Capítulo 7
Estrutura Eletrônica dos Átomos
A Natureza Ondulatória da Luz
The nature of light has been a subject of inquiry since antiquity. In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton performed experiments with lenses and prisms ...
O Espectro Eletromagnético
The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the ...
Interferência e Difração
Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a ...
Efeito Fotoelétrico
When light of a particular wavelength strikes a metal surface, electrons are emitted. This is called the photoelectric effect. The minimum frequency of ...
O Modelo de Bohr
Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded ...
Espectros de Emissão
When solids, liquids, or condensed gases are heated sufficiently, they radiate some of the excess energy as light. Photons produced in this manner have a ...
O Comprimento de Onda de De Broglie
In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a ...
O Princípio da Incerteza
Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that ...
O Modelo Mecânico-Quântico de um Átomo
Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of ...
Números Quânticos
It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy ...
Orbitais Atômicos
An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution ...
O Princípio da Exclusão de Pauli
The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that ...
As Energias das Orbitais Atômicos
In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are ...
O Princípio de Aufbau e a Regra de Hund
To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and ...
Configuração Eletrônica de Átomos com Múltiplos Elétrons
The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the ...
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