This project was funded by the European Social Funds in Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany.

1. Augmentation of Plasmids Containing Required Coding DNA Sequences (CDS)
<ol>
	<li>Pre-warm SOC medium, which is included in the transformation kit, to room temperature and the LB agar plates containing 100 &#181;g/ml ampicillin to 37 &#176;C. Equilibrate the water bath to 42 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Thaw one vial of chemically component E. coli on ice.</li>
	<li>Add 1-5 &#181;l of the plasmid (10 pg to 100 ng) containing the CDS into the vial of chemically component E. coli and mix gently. Do not mix the cells by pipetting. After adding plasmids, mix by tapping the tube gently.</li>
	<li>Incubate the mixture on ice for 30 min.</li>
	<li>Heat-shock the E. coli for 30 sec at 42 &#176;C in a water bath without shaking.</li>
	<li>Place the vial on ice for 2 min.</li>
	<li>Add 250 &#181;l of pre-warmed SOC medium to the E. coli and shake the bacteria horizontally at 300 rpm for 1 hr at 37 &#176;C in a bacterial incubator.</li>
	<li>Spread 100 &#181;l and 150 &#181;l from transformation mix on pre-warmed LB agar plates, invert the plates and incubate overnight at 37 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>After colonies become visible, inoculate a single colony from each plate into a 15 ml culture tube containing 5 ml LB medium with 100 &#181;g/ml ampicillin. Incubate them overnight at 37 &#176;C with shaking at 300 rpm until culture is in late log or stationary phase.</li>
	<li>For long-term storage of transformed E. coli, pipet 75 &#181;l of 100% glycerol into the cryovial. Add 225 &#181;l of the bacterial culture (frozen stock will contain 25% glycerol), mix well and store the cryovial at -80 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Isolate the plasmids containing the required CDS using a plasmid purification kit according to manufacturer&#39;s instructions.</li>
	<li>Determine the plasmid concentration using a spectrophotometer.</li>
	<li>Prepare aliquots of 20 &#181;l and store them at -20 &#176;C for prolonged time.</li>
</ol>
2. Amplification of Plasmid Inserts and Adding of Poly T-tail by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
<ol>
	<li>NOTE: To obtain the DNA template for the in vitro transcription (IVT), the CDS of interest, here eGFP, is amplified using PCR. Simultaneously, a poly T-tail of 120 thymidines (T) is added to the insert by using a reverse primer with a T120 extension. Thereby, the generated mRNAs obtain a poly A-tail with a defined length after the IVT.</li>
	<li>Prepare PCR mixture as detailed in Table 1.</li>
	<li>Mix the reaction mix thoroughly. NOTE: PCR product can be used in 4-5 IVT reactions. To increase the DNA template amount for IVT, total volume of the PCR mixture can be increased. Several PCR tubes each containing 100 &#181;l PCR mixture can be used to obtain a sufficient yield of PCR product.</li>
	<li>Place the PCR tubes in a thermocycler and run the PCR using the PCR cycling protocol (Table 2).</li>
	<li>Clean up the PCR reaction using a PCR purification kit according to manufacturer&#39;s instructions and elute the DNA using 20 &#181;l nuclease-free water.</li>
	<li>Measure the concentration of the DNA using a spectrophotometer. NOTE: The detected DNA concentration is approximately 300 &#181;g/ml. Thus, the expected total amount should be ~6 &#181;g. The amount of DNA for other proteins can differ depending on the length of CDS, amount of plasmid used for PCR, annealing temperature of primers, and cycle number.</li>
	<li>Freeze the DNA at -20 &#176;C for a long time or use it directly for IVT.</li>
</ol>
3. Control Step: Quality of PCR Product
<ol>
	<li>Check the quality of the PCR product by DNA gel electrophoresis.</li>
	<li>Mix the desired amount of agarose with 1x TBE in a flask. For a 1% agarose gel, add 0.5 g of agarose to 50 ml of 1x TBE.</li>
	<li>Microwave until the agarose is dissolved. Do not let it boil. Ensure that the agarose is completely in solution.</li>
	<li>Add 5 &#181;l nucleic acid gel stain to 50 ml agarose gel.</li>
	<li>Pour the gel into an agarose gel box, set the comb, and wait approximately 1 hr until the gel solidified.</li>
	<li>Remove the comb and place the gel box in a gel tray.</li>
	<li>Mix 2 &#181;l (200 ng) of 80-10,000 bp DNA-Ladder and 200 ng of PCR product each with 2 &#181;l 6x loading buffer in a total volume of 12 &#181;l.</li>
	<li>Carefully load DNA samples into the wells of the agarose gel.</li>
	<li>Using 1x TBE as running buffer, run the agarose gel at 100 V for 1 hr.</li>
	<li>Visualize the DNA bands on an imaging system (Figure 2).</li>
</ol>
4. In Vitro Transcription (IVT)
<ol>
	<li>NOTE: After PCR, the plasmid inserts are amplified and a poly T-tail is added. During the IVT, genetic information is transcribed from DNA to RNA. The generated mRNA transcript is used to produce proteins in cells.</li>
