Este trabajo fue financiado a través del sur de Cork Hospital Victoria de fondos del Hospital Universitario de mama, la Sociedad del Cáncer de Irlanda (CRI07TAN) y el Centro de Investigación del Cáncer Cork. De pulmón Lewis línea celular estable que expresa la luciferasa fue una especie de regalo de la Dra. Karin Jooss, Cell Genesys, Inc., San Francisco, EE.UU..

<html> Introducción El hígado suele ser el primer sitio de la enfermedad metastásica y puede ser el único sitio de difusión hasta en el 30 40% de los pacientes con enfermedad avanzada. Sin embargo, las opciones para el tratamiento de los tumores metastásicos de hígado son pocos con una minoría de los pacientes pueden someterse a resección y sólo el 23% de respuesta a los principales agentes quimioterapéuticos. La investigación preclínica en este campo ha sido limitada por la ausencia de un modelo de ratón adecuado para estudiar las enfermedades hepáticas aisladas. Se describe un planteamiento por el bazo que se puede utilizar para establecer de forma fiable metástasis uniforme, hepática difusa. La resección de la media del bazo evita las consecuencias del crecimiento del tumor esplénico y la otra mitad del bazo se devuelve con una circulación portal para mantener intactas las propiedades del bazo inmune protectora. El modelo se describe es muy sencillo de realizar y puede hacerse rápidamente a través de una sola incisión. Las propiedades luminiscentes de la línea celular tumoral permite la cuantificación exacta de la respuesta al tratamiento, sin sacrificio de los animales. Protocolo I. Preparación de la célula <ol><li> Lewis células de carcinoma de pulmón se producen medio Dulbecco suplementado con suero bovino fetal al 10% a 37 ° C, 5% de CO 2 y se cosechan por tripsinización cuando los sub-confluentes. </li><li> Las células se contaron usando un NucleoCounter (Chemo-METEC, Dinamarca) y una suspensión de células individuales de 1 x 10 6 células en 200 l fue preparado en medio libre de suero. </li></ol> II. Preparación del ratón Nota: Todos los procedimientos fueron aprobados por el comité de ética de la University College Cork. En nuestro laboratorio utilizamos anestésicos inyectables para anestesiar el ratón, como alternativa, se puede utilizar anestésicos inhalados para lograr el mismo efecto. La cepa de ratón que utiliza es el pelo MF1 nu / nu cepa obtenida a partir de Harlan Laboratories (Oxfordshire, Inglaterra). Mujer MF1 ratones nu / nu peso de 16-22 g, y de 6-8 semanas de edad fueron incluidos en este experimento. Otras cepas como el C57 y ratones Balb / c También se puede utilizar con las correspondientes líneas de células tumorales. <ol><li> La anestesia fue entregado por la inyección intraperitoneal de ketamina de 1,5 mg 100 ul y 300 ug xilazina. </li><li> La profundidad de la anestesia se evaluó mediante una pizca dedo del pie. No debe haber ningún reflejo de retirada con el sujetador del pie. </li><li> El ratón anestesiado se coloca correctamente y grabó más de una almohadilla eléctrica. </li><li> El abdomen está preparado con una solución de Betadine al 10%. </li><li> El abdomen y el lugar de la cirugía están cubiertas de una manera aséptica. </li></ol> III. La incisión abdominal <ol><li> Se hace una incisión subcostal pequeña en la piel. </li><li> La incisión se extiende a 2-3 cm. </li><li> La musculatura de la pared abdominal se dividieron y entraron en la cavidad peritoneal. </li></ol> IV. La exposición y la división del bazo <ol><li> El bazo se moviliza y se exterioriza con cuidado con una gasa estéril pre-cortadas. </li><li> Dos ligaduras vicryl 4-0 se atan alrededor de la mitad del cuerpo del bazo. </li><li> Bazo se divide entre las dos ligaduras la creación de dos hemi-bazo. </li></ol> V. La inyección de células en el Hemi-bazo <ol><li> A G 27 se utiliza para inyectar un volumen de 100 l de células en una hemi-bazo. </li><li> Las células tumorales se permite el drenaje en el hígado durante diez minutos dando tiempo suficiente para la mayoría de las células inyectadas para llegar al hígado. </li></ol> VI. La escisión de Hemi-bazo, el cierre abdominal y recuperación <ol><li> La inyección hemi-bazo es extirpado. </li><li> El otro hemisferio del bazo es devuelto a la cavidad abdominal. </li><li> La capa muscular se cierra con sutura PDS 4-0 con una puntada simple funcionamiento. </li><li> La piel abdominal se cierra con prolene 4-0 con puntos sueltos. </li><li> Bolo se administra y la analgesia postoperatoria, Carpofen (5 mg / kg) se administra mediante una inyección IP durante 24 horas después de la cirugía. </li><li> El ratón se le permite recuperarse de la anestesia </li></ol> VII. IVIS bioluminiscente de imágenes de cuerpo entero <ol><li> Ratón se anestesia con anestésicos inyectables. </li><li> Sustrato luciferina se da por inyección intra-peritoneal diez minutos antes de imágenes </li><li> Los ratones son colocados en el escenario y la imagen de 3 minutos con IVIS todo el sistema de imágenes de cuerpo </li><li> Luminiscencia del hígado se puede medir con una región de la herramienta de interés </li></ol> VIII. La exposición de hígado de ratón <ol><li> Ratón se anestesia con anestésicos inyectables. </li><li> Se hace una incisión abdominal techo permite la visualización de las metástasis hepáticas difusas en vivo. </li><li> El ratón es la eutanasia por dislocación cervical y el hígado pueden ser extirpados para su posterior análisis. </li></ol>_upload/1977/1977fig1.jpg &quot;alt =&quot; Figura 1 &quot;/&gt; Figura 1. Recién extirpadas sin tratar murino y se infiltró en el tumor hígado. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1977/1977fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2" /> Figura 2. Cinética de crecimiento de tumores hepáticos como se evidencia por imágenes IVIS todo el cuerpo.

