Este trabalho foi financiado através da Enfermaria Cork South Victoria University Hospital fundo do peito, a Sociedade do Câncer irlandês (CRI07TAN) e do Centro de Cork Cancer Research. Lewis linha de pulmão de células expressando estavelmente luciferase foi um presente amável do Dr. Karin Jooss, Cell Genesys, Inc., San Francisco, EUA.

<html> Introdução O fígado é geralmente o primeiro local de doença metastática e pode ser o único local de disseminação em até 30 40% dos pacientes com doença avançada. No entanto opções para o tratamento de tumores hepáticos metastáticos são poucos com uma minoria de pacientes adequados para a ressecção e apenas 23% responderam importante para quimioterápicos. Pesquisa pré-clínica neste campo tem sido limitada pela ausência de um modelo de camundongo adequado para estudar a doença de fígado isolado. Descrevemos uma abordagem baseada em baço, que pode ser usado para definir com fiabilidade uniforme, metástases hepáticas difusas. Ressecção da metade do baço evita as conseqüências do crescimento do tumor esplênico ea outra metade do baço é devolvido com uma circulação portal para manter intacta esplênica imune propriedades protetoras. O modelo que descreve é ​​bastante simples de executar e pode ser feito rapidamente através de uma incisão única. As propriedades bioluminescente da linha celular do tumor permite a quantificação precisa da resposta ao tratamento, sem sacrifício de animais. Protocolo I. Preparação celular <ol><li> Células de carcinoma de pulmão Lewis são cultivadas Médio Modified Dulbecco Essential suplementado com soro bovino fetal 10% a 37 ° C, 5% CO 2 e colhido por trypsinisation quando sub-confluentes. </li><li> As células foram contadas utilizando um Nucleocounter (Quimio-Metec, Dinamarca) e uma suspensão única célula de 1 X 10 6 células em 200 mL foi preparada em soro de mídia livre. </li></ol> II. Preparação do mouse Nota: Todos os procedimentos foram aprovados pelo comitê de ética da Universidade College Cork. Em nosso laboratório usamos anestésicos injetáveis ​​para anestesiar o rato, alternativamente, pode-se usar anestésicos inalatórios para conseguir o mesmo efeito. A tensão do rato que usamos é o hairless MF1 tensão nu / nu obtido a partir de Harlan Laboratories (Oxfordshire, Inglaterra). MF1 feminino nu / nu camundongos pesando 16-22 g e de 6-8 semanas de idade foram incluídos neste experimento. Outras cepas, como o C57 e Balb / c também pode ser usado com linhagens de células tumorais apropriado. <ol><li> A anestesia foi entregue por injeção intraperitoneal de ketamina 100ul de 1,5 mg e 300 ug xilazina. </li><li> A profundidade da anestesia é avaliada através de pinch dedo do pé. Não deve haver reflexo de retirada com pinça dedo do pé. </li><li> O rato anestesiado está corretamente posicionada e fixada sobre uma almofada de aquecimento. </li><li> O abdômen é preparado com uma solução de betadine 10%. </li><li> Do abdômen e do sítio cirúrgico é coberto de forma estéril. </li></ol> III. Incisão abdominal <ol><li> Uma pequena incisão subcostal é feita na pele. </li><li> A incisão é estendida a 2-3 cm. </li><li> A musculatura da parede abdominal foram divididos e cavidade peritoneal entrou. </li></ol> IV. Exposição e Divisão de Spleen <ol><li> O baço é mobilizado e gentilmente exteriorizado em uma gaze estéril pré-cortados. </li><li> Duas ligaduras vicryl 4-0 são amarrados em torno do corpo meados do baço. </li><li> Baço é dividido entre as duas ligaduras a criação de dois hemi-baço. </li></ol> V. A injeção de células para o baço Hemi- <ol><li> A G 27 é usada para injetar um volume de 100 L de células em um hemi-baço. </li><li> As células tumorais são permitidos para drenar para o fígado para 10 minutos dando tempo suficiente para a maioria das células injetadas para chegar ao fígado. </li></ol> VI. Excisão do baço Hemi-fechamento, Abdominal e Recuperação <ol><li> A injeção hemi-baço é extirpado. </li><li> A outra hemi-baço é retornado para a cavidade abdominal. </li><li> A camada muscular é fechada com sutura PDS 4-0 com um ponto simples execução. </li><li> A pele abdominal é fechada com Prolene 4-0 com pontos interrompidos. </li><li> Bolus de fluido é administrado e analgesia pós-operatória, Carpofen (5 mg / kg) é administrado por injecção IP por 24 h após a cirurgia. </li><li> O mouse é permitido recuperar da anestesia </li></ol> VII. IVIS Corpo Inteiro Bioluminescent Imagem <ol><li> Mouse é anestesiados com anestésico injetável. </li><li> Substrato luciferina é dada por injeção intra-peritoneal de dez minutos antes de imagem </li><li> Os ratos são colocados no palco e fotografada por 3 min usando IVIS sistema de imagem de corpo inteiro </li><li> Luminescência do fígado pode ser medida usando uma região de interesse ferramenta </li></ol> VIII. Exposição de fígado de rato <ol><li> Mouse é anestesiados com anestésico injetável. </li><li> A incisão abdominal telhado permite a visualização de metástase hepática difusa in vivo. </li><li> O rato é sacrificados por deslocamento cervical e no fígado pode ser retirado para análise posterior. </li></ol>_upload/1977/1977fig1.jpg &quot;alt =&quot; Figura 1 &quot;/&gt; Figura 1. Freshly excisadas não tratada murino e tumor infiltrou-fígados. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1977/1977fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2" /> Figura 2. Cinética de crescimento do tumor hepático como evidenciado por IVIS imagens de corpo inteiro.