	<li>Clean the working area and pipettes with an RNase decontamination solution. Use PCR clean and sterile dual-filter pipette tips and frequently change gloves to minimize contamination of reaction mixes with RNases.</li>
	<li>Prepare the NTP/cap analog mixture as described in Table 3.</li>
	<li>Mix the NTP/cap analog mixture thoroughly by vortexing and spin down briefly.</li>
	<li>Assemble the IVT reaction mixture as described in Table 4.</li>
	<li>Mix the IVT reaction mixture thoroughly by gently pipetting up and down. Then centrifuge the PCR tube briefly to collect the mixture at the bottom of the tube.</li>
	<li>Incubate at 37 &#176;C for 3 hr in a thermomixer. 
	NOTE: The optimum incubation time depends on the length of the inserts and transcriptional efficiency of given template. For short inserts (&#60;500 nt), a longer incubation time may be advantageous. A time-course experiment can be done to determine the optimum incubation time for maximum yield. Therefore, set up IVT reactions, for example, for 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 hr, and overnight incubation and determine the mRNA amount. The kinetics of the in vitro transcription for generation of eGFP mRNA is shown in Figure 3.</li>
	<li>To remove the template DNA, add 1 &#181;l of DNase (2 U/&#181;l) to the IVT reaction mixture, mix well and incubate 15 min at 37 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Purify the reaction mixture using a RNA purification kit according to manufacturer&#180;s instructions. Elute the modified mRNA from the spin column membrane twice with 40 &#181;l nuclease-free water. NOTE: The detected RNA concentration is approximately 1,500 &#181;g/ml. Thus, the expected total amount should be ~120 &#181;g. The amount of synthesized mRNA for other proteins can differ depending on the length of CDS and the amount of PCR product used for IVT.</li>
</ol>
5. Treatment of Purified mRNA with Antarctic Phosphatase
<ol>
	<li>NOTE: The generated mRNA is treated with phosphatase to remove 5&#39; triphosphates, which can be recognized by RIG-I and lead to immune activation. Furthermore, the phosphatase treatment prevents re-circularization in a self-ligation reaction.</li>
	<li>Add 9 &#181;l of 10x Antarctic phosphatase reaction buffer to 79 &#181;l of purified mRNA solution. Subsequently, add 2 &#181;l of Antarctic phosphatase (5 U/&#181;l) and gently mix the sample. Incubate the reaction mixture at 37 &#176;C for 30 min.</li>
	<li>Purify the reaction mixture using a RNA purification kit according to manufacturer&#180;s instructions. Elute the modified mRNA from the spin column membrane twice with 50 &#181;l nuclease-free water.</li>
	<li>Measure the concentration of the modified mRNA using a spectrophotometer. Check that the ratio of absorbance at 260 nm/280 nm (A260/A280) is &#8805; 1.8 and the ratio of A260/A230 is 2.0, which indicates purity. 
	NOTE: The expected total yield should be approximately 90 &#181;g, which is sufficient for approximately 36 mRNA transfections.</li>
	<li>Adjust the concentration of mRNA to 100 ng/&#181;l by adding nuclease-free water.</li>
	<li>Aliquot the modified mRNA into single-use aliquots required for transfections and store at -80 &#176;C. Avoid multiple freeze and thaw cycles. Properly prepared and stored mRNA is stable for many years. During working, always keep the modified mRNA on ice.</li>
</ol>
6. Control Step: Quality of Synthesized Modified mRNA
<ol>
	<li>Check the quality of modified mRNA by RNA gel electrophoresis.</li>
	<li>Mix the desired amount of agarose with 1x TBE in a flask. For a 1% agarose gel, add 0.5 g of agarose to 50 ml of 1x TBE.</li>
	<li>Microwave until the agarose is dissolved. Do not let it boil. Ensure that the agarose is completely in solution.</li>
	<li>Add 5 &#181;l nucleic acid gel stain to 50 ml agarose gel.</li>
	<li>Pour the gel into a agarose gel box, set the comb, and wait approximately 1 hr until the gel is solidified.</li>
	<li>Remove the comb and place the gel box in a gel tray.</li>
	<li>Mix 3 &#181;l (3 &#181;g) of 0.5-10 kb RNA Ladder and 200 ng of synthesized modified mRNA each with 7 &#181;l loading buffer in a total volume of 10 &#181;l. The composition of the loading buffer is described in Table 5.</li>
	<li>Denature the ladder and the mRNA samples at 70 &#176;C for 10 min.</li>
	<li>Carefully load the ladder and the mRNA samples on the 1% agarose gel.</li>
	<li>Perform electrophoresis at 100 V for 1 hr using 1x TBE as running buffer.</li>
	<li>Visualize the ladder and mRNA bands on a UV transilluminator and photograph using a gel documentation system (Figure 4).</li>
</ol>
7. Preparing of Cells for Transfection
<ol>
	<li>Plate 2 x105 cells (HEK293 cells) per well of 12-well plate.</li>
	<li>Incubate the cells overnight at 37 &#176;C in a cell incubator. NOTE: At the day of transfection, the cells should have reached 80-90% confluence.</li>
</ol>
8. Performing mRNA Transfection of Cells