<ol>
	<li>Kasuya, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+of+subcutaneous+spleen+reservoir+for+multiple+portal+venous+injections+to+treat+liver+malignancies.">Mouse models of subcutaneous spleen reservoir for multiple portal venous injections to treat liver malignancies.</a> Cancer Res. 65, 3823-3827 (2005).</li><li>Liu, Q. Z., Tuo, C. W., Wang, B., Wu, B. Q., Zhang, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liver+metastasis+models+of+human+colorectal+carcinoma+established+in+nude+mice+by+orthotopic+transplantation+and+their+biologic+characteristic.">Liver metastasis models of human colorectal carcinoma established in nude mice by orthotopic transplantation and their biologic characteristic.</a> World J Gastroenterol. 4, 409-411 (1998).</li><li>Li, Z. Y., Ni, S., Yang, X., Kiviat, N., Lieber, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Xenograft+models+for+liver+metastasis:+Relationship+between+tumor+morphology+and+adenovirus+vector+transduction.">Xenograft models for liver metastasis: Relationship between tumor morphology and adenovirus vector transduction.</a> Mol Ther. 9, 650-657 (2004).</li><li>Cashman, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+gene+therapy+as+a+neoadjuvant+to+surgical+excision+to+control+metastatic+cancers.">Immune gene therapy as a neoadjuvant to surgical excision to control metastatic cancers.</a> Cancer Lett. , (2008).</li></ol>

El desarrollo de la confianza en modelos in vivo para el estudio de las metástasis hepáticas se está convirtiendo cada vez más importante con el advenimiento de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas. Para el estudio preciso de las nuevas estrategias, modelos animales debería ser relativamente fácil de realizar, forma un importante número de metástasis, la participación de todos los pasos de la cascada metastásica, y tienen un sistema reportero que permite la detección y el recuento de un número ...