<ol>
	<li>Kasuya, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+of+subcutaneous+spleen+reservoir+for+multiple+portal+venous+injections+to+treat+liver+malignancies.">Mouse models of subcutaneous spleen reservoir for multiple portal venous injections to treat liver malignancies.</a> Cancer Res. 65, 3823-3827 (2005).</li><li>Liu, Q. Z., Tuo, C. W., Wang, B., Wu, B. Q., Zhang, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liver+metastasis+models+of+human+colorectal+carcinoma+established+in+nude+mice+by+orthotopic+transplantation+and+their+biologic+characteristic.">Liver metastasis models of human colorectal carcinoma established in nude mice by orthotopic transplantation and their biologic characteristic.</a> World J Gastroenterol. 4, 409-411 (1998).</li><li>Li, Z. Y., Ni, S., Yang, X., Kiviat, N., Lieber, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Xenograft+models+for+liver+metastasis:+Relationship+between+tumor+morphology+and+adenovirus+vector+transduction.">Xenograft models for liver metastasis: Relationship between tumor morphology and adenovirus vector transduction.</a> Mol Ther. 9, 650-657 (2004).</li><li>Cashman, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+gene+therapy+as+a+neoadjuvant+to+surgical+excision+to+control+metastatic+cancers.">Immune gene therapy as a neoadjuvant to surgical excision to control metastatic cancers.</a> Cancer Lett. , (2008).</li></ol>

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O desenvolvimento da confiança em modelos in vivo para o estudo da metástase hepática está se tornando cada vez mais importante com o advento de novas estratégias terapêuticas. Para o estudo precisa de novas estratégias, modelos animais deveria ser relativamente fácil de executar, formam um número significativo de metástase, envolvem todas as etapas da cascata metastática e têm um sistema repórter que permite a detecção e contagem de um número limitado de células metastáticas. A abord...