<ol>
	<li>Thaw the modified mRNA.</li>
	<li>Generate the lipoplexes for transfection.</li>
	<li>Add 25 &#181;l (2.5 &#181;g) of modified mRNA and 2 &#181;l of cationic lipid transfection reagent to 473 &#181;l Opti-MEM (Minimal Essential Medium) I reduced serum medium to generate the transfection mixture for transfection of one well of a 12-well plate. Scale up the volumes according to the number of wells to be transfected. As negative control, prepare a transfection mixture without mRNA.</li>
	<li>Mix the components gently by pipetting. Incubate the transfection mixture at room temperature for 20 min to generate lipoplexes for transfection. 
	NOTE: The transfection mixture contains no antibiotics. Thus, take care to ensure the sterility while handling cells.</li>
	<li>Wash cells with 500 &#181;l DPBS/well.</li>
	<li>Add 500 &#181;l transfection mixture to one well of a 12-well plate.</li>
	<li>Incubate the cells for 4 hr at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2.</li>
	<li>Aspirate the transfection mixture and add 1 ml complete cell culture medium to the cells.</li>
	<li>Incubate the cells for 24 hr in the cell incubator.</li>
	<li>Perform fluorescence microscopic analyses using a fluorescence microscope (Figure 5). NOTE: To examine the expression of other proteins in cells, which are produced by transfection with other mRNA than eGFP coding mRNA, the cells can be cultivated on coverslips. Then the transfection can be performed and the cells can be stained with appropriate antibodies and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy.</li>
</ol>
9. Flow Cytometric Analyses of eGFP Expression in Cells
<ol>
	<li>Remove cell culture medium from the wells and wash each well with 1 ml DPBS (without calcium and magnesium). Add 500 &#181;l trypsin/EDTA per well to detach the cells from the surface of cell culture plates. Subsequently, add 500 &#181;l TNS per well to inactivate trypsin.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the detached cells for 5 min at 300 x g at room temperature. Remove the supernatant leaving only the pellet. Resuspend the cell pellet in 150 &#181;l cell fixation solution and transfer the cell suspension into a flow cytometry tube.</li>
	<li>Analyze the percentage of eGFP expressing cells and the fluorescence intensity using Geo Mean (geometric mean of fluorescence intensity) (Figure 6).</li>
</ol>
10. Measurement of Protein Expression Over Time
<ol>
	<li>Perform mRNA transfection of cells in 3 wells of a 12-well plate as described in step 8. Additionally, incubate 3 wells of HEK293 cells with the transfection mixture without the addition of mRNA.</li>
	<li>Measure the expression of eGFP 1, 2, and 3 days after transfection to evaluate the duration of protein expression (Figure 7).</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Bangel-Ruland, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CFTR-mRNA+delivery:+a+novel+alternative+for+cystic+fibrosis+&amp;#34;gene+therapy&amp;#34;.">CFTR-mRNA delivery: a novel alternative for cystic fibrosis &amp;#34;gene therapy&amp;#34;.</a> The journal of gene medicine. , (2013).</li><li>Benteyn, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+of+an+Optimized+Wilms&amp;#34;+Tumor+1+(WT1)+mRNA+Construct+for+Enhanced+WT1+Expression+and+Improved+Immunogenicity+In+Vitro+and+In+Vivo.">Design of an Optimized Wilms&amp;#34; Tumor 1 (WT1) mRNA Construct for Enhanced WT1 Expression and Improved Immunogenicity In Vitro and In Vivo.</a> Molecular therapy Nucleic acids. 2, 134 (2013).</li><li>Petsch, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+efficacy+of+in+vitro+synthesized,+specific+mRNA+vaccines+against+influenza+A+virus+infection.">Protective efficacy of in vitro synthesized, specific mRNA vaccines against influenza A virus infection.</a> Nature. 30, 1210-1216 (2012).</li><li>Mandal, P. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reprogramming+human+fibroblasts+to+pluripotency+using+modified+mRNA.">Reprogramming human fibroblasts to pluripotency using modified mRNA.</a> Nature protocols. 8, 568-582 (2013).</li><li>Warren, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+efficient+reprogramming+to+pluripotency+and+directed+differentiation+of+human+cells+with+synthetic+modified+mRNA.">Highly efficient reprogramming to pluripotency and directed differentiation of human cells with synthetic modified mRNA.</a> Cell stem cell. 7, 618-630 (2010).</li><li>Yakubov, E., Rechavi, G., Rozenblatt, S., Givol, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reprogramming+of+human+fibroblasts+to+pluripotent+stem+cells+using+mRNA+of+four+transcription+factors.">Reprogramming of human fibroblasts to pluripotent stem cells using mRNA of four transcription factors.</a> Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 394, 189-193 (2010).</li><li>Anderson, B. 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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

