR)^1,2. The OR determines the overall female reproductive lifespan and health³. The OR normally declines in size with aging and can be prematurely depleted upon exposure to certain genotoxic agents (radiation/chemotherapy) and environmental stresses (malnutrition), leading to infertility^4,5,6. Idiopathic female infertility can often be attrib....

Protokół

All mice used were of the genetic strain C57BL/6J (see the Table of Materials). This strain has been fully sequenced and is standard for many studies on ovarian structure and function. Mice were housed according to NIH guidelines, and procedures performed were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of The Jackson Laboratory. Reagents and compositions used in this protocol are listed in Table of Materials and Table 1, respectively.

1. Preparation of reagents

1. Fixative: Prepare 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in 1x PBS. For example, for 24 samples (0.5 mL/sample = 12....

Wyniki

Immunostaining and imaging of the whole ovary enables the visualization and quantification of oocytes or protein expression in ovaries at different developmental stages using the same technique and markers (Figure 3). This protocol was developed for a large-scale project in which analysis of ovaries at multiple stages and from multiple mouse strains was required. Here, we present data gathered for the C57BL6/J strain, a standard strain for genetic analysis. The technique presented here is st.......

Dyskusje

This article presents a detailed 3D immunostaining and imaging protocol for prenatal and postnatal ovaries for high-throughput and comparative studies for germ cell quantification and protein localization. We developed this protocol to analyze oocyte numbers in ovaries (N=6-12) at six developmental time points in 10-16 different strains, where 2-4 24-well plates are typically processed at one time. This method can be adapted for other organs or cellular markers. For example, this protocol can be used to label and visuali.......

Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Benchtop Incubator	Benchmark Scientific	H2200-H	37 °C incubator
Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)	VWR	97061-416
C57BL/6J	The Jackson Laboratory	000664	mouse inbred strain
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)	Sigma-Aldrich	D1435	Hazardous material
D-Sorbitol	Sigma-Aldrich	S6021
Dumont #5 Forceps	FST	91150-20
FastWells Reagent Barriers	GraceBio	664113	Sticky and flexible silicone gasket (adhesive well)
Fine Scissors	FST	91460-11
Glycerol	Sigma-Aldrich	G2025
Glycine	ThermoFisher Scientific	BP381-500
Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 647	Invitrogen	A-21246	Dilution 1:1000
Goat anti-Rat IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 555	Invitrogen	A-21434	Dilution 1:1000
Goat serum	Sigma-Aldrich	G9023
IMARIS Software	Oxford Instruments	Version 9.7.0	Image visualization and analysis software
Insight X3	Spectra-Physics	InSight X3 Tunable Ultrafast Laser	Laser for Multiphoton Imaging
LASX software	Leica	Version 3.5.6	Image acquisition software
Leica DIVE/4TUNE/FALCON	Leica	Leica Dmi8, 2P-M-ready: # 158005406	Multiphoton Microscope
MaiTai HP	Spectra-Physics	Mai Tai DeepSee One Box Ultrafast Laser	Laser for Multiphoton Imaging
Masterflex Pump Controller	SPW Industrial	Model: 7553-50	Peristaltic pump for perfusion
Mayo Scissors	FST	14010-17	5” –7” blunt/blunt scissors for decapitation
Micro Cover Glasses, Square, No. 1.5 25x25mm	VWR	48366-249
Mini BioMixer	Benchmark Scientific	B3D1020	shaker/nutator for 37 °C incubator
Nikon Ergonomic SMZ1270	Leica	SMZ1270	stereomicroscope
Paraformaldehyde 16% (formaldehyde aqueous solution)	Electron Microscopy Sciences	15710	Hazardous material
PBS Tablets, Phosphate-buffered Saline	ThermoFisher Scientific	BP2944100	Dissolve in Milli-Q water
Penicillin-Streptomycin, 200x, Dual Antibiotic Solution	ThermoFisher Scientific	ICN1670249
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)	Sigma-Aldrich	P8136
Quadrol (N,N,N′,N′-Tetrakis(2-Hydroxypropylethylenediamine)	Sigma-Aldrich	122262
Rabbit anti-DDX4/MVH	Abcam	ab27591	Dilution 1:500
Rabbit anti-LINE-1 ORF1p	Abcam	ab216324	Dilution 1:500
Rat anti-TRA98/GCNA	Abcam	ab82527	Dilution 1:500
Sodium azide	Sigma-Aldrich	S2002	Hazardous material
Sodium borohydride	Sigma-Aldrich	452882	Hazardous material
Sucrose	ThermoFisher Scientific	S0389
Tekmar Orbital Shaker	Bimedis	VXR-S10	shaker for room temperature
Triethanolamine	Sigma-Aldrich	90279
Triton X-100	Sigma-Aldrich	X100
UNOLOK Infusion Set	MYCO Medical	7001-23	needles for perfusion
Urea	Amresco	97061-920
X-Cite 120LED	Excelitas	S/N XT640-W-0147	low-power LED fluorescence lamp