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murine bioluminescent hepatic tumour model

Este vídeo descreve o estabelecimento de metástases hepáticas em um modelo de mouse que pode ser posteriormente analisados ​​por imagens bioluminescente. As células tumorais são administrados especificamente para o fígado para induzir um tumor do fígado localizada, por meio da mobilização do baço e dividir em duas, deixando intacto o pedículo vascular para cada metade do baço. Lewis células de carcinoma de pulmão que constitutivamente expressam o gene luciferase do firefly (luc1) são inoculados em um hemi-baço, que é então ressecado 10 minutos depois. A outra hemi-baço é deixada intacta e voltou para o abdômen. O crescimento do tumor do fígado pode ser monitorado por imagem de bioluminescência usando o IVIS sistema de imagem de corpo inteiro. Imagens quantitativas do crescimento tumoral utilizando IVIS fornece a quantificação precisa das células tumorais viáveis. Morte celular e necrose do tumor devido ao tratamento medicamentoso é indicado no início por uma redução no sinal bioluminescente. Este modelo do rato permite investigar os mecanismos subjacentes a sobrevivência das células tumorais metastáticos e crescimento e pode ser usado para a avaliação da terapêutica das metástases hepáticas.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Bioluminescent Hepatic Tumour Model at JoVE.com

Murine Bioluminescent Hepatic Tumour Model

Este artigo descreve um procedimento para a indução de tumores de fígado ortotópico bioluminescentes em camundongos, e posterior análise do crescimento do tumor confinado ao fígado usando imagens de luminescência ao vivo de todo o corpo.

Modelo de tumor hepático murino Bioluminescent

This video describes the establishment of liver metastases in a mouse model that can be subsequently analysed by bioluminescent imaging. Tumour cells are ...

murine-bioluminescent-hepatic-tumour-model

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

17.1K visualizações.  University College Cork. Este artigo descreve um procedimento para a indução de tumores de fígado ortotópico bioluminescentes em camundongos, e posterior análise do crescimento do tumor confinado ao fígado usando imagens de luminescência ao vivo de todo o corpo.

Vídeo: Murine Bioluminescent Hepatic Tumour Model

Experimental Generation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) from Human Mammary Fibroblasts

Carcinomas are complex tissues comprised of neoplastic cells and a non-cancerous compartment referred to as the 'stroma'. The stroma consists of extracellular matrix (ECM) and a variety of mesenchymal cells, including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes and leukocytes 1-3.
The tumour-associated stroma is responsive to substantial paracrine signals released by neighbouring carcinoma cells. During the disease process, the stroma often becomes populated by carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) including large numbers of myofibroblasts. These cells have previously been extracted from many different types of human carcinomas for their in vitro culture. A subpopulation of CAFs is distinguishable through their up-regulation of &alpha;-smooth muscle actin (&alpha;-SMA) expression4,5. These cells are a hallmark of 'activated fibroblasts' that share similar properties with myofibroblasts commonly observed in injured and fibrotic tissues 6. The presence of this myofibroblastic CAF subset is highly related to high-grade malignancies and associated with poor prognoses in patients.
Many laboratories, including our own, have shown that CAFs, when injected with carcinoma cells into immunodeficient mice, are capable of substantially promoting tumourigenesis 7-10. CAFs prepared from carcinoma patients, however, frequently undergo senescence during propagation in culture limiting the extensiveness of their use throughout ongoing experimentation. To overcome this difficulty, we developed a novel technique to experimentally generate immortalised human mammary CAF cell lines (exp-CAFs) from human mammary fibroblasts, using a coimplantation breast tumour xenograft model.
In order to generate exp-CAFs, parental human mammary fibroblasts, obtained from the reduction mammoplasty tissue, were first immortalised with hTERT, the catalytic subunit of the telomerase holoenzyme, and engineered to express GFP and a puromycin resistance gene. These cells were coimplanted with MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells expressing an activated ras oncogene (MCF-7-ras cells) into a mouse xenograft. After a period of incubation in vivo, the initially injected human mammary fibroblasts were extracted from the tumour xenografts on the basis of their puromycin resistance 11.
We observed that the resident human mammary fibroblasts have differentiated, adopting a myofibroblastic phenotype and acquired tumour-promoting properties during the course of tumour progression. Importantly, these cells, defined as exp-CAFs, closely mimic the tumour-promoting myofibroblastic phenotype of CAFs isolated from breast carcinomas dissected from patients. Our tumour xenograft-derived exp-CAFs therefore provide an effective model to study the biology of CAFs in human breast carcinomas. The described protocol may also be extended for generating and characterising various CAF populations derived from other types of human carcinomas.