The mRNA therapy has tremendous potential in the field of regenerative medicine, treatment of diseases and vaccination. In this video, we demonstrate the production of a stabilized, modified mRNA for induction of protein expression in cells. Using this protocol, other desired mRNA can be generated. The in vitro synthesis of modified mRNA allows the transfection of cells with desired mRNAs to induce expression of target proteins. Thereby, the desired protein is expressed transiently under physiological conditions...

In cells, the transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the following translation of mRNA into desired proteins ensure the proper functioning of cells. Hereditary or acquired genetic disorders can lead to insufficient and dysfunctional synthesis of proteins and cause severe diseases. Thus, a new therapeutic approach to induce the production of missing or defective proteins is the exogenous delivery of synthetic modified mRNA into cells, which codes for the desired protein. Thereby, cells are triggered to synthesize functional proteins, which they normally cannot produce or would naturally not need. Using this approach, genetic disorders can be corrected by introduction of mRNA that codes for the defective or missing protein 1. The mRNA therapy can also be used for vaccination to synthetize protein antigens, which are expressed by tumor cells or pathogens. Thereby, host immune system can be activated to effectively eliminate tumor cells or prevent infections 2,3. Furthermore, in recent years, mRNA was successfully used to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). For this purpose, fibroblasts were transfected with mRNAs to induce the expression of reprogramming factors 4-6 and to convert them in iPSCs with an enormous potential in regenerative medicine.
Previously, the use of conventional mRNA was associated with low stability and strong immunogenicity. Thus, clinical applications of conventional mRNAs were limited. However, the replacement of cytidine and uridine by 5-methylcytidine and pseudouridine within the mRNA molecule by Kariko and colleagues rendered mRNA molecules stable in biological fluids and dramatically reduced immune activation 7-10, which now allows the clinical applicability of modified mRNAs.
Using synthetically produced modified mRNAs, desired gene transcripts can be temporarily delivered in vivo 11 or in vitro to induce protein expression. The introduced mRNA is translated under physiological conditions by the cellular translation machinery. Due to lack of integration into the host cell genome compared to viral gene therapy vectors, the risk of oncogenesis is prevented 12,13. Thus, therapy using modified synthetic mRNA will get better clinical acceptance in the future.
Here, we describe a detailed protocol for production of modified mRNA (Figure 1), transfection of cells with mRNA and the evaluation of protein expression in transfected cells.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1058">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:435px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Cell culture</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM, high glucose</td>
			<td>PAA</td>
			<td>E15-009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FBS</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">PAA</td>
			<td>P11-010</td>
			<td>100x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-glutamine&#160;</td>
			<td>PAA</td>
			<td>M11-004</td>
			<td>200 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DPBS without calcium and magnesium&#160;</td>
			<td>PAA</td>
			<td>E15-002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.04% Trypsin / 0.03% EDTA&#160;</td>
			<td>Promocell</td>
			<td>C-41020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">TNS</td>
			<td>Promocell</td>
			<td>C-41120</td>
			<td style="width:435px;">Trypsin Neutralizing Solution, 0.05% trypsin inhibitor in 0.1% BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HEK-293 cells</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-1573</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Consumables</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tissue culture plates, 12-well&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3512</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Cell culture flask (75 cm2)&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430641</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:295px;">DNase-and RNase-free 1.5 ml sterile microcentrifuge tubes&#160;</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>0030 121.589</td>
			<td>Safe-Lock, Biopur</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">15 ml conical tubes&#160;</td>
			<td>greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>188271</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:295px;">PCR clean and sterile epT.I.P.S. dualfilter pipette tips&#160;</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">10 &#181;l: 022491202,&#160;&#160;&#160; 100 &#181;l: 022491237, 1000 &#181;l: 022491253</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cryovial</td>
			<td>greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>122279-128</td>
			<td>Cryo.s&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:295px;">14 ml polypropylene round bottom tube for bacterial culture&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plasmid amplification and purification</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pcDNA 3.3_eGFP Plasmid&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Addgene</td>
			<td>26822</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:295px;">One Shot Top10 chemically component Escherichia coli&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>C4040-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Sterile water (Ampuwa)</td>
			<td>Fresenius Kabi</td>
