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Here, we provide a detailed protocol to perform live imaging of the asymmetric division of germline stem cells (GSCs) in the Drosophila ovarian niche. We use a transgenic line that ubiquitously expresses a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion of the spectrosome protein Par-1.
Live imaging methods allow the analysis of dynamic cellular processes in detail and in real-time. The Drosophila ovary represents an excellent model to explore the dynamics of a myriad of developmental processes, such as cell division, stemness, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, autophagy, cellular adhesion, etc., over time. Recently, we have implemented an extended ex vivo culture and live imaging of the female Drosophila GSC niche. Using a Drosophila line harboring a GFP::Par-1 transgene as an example, this method allows the visualization of the GSCs' asymmetric division within their niche and the description of the changes in the spectrosome morphology along the cell cycle. Here, we present a detailed protocol for the ex vivo culture of Drosophila germaria, enabling prolonged visualization of the female GSC niche. Importantly, this protocol is broadly applicable to live imaging GSCs with multiple fluorescently tagged proteins of interest that are available in stock centers and/or in the Drosophila research community.
Live imaging of biological processes is instrumental in obtaining direct experimental evidence. The combination of advanced confocal microscopy and the optimization of methodologies permits the exploration of multiple biological events with high precision. Optimizing steps in protocols such as tissue manipulation and dissection, sample preparation and preservation, and microscopy acquisition settings is critical to maximize the reliability and robustness of the results obtained. Here, we present a protocol to monitor samples for extended imaging, which is specially focused on Drosophila melanogaster ovaries. The Drosophila melanogaster ovary is an excellent model system for the analyses of a wide range of developmental processes. Among many others, this reproductive organ of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster contains a very well-defined adult stem cell niche. This GSC niche sustains the development of the female gametes during adulthood. The Drosophila ovaries are composed of approximately 18 ovarioles, where egg chambers are developed in the germarium. In the tip of each germarium, 2-4 GSCs are maintained in a somatic cellular niche mainly formed by a terminal filament of 8-10 cells, a rosette of 5-8 cap cells, and 2-3 anterior escort cells (Figure 1A). This somatic niche provides the GSCs with essential signals and physical support to maintain their stemness, control proliferation, and prevent differentiation1,2,3,4,5.
The GSCs normally divide asymmetrically to generate a new stem cell that keeps contact with the somatic niche and a daughter cell, the cystoblast (CB), which loses direct contact with the somatic cap cells and differentiates. GSCs and CBs contain a highly dynamic and cytoplasmic organelle, the spectrosome, whose main function is the correct orientation of the mitotic spindle during mitosis6. The CB divides 4 times with incomplete cytokinesis to develop 16-cell cysts, where one of the germline cells specifies into the oocyte and the other 15 cells become nurse cells. The CB spectrosome grows into a branched structure called the fusome which connects the 16-cell interconnected germline cells. The spectrosome is enriched in small vesicles and skeletal proteins such as the serine-threonine kinase Par-1 and the membrane component Hu-li tai shao (Hts)7. During the GSC cell cycle, the spectrosome grows by the addition of new material and changes its shape, allowing the identification of the G1, S, G2, and M phases (Figure 1B)8,9.
We have recently implemented an ex vivo culture method of the Drosophila germarium that allows imaging of live GSCs for up to 16 h. Since these cells divide once every 15.5 h on average8, this method permits the filming of large portions of the GSC cell cycle. Thus, in combination with other tools, our culturing method has allowed the description of spectrosome morphology during the GSC cell cycle and the analysis of the duration of the different cell cycle phases in vivo8 (Figure 1C). Here, we provide a detailed protocol of this extended live imaging method supported by a step-by-step guided video that describes the methodology (Figure 2).
NOTE: Step 1.4 must be done at least 2 days in advance. Steps 2.1 and 2.2 can be done 1 day in advance.