Experimental Generation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts CAFs from Human Mammary Fibroblasts

Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) rich in myofibroblasts present within the tumour stroma, play a major role in driving tumour progression. We developed a coimplantation tumour xengraft model for experimentally generating CAFs from human mammary fibroblasts. The protocol describes how to establish CAF myofibroblasts that acquire an ability to promote tumourigenesis.

Geração Experimental de Carcinoma Associado fibroblastos (FAC) de Fibroblastos Humanos mamária

Carcinomas are complex tissues comprised of neoplastic cells and a non-cancerous compartment referred to as the 'stroma'. The stroma consists of ...

Medicina

In vivo Dual Substrate Bioluminescent Imaging

Our understanding of how and when breast cancer cells transit from established primary tumors to metastatic sites has increased at an exceptional rate since the advent of in vivo bioluminescent imaging technologies 1-3. Indeed, the ability to locate and quantify tumor growth longitudinally in a single cohort of animals to completion of the study as opposed to sacrificing individual groups of animals at specific assay times has revolutionized how researchers investigate breast cancer metastasis. Unfortunately, current methodologies preclude the real-time assessment of critical changes that transpire in cell signaling systems as breast cancer cells (i) evolve within primary tumors, (ii) disseminate throughout the body, and (iii) reinitiate proliferative programs at sites of a metastatic lesion. However, recent advancements in bioluminescent imaging now make it possible to simultaneously quantify specific spatiotemporal changes in gene expression as a function of tumor development and metastatic progression via the use of dual substrate luminescence reactions. To do so, researchers take advantage for two light-producing luciferase enzymes isolated from the firefly (Photinus pyralis) and sea pansy (Renilla reniformis), both of which react to mutually exclusive substrates that previously facilitated their wide-spread use in in vitro cell-based reporter gene assays 4. Here we demonstrate the in vivo utility of these two enzymes such that one luminescence reaction specifically marks the size and location of a developing tumor, while the second luminescent reaction serves as a means to visualize the activation status of specific signaling systems during distinct stages of tumor and metastasis development. Thus, the objectives of this study are two-fold. First, we will describe the steps necessary to construct dual bioluminescent reporter cell lines, as well as those needed to facilitate their use in visualizing the spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression during specific steps of the metastatic cascade. Using the 4T1 model of breast cancer metastasis, we show that the in vivo activity of a synthetic Smad Binding Element (SBE) promoter was decreased dramatically in pulmonary metastasis as compared to that measured in the primary tumor 4-6. Recently, breast cancer metastasis was shown to be regulated by changes within the primary tumor microenvironment and reactive stroma, including those occurring in fibroblasts and infiltrating immune cells 7-9. Thus, our second objective will be to demonstrate the utility of dual bioluminescent techniques in monitoring the growth and localization of two unique cell populations harbored within a single animal during breast cancer growth and metastasis.

In vivo Dual Substrate Bioluminescent Imaging

Herein we describe the methods to construct, visualize, and quantify the bioluminescent reactions of both firefly and renilla luciferase enzymes expressed in metastatic breast cancer cells during their growth and metastasis in vivo.

In vivo dupla Substrato Bioluminescent imagem

Our understanding of how and when breast cancer cells transit from established primary tumors to metastatic sites has increased at an exceptional rate ...

Intracranial Implantation with Subsequent 3D In Vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Murine Gliomas