			<td>1636071</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">LB medium (Luria/Miller)&#160;</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>X968.1</td>
			<td>Dissolve 25 g l-1 in sterile water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">LB agar (Luria/Miller)&#160;</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>X969.1</td>
			<td>Dissolve 40 g l-1 in sterile water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ampicillin Ready Made Solution</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5354</td>
			<td>100 mg/ml&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G2025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>27104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mRNA production</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HotStar HiFidelity Polymerase Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>202602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QIAquick PCR Purification Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MEGAscript T7 Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>AM1334</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5-Methylcytidine-5&#180;-triphosphate&#160;</td>
			<td>Trilink</td>
			<td>N1014</td>
			<td>5-Methyl-CTP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pseudouridine-5&#180;-triphosphate&#160;</td>
			<td>Trilink</td>
			<td>N1019</td>
			<td>Pseudo-UTP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:295px;">3&#180;-O-Me-m7G(5&#180;)ppp(5`)G RNA cap structure analog&#160;</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>S1411L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RiboLock RNase Inhibitor</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>EO0381</td>
			<td>40 U/&#181;l&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TURBO DNase</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>AM1334</td>
			<td>2 U/&#181;l (from MEGAscript T7 Kit)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Antarctic phosphatase&#160;</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>MO289S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNeasy mini kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNaseZap solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>AM9780</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Transfection</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lipofectamine 2000 Transfection Reagent&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11668-019</td>
			<td>Cationic lipid transfection reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Opti-MEM I Reduced Serum Media&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11058-021</td>
			<td style="width:435px;">Improved Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) with&#160; reduced Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) supplementation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gel electrophoresis</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agarose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9539</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gelred Nucleic Acid Gel Stain</td>
			<td>Biotium</td>
			<td>41003</td>
			<td>10,000x in water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">peqGOLD Range Mix DNA-Ladder&#160;</td>
			<td>Peqlab</td>
			<td>25-2210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.5-10 kb RNA Ladder&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15623-200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1x TBE buffer</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Flow cytometry analyses</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CellFIX (1x)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>340181</td>
			<td>10x concentrate&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:295px;">Primer for insert amplification and&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; poly (T) tail PCR</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Forward Primer (HPLC-grade) 10 &#181;M</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Ella Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td>5&#180;-TTGGACCCTCGTACAGAAGCTAATACG-3&#180;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Reverse Primer (HPLC-grade) 10 &#181;M</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Ella Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td>5&#180;- T120-CTTCCTACTCAGGCTTTATTCAAAGACCA-3&#180;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Cell incubator</td>
			<td>Binder</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td>CO2 (5%) and O2 (20%)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CASY cell counter&#160;</td>
			<td>Sch&#228;rfe System</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="44">
			<td height="44" style="height:44px;">Sterile workbench&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">BDK Luft-und Reinraumtecknik GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacterial incubator&#160;</td>
			<td>Incutec</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Water bath</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ScanDrop spectrophotometer&#160;</td>
			<td>Analytic Jena</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PCR thermocycler&#160;</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vortex</td>
			<td>peqlab</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thermomixer</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gel apparatus for electrophoresis&#160;</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gel documentation system&#160;</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FACScan System&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fluorescence microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phase-contrast microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro synthesis of modified mrna for induction of protein expression in human cells