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murine bioluminescent hepatic tumour model

Este video describe la creación de metástasis hepáticas en un modelo de ratón que puede ser analizada por imágenes bioluminiscentes. Las células tumorales son administrados específicamente al hígado para provocar un tumor hepático localizado, a través de la movilización del bazo y la división en dos, dejando intacto el pedículo vascular para cada mitad del bazo. Lewis células de carcinoma de pulmón que expresan constitutivamente el gen de la luciferasa de luciérnaga (luc1) se inoculan en una hemi-bazo, que luego se resecaron 10 minutos más tarde. El otro hemisferio del bazo se mantiene intacta y se devuelve al abdomen. El crecimiento de tumores hepáticos pueden ser monitoreados por imágenes de bioluminiscencia con el IVIS todo el sistema de imagen del cuerpo. Imagen cuantitativa del crecimiento tumoral con IVIS ofrece cuantificación precisa de las células tumorales viables. La muerte celular y necrosis del tumor, debido al tratamiento farmacológico está indicado temprano por la reducción de la señal bioluminiscente. Este modelo de ratón permite investigar los mecanismos subyacentes de las células tumorales metastásicas supervivencia y el crecimiento y puede ser utilizado para la evaluación de la terapéutica de las metástasis hepáticas.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Bioluminescent Hepatic Tumour Model at JoVE.com

Murine Bioluminescent Hepatic Tumour Model

En este artículo se describe un procedimiento para la inducción de tumores en el hígado ortotópico bioluminiscentes en ratones, y el posterior análisis del crecimiento del tumor confinado al hígado, con imágenes en directo toda la luminiscencia del cuerpo.

Murino hepática Bioluminiscente modelo tumoral

This video describes the establishment of liver metastases in a mouse model that can be subsequently analysed by bioluminescent imaging. Tumour cells are ...

murine-bioluminescent-hepatic-tumour-model

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

17.1K vistas.  University College Cork. En este artículo se describe un procedimiento para la inducción de tumores en el hígado ortotópico bioluminiscentes en ratones, y el posterior análisis del crecimiento del tumor confinado al hígado, con imágenes en directo toda la luminiscencia del cuerpo.

Video: Murine Bioluminescent Hepatic Tumour Model

Experimental Generation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) from Human Mammary Fibroblasts

Carcinomas are complex tissues comprised of neoplastic cells and a non-cancerous compartment referred to as the 'stroma'. The stroma consists of extracellular matrix (ECM) and a variety of mesenchymal cells, including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes and leukocytes 1-3.
The tumour-associated stroma is responsive to substantial paracrine signals released by neighbouring carcinoma cells. During the disease process, the stroma often becomes populated by carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) including large numbers of myofibroblasts. These cells have previously been extracted from many different types of human carcinomas for their in vitro culture. A subpopulation of CAFs is distinguishable through their up-regulation of &alpha;-smooth muscle actin (&alpha;-SMA) expression4,5. These cells are a hallmark of 'activated fibroblasts' that share similar properties with myofibroblasts commonly observed in injured and fibrotic tissues 6. The presence of this myofibroblastic CAF subset is highly related to high-grade malignancies and associated with poor prognoses in patients.
Many laboratories, including our own, have shown that CAFs, when injected with carcinoma cells into immunodeficient mice, are capable of substantially promoting tumourigenesis 7-10. CAFs prepared from carcinoma patients, however, frequently undergo senescence during propagation in culture limiting the extensiveness of their use throughout ongoing experimentation. To overcome this difficulty, we developed a novel technique to experimentally generate immortalised human mammary CAF cell lines (exp-CAFs) from human mammary fibroblasts, using a coimplantation breast tumour xenograft model.
In order to generate exp-CAFs, parental human mammary fibroblasts, obtained from the reduction mammoplasty tissue, were first immortalised with hTERT, the catalytic subunit of the telomerase holoenzyme, and engineered to express GFP and a puromycin resistance gene. These cells were coimplanted with MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells expressing an activated ras oncogene (MCF-7-ras cells) into a mouse xenograft. After a period of incubation in vivo, the initially injected human mammary fibroblasts were extracted from the tumour xenografts on the basis of their puromycin resistance 11.
We observed that the resident human mammary fibroblasts have differentiated, adopting a myofibroblastic phenotype and acquired tumour-promoting properties during the course of tumour progression. Importantly, these cells, defined as exp-CAFs, closely mimic the tumour-promoting myofibroblastic phenotype of CAFs isolated from breast carcinomas dissected from patients. Our tumour xenograft-derived exp-CAFs therefore provide an effective model to study the biology of CAFs in human breast carcinomas. The described protocol may also be extended for generating and characterising various CAF populations derived from other types of human carcinomas.