The mouse glioma 261 (GL261) is recognized as an in vivo model system that recapitulates many of the features of human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The cell line was originally induced by intracranial injection of 3-methyl-cholantrene into a C57BL/6 syngeneic mouse strain 1; therefore, immunologically competent C57BL/6 mice can be used. While we use GL261, the following protocol can be used for the implantation and monitoring of any intracranial mouse tumor model. GL261 cells were engineered to stably express firefly luciferase (GL261-luc). We also created the brighter GL261-luc2 cell line by stable transfection of the luc2 gene expressed from the CMV promoter. C57BL/6-cBrd/cBrd/Cr mice (albino variant of C57BL/6) from the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD were used to eliminate the light attenuation caused by black skin and fur. With the use of albino C57BL/6 mice; in vivo imaging using the IVIS Spectrum in vivo imaging system is possible from the day of implantation (Caliper Life Sciences, Hopkinton, MA). The GL261-luc and GL261-luc2 cell lines showed the same in vivo behavior as the parental GL261 cells. Some of the shared histological features present in human GBMs and this mouse model include: tumor necrosis, pseudopalisades, neovascularization, invasion, hypercellularity, and inflammation 1.
Prior to implantation animals were anesthetized by an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (50 mg/kg), xylazine (5 mg/kg) and buprenorphine (0.05 mg/kg), placed in a stereotactic apparatus and an incision was made with a scalpel over the cranial midline. A burrhole was made 0.1mm posterior to the bregma and 2.3mm to the right of the midline. A needle was inserted to a depth of 3mm and withdrawn 0.4mm to a depth of 2.6mm. Two &mu;l of GL261-luc or GL261-luc2 cells (107 cells/ml) were infused over the course of 3 minutes. The burrhole was closed with bonewax and the incision was sutured.
Following stereotactic implantation the bioluminescent cells are detectable from the day of implantation and the tumor can be analyzed using the 3D image reconstruction feature of the IVIS Spectrum instrument. Animals receive a subcutaneous injection of 150&mu;g luciferin /kg body weight 20 min prior to imaging. Tumor burden is quantified using mean tumor bioluminescence over time. Tumor-bearing mice were observed daily to assess morbidity and were euthanized when one or more of the following symptoms are present: lethargy, failure to ambulate, hunched posture, failure to groom, anorexia resulting in &gt;10% loss of weight. Tumors were evident in all of the animals on necropsy.

Intracranial Implantation with Subsequent 3D In Vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Murine Gliomas

Intracranial implantation of GL261 cells into C57BL/6 mice produces malignant gliomas that recapitulate many of the hallmarks of human glioblastoma multiforme. We used GL261 cells stably expressing luciferase to allow us to use in vivo imaging to follow tumor progression. The surgery and 3D in vivo imaging are demonstrated.

Implantação intracraniana com 3D subseqüentes In Vivo Bioluminescent imagem de Gliomas murino

The mouse glioma 261 (GL261) is recognized as an in vivo model system that recapitulates many of the features of human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The ...

Surgical Procedures for a Rat Model of Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation with Hepatic Arterial Reconstruction

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats using a whole or partial graft is an indispensable experimental model for transplantation research, such as studies on graft preservation and ischemia-reperfusion injury 1,2, immunological responses 3,4, hemodynamics 5,6, and small-for-size syndrome 7. The rat OLT is among the most difficult animal models in experimental surgery and demands advanced microsurgical skills that take a long time to learn. Consequently, the use of this model has been limited. Since the reliability and reproducibility of results are key components of the experiments in which such complex animal models are used, it is essential for surgeons who are involved in rat OLT to be trained in well-standardized and sophisticated procedures for this model.
While various techniques and modifications of OLT in rats have been reported 8 since the first model was described by Lee et al. 9 in 1973, the elimination of the hepatic arterial reconstruction 10 and the introduction of the cuff anastomosis technique by Kamada et al. 11 were a major advancement in this model, because they simplified the reconstruction procedures to a great degree. In the model by Kamada et al., the hepatic rearterialization was also eliminated. Since rats could survive without hepatic arterial flow after liver transplantation, there was considerable controversy over the value of hepatic arterialization. However, the physiological superiority of the arterialized model has been increasingly acknowledged, especially in terms of preserving the bile duct system 8,12 and the liver integrity 8,13,14.
In this article, we present detailed surgical procedures for a rat model of OLT with hepatic arterial reconstruction using a 50% partial graft after ex vivo liver resection. The reconstruction procedures for each vessel and the bile duct are performed by the following methods: a 7-0 polypropylene continuous suture for the supra- and infrahepatic vena cava; a cuff technique for the portal vein; and a stent technique for the hepatic artery and the bile duct.