The exogenous delivery of coding synthetic messenger RNA (mRNA) for induction of protein synthesis in desired cells has enormous potential in the fields of regenerative medicine, basic cell biology, treatment of diseases, and reprogramming of cells. Here, we describe a step by step protocol for generation of modified mRNA with reduced immune activation potential and increased stability, quality control of produced mRNA, transfection of cells with mRNA and verification of the induced protein expression by flow cytometry. Up to 3 days after a single transfection with eGFP mRNA, the transfected HEK293 cells produce eGFP. In this video article, the synthesis of eGFP mRNA is described as an example. However, the procedure can be applied for production of other desired mRNA. Using the synthetic modified mRNA, cells can be induced to transiently express the desired proteins, which they normally would not express.

Using a pcDNA 3.3 plasmid containing the CDS of eGFP, the synthesis of modified eGFP mRNA was established (Figure 1). After insert amplification by PCR and poly T-tailing, a clear band with a length of approximately 1,100 bp is detected (Figure 2). Increasing the IVT time augmented the yield of mRNA (Figure 3). After the IVT, a clear mRNA band with a length of approximately 1,100 bp was detected, which corresponds to the length of eGFP mRNA to be produced (Figure...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Synthesis of Modified mRNA for Induction of Protein Expression in Human Cells at JoVE.com

In Vitro Synthesis of Modified mRNA for Induction of Protein Expression in Human Cells

In this video article, we describe the in vitro synthesis of modified mRNA for induction of protein expression in cells.

In Vitro Synthesis of Modified mRNA for Induction of Protein Expression in Human Cells

The exogenous delivery of coding synthetic messenger RNA (mRNA) for induction of protein synthesis in desired cells has enormous potential in the fields ...

in-vitro-synthesis-modified-mrna-for-induction-protein-expression

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

24.8K Views.  University Hospital Tuebingen. In this video article, we describe the in vitro synthesis of modified mRNA for induction of protein expression in cells.