1. Pre-experimental setup I
2. Glass bottom plate coating and preparation
3. Drosophila ovary dissection and ovariole isolation and mounting
NOTE: The ovary dissection is performed in Ringer's solution (instead of Schneider's medium) without FBS to prevent the presence of proteins that could interfere with the sticking of the sample tissue to the adhesive.
4. Live imaging using a confocal microscope
With this extended live imaging protocol, we can record the asymmetric mitosis of female GSCs inside their niche without apparent biological disturbances. To do so, we use germaria expressing ubiquitously the GFP::Par-1 protein, which discriminates between five distinct spectrosome morphologies through the GSC cell cycle: Round, Plug, Bar, Fusing, and Exclamation point (Figure 1B,C). In a more detailed description, we observed that the strong GFP:Par1 signal of Round-G2 spec...
Here we present a protocol to monitor the Drosophila melanogaster GSC niche for a prolonged period of time, up to 16 h. Most of the protocols to film Drosophila biological processes ex vivo focus on shorter time windows and multiple examples can be found for imaginal wing discs15,16,17, embryo gonads18,19 or ovaries20
The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.
We thank Acaimo González Reyes and María Olmedo López for helpful comments on the manuscript. This study was supported by PID2021-125480NB-I00 (H. S-G), "Ayudas a la contratación de personal Investigador Doctor" from Junta de Andalucía (J. G-M), "Ayuda a proyectos de investigación precompetitivos" from VI and VII PPIT-Seville University (P. R-R) and "Contrato de Acceso de I+D+i" from VI PPIT-Seville University (P. R-R). We extend our acknowledgments to the Company of Biologists Ltd for kindly providing rights to share images adapted from the original publication (doi:10.1242/DEV.199716).
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
9-well glass plate | Corning | 7220-85 | n/a |
Calcium chloride dihydrate | Sigma Aldrich | C3881 | CaCl2·2H2O; To prepare Ringer's solution |
Cell-Tak | Corning | 354240 | Cell and Tissue Adhesive used to attach cells or tissue sections to many types of surfaces, including plastic, glass, metal, FEP Polymer, and biological materials. |
Dumont #5 Forceps | Finescience | 11252-20 | n/a |
Dumont #55 Forceps | Finescience | 11255-20 | Dimensions 0.05 mm x 0.02 mm and length 11 cm |
Fetal Bovine Serum | Gibco | 10500-064 | Qualified, heat inactivated, E.U.-approved, South America Origin |
Glass bottom dishes | MatTek | P35GC-1.5-10-C | 35 mm Dish, No. 1.5 Coverslip, 10 mm Glass Diameter, Poly-D-Lysine Coated |
HEPES | Sigma Aldrich | H4034 | To prepare Ringer's solution |
Magnesium chloride | Sigma Aldrich | M1028 | MgCl2; To prepare Ringer's solution |
Needle Holder | Roboz | RS-6061 | Light weight, hollow stainless steel handle; 4 3/4" Long. |
Nikon SMZ18 binocular | Nikon | https://www.microscope. healthcare.nikon.com/products/stereomicroscopes-macroscopes/smz25-smz18 | |
Penicillin-Streptomycin | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 15140122 | 10,000 U/mL |
Potassium chloride | Sigma Aldrich | P3911 | KCl; To prepare Ringer's solution |
Schneider's Drosophila Medium | Biowest | L0207 | Cell culture medium for insect cells |
Sodium bicarbonate | Sigma Aldrich | S8875 | NaHCO3; ≥99.5%, powder |
Sodium chloride | Sigma Aldrich | S9888 | NaCl; To prepare Ringer's solution |
Sucrose | Sigma Aldrich | S9378 | ≥99.5% (GC); To prepare Ringer's solution |
Tungsten Dissection Needle | Roboz | RS-6064 | 0.25 mm, Ultra Fine, 1 Micron Tip (Pk 10) |
Tween 20 | Sigma Aldrich | P9416 | for molecular biology, viscous liquid |
Yeast powder | Sigma Aldrich | 51475 | n/a |
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