Orthotopic liver transplantation in rats is an indispensable experimental model for biomedical research. Here we present our surgical procedures for orthotopic rat liver transplantation with hepatic arterial reconstruction using a 50% partial graft.

Procedimentos cirúrgicos para um modelo de rato de Transplante de Fígado parcial ortotópico com reconstrução arterial hepática

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats using a whole or partial graft is an indispensable experimental model for transplantation research, such as ...

Murine Model of Wound Healing

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. Impaired wound healing, which occurs in diabetic patients for example, can lead to severe unfavorable outcomes such as amputation. There is, therefore, an increasing impetus to develop novel agents that promote wound repair. The testing of these has been limited to large animal models such as swine, which are often impractical. Mice represent the ideal preclinical model, as they are economical and amenable to genetic manipulation, which allows for mechanistic investigation. However, wound healing in a mouse is fundamentally different to that of humans as it primarily occurs via contraction. Our murine model overcomes this by incorporating a splint around the wound. By splinting the wound, the repair process is then dependent on epithelialization, cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, which closely mirror the biological processes of human wound healing. Whilst requiring consistency and care, this murine model does not involve complicated surgical techniques and allows for the robust testing of promising agents that may, for example, promote angiogenesis or inhibit inflammation. Furthermore, each mouse acts as its own control as two wounds are prepared, enabling the application of both the test compound and the vehicle control on the same animal. In conclusion, we demonstrate a practical, easy-to-learn, and robust model of wound healing, which is comparable to that of humans.

A murine model of cutaneous wound healing that can be used to assess therapeutic compounds in physiological and pathophysiological settings.

Modelo Murino de Cicatrização

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. ...

Bioluminescent Orthotopic Model of Pancreatic Cancer Progression

Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor five-year survival rate of 4-6%. New therapeutic options are critically needed and depend on improved understanding of pancreatic cancer biology. To better understand the interaction of cancer cells with the pancreatic microenvironment, we demonstrate an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer that permits non-invasive monitoring of cancer progression. Luciferase-tagged pancreatic cancer cells are resuspended in Matrigel and delivered into the pancreatic tail during laparotomy. Matrigel solidifies at body temperature to prevent leakage of cancer cells during injection. Primary tumor growth and metastasis to distant organs are monitored following injection of the luciferase substrate luciferin, using in vivo imaging of bioluminescence emission from the cancer cells. In vivo imaging also may be used to track primary tumor recurrence after resection. This orthotopic model is suited to both syngeneic and xenograft models and may be used in pre-clinical trials to investigate the impact of novel anti-cancer therapeutics on the growth of the primary pancreatic tumor and metastasis.

Improved understanding of pancreatic cancer biology is critically needed to enable the development of better therapeutic options to treat pancreatic cancer. To address this need, we demonstrate an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer that permits non-invasive monitoring of cancer progression using in vivo bioluminescence imaging.

Modelo ortotópico bioluminescente de progressão do câncer de pâncreas

Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor five-year survival rate of 4-6%.  New therapeutic options are critically needed and depend on improved ...

A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of Willis perforation (CWp) and proven by intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Thereby a homogenous blood distribution in subarachnoid spaces surrounding the arterial circulation and cerebellar fissures is achieved. Animal physiology is maintained by intubation, mechanical ventilation, and continuous on-line monitoring of various physiological and cardiovascular parameters: body temperature, systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and hemoglobin saturation. Thereby the cerebral perfusion pressure can be tightly monitored resulting in a less variable volume of extravasated blood. This allows a better standardization of endovascular filament perforation in mice and makes the whole model highly reproducible. Thus it is readily available for pharmacological and pathophysiological studies in wild type and genetically altered mice.

A standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage by intraluminal Circle of Willis perforation is described. Vessel perforation and subarachnoid bleeding are monitored by intracranial pressure monitoring. In addition various vital parameters are recorded and controlled to maintain physiologic conditions.

Um modelo murino de hemorragia subaracnóide

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid  hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of  Willis ...

A Preclinical Murine Model of Hepatic Metastases

Numerous murine models have been developed to study human cancers and advance the understanding of cancer treatment and development. Here, a preclinical, murine pancreatic tumor model of hepatic metastases via a hemispleen injection of syngeneic murine pancreatic tumor cells is described. This model mimics many of the clinical conditions in patients with metastatic disease to the liver. Mice consistently develop metastases in the liver allowing for investigation of the metastatic process, experimental therapy testing, and tumor immunology research.

A preclinical, murine model of hepatic metastases performed via a hemispleen injection technique.

Um Modelo murino de metástases hepáticas pré-clínica

Numerous murine models have been developed to study human cancers and advance the understanding of cancer treatment and development. Here, a preclinical, ...

Murine Model of Intestinal Ischemia-reperfusion Injury

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypotension, necrotizing enterocolitis, bowel transplantation, trauma and chronic inflammation. Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a consequence of acute mesenteric ischemia, caused by inadequate blood flow through the mesenteric vessels, resulting in intestinal damage. Reperfusion following ischemia can further exacerbate damage of the intestine. The mechanisms of IR injury are complex and poorly understood. Therefore, experimental small animal models are critical for understanding the pathophysiology of IR injury and the development of novel therapies.
Here we describe a mouse model of acute intestinal IR injury that provides reproducible injury of the small intestine without mortality. This is achieved by inducing ischemia in the region of the distal ileum by temporally occluding the peripheral and terminal collateral branches of the superior mesenteric artery for 60 min using microvascular clips. Reperfusion for 1 hr, or 2 hr after injury results in reproducible injury of the intestine examined by histological analysis. Proper position of the microvascular clips is critical for the procedure. Therefore the video clip provides a detailed visual step-by-step description of this technique. This model of intestinal IR injury can be utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.

Here we describe the detailed procedure of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in mice which results in reproducible injury without mortality to encourage the standardization of this technique across the field. This model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury can be utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.

Modelo murino de isquemia-reperfusão

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, ...

Method of Direct Segmental Intra-hepatic Delivery Using a Rat Liver Hilar Clamp Model

Major hepatic surgery with inflow occlusion, and liver transplantation, necessitate a period of warm ischemia, and a period of reperfusion leading to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury with myriad negative consequences. Potential I/R injury in marginal organs destined for liver transplantation contributes to the current donor shortage secondary to a decreased organ utilization rate. A significant need exists to explore hepatic I/R injury in order to mediate its impact on graft function in transplantation. Rat liver hilar clamp models are used to investigate the impact of different molecules on hepatic I/R injury. Depending on the model, these molecules have been delivered using inhalation, epidural infusion, intraperitoneal injection, intravenous administration or injection into the peripheral superior mesenteric vein. A rat liver hilar clamp model has been developed for use in studying the impact of pharmacologic molecules in ameliorating I/R injury. The described model for rat liver hilar clamp includes direct cannulation of the portal supply to the ischemic hepatic segment via a side branch of the portal vein, allowing for direct segmental hepatic delivery. Our approach is to induce ischemia in the left lateral and median lobes for 60 min, during which time the substance under study is infused. In this case, pegylated-superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD), a free radical scavenger, is infused directly into the ischemic segment. This series of experiments demonstrates that infusion of PEG-SOD is protective against hepatic I/R injury. Advantages of this approach include direct injection of the molecule into the ischemic segment with consequent decrease in volume of distribution and reduction in systemic side effects.

A unique rat liver hilar clamp model was developed for studying the impact of pharmacologic molecules in ameliorating ischemia-reperfusion injury. This model includes direct cannulation of the portal supply to the ischemic liver segment via a branch of the portal vein, allowing for direct hepatic delivery.

Método de entrega directa segmentos intra-hepática Usando um modelo de rato Liver Hilar Grampo

Major hepatic surgery with inflow occlusion, and liver transplantation, necessitate a period of warm ischemia, and a period of reperfusion leading to ...