Experimental Generation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts CAFs from Human Mammary Fibroblasts

Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) rich in myofibroblasts present within the tumour stroma, play a major role in driving tumour progression. We developed a coimplantation tumour xengraft model for experimentally generating CAFs from human mammary fibroblasts. The protocol describes how to establish CAF myofibroblasts that acquire an ability to promote tumourigenesis.

Generación experimental de carcinoma asociada a los fibroblastos (CAF) a partir de fibroblastos humanos mamarios

Carcinomas are complex tissues comprised of neoplastic cells and a non-cancerous compartment referred to as the 'stroma'. The stroma consists of ...

Investigación

Medicina

In vivo Dual Substrate Bioluminescent Imaging

Our understanding of how and when breast cancer cells transit from established primary tumors to metastatic sites has increased at an exceptional rate since the advent of in vivo bioluminescent imaging technologies 1-3. Indeed, the ability to locate and quantify tumor growth longitudinally in a single cohort of animals to completion of the study as opposed to sacrificing individual groups of animals at specific assay times has revolutionized how researchers investigate breast cancer metastasis. Unfortunately, current methodologies preclude the real-time assessment of critical changes that transpire in cell signaling systems as breast cancer cells (i) evolve within primary tumors, (ii) disseminate throughout the body, and (iii) reinitiate proliferative programs at sites of a metastatic lesion. However, recent advancements in bioluminescent imaging now make it possible to simultaneously quantify specific spatiotemporal changes in gene expression as a function of tumor development and metastatic progression via the use of dual substrate luminescence reactions. To do so, researchers take advantage for two light-producing luciferase enzymes isolated from the firefly (Photinus pyralis) and sea pansy (Renilla reniformis), both of which react to mutually exclusive substrates that previously facilitated their wide-spread use in in vitro cell-based reporter gene assays 4. Here we demonstrate the in vivo utility of these two enzymes such that one luminescence reaction specifically marks the size and location of a developing tumor, while the second luminescent reaction serves as a means to visualize the activation status of specific signaling systems during distinct stages of tumor and metastasis development. Thus, the objectives of this study are two-fold. First, we will describe the steps necessary to construct dual bioluminescent reporter cell lines, as well as those needed to facilitate their use in visualizing the spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression during specific steps of the metastatic cascade. Using the 4T1 model of breast cancer metastasis, we show that the in vivo activity of a synthetic Smad Binding Element (SBE) promoter was decreased dramatically in pulmonary metastasis as compared to that measured in the primary tumor 4-6. Recently, breast cancer metastasis was shown to be regulated by changes within the primary tumor microenvironment and reactive stroma, including those occurring in fibroblasts and infiltrating immune cells 7-9. Thus, our second objective will be to demonstrate the utility of dual bioluminescent techniques in monitoring the growth and localization of two unique cell populations harbored within a single animal during breast cancer growth and metastasis.

In vivo Dual Substrate Bioluminescent Imaging

Herein we describe the methods to construct, visualize, and quantify the bioluminescent reactions of both firefly and renilla luciferase enzymes expressed in metastatic breast cancer cells during their growth and metastasis in vivo.

En vivo doble sustrato bioluminiscentes imagen

Our understanding of how and when breast cancer cells transit from established primary tumors to metastatic sites has increased at an exceptional rate ...

Intracranial Implantation with Subsequent 3D In Vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Murine Gliomas

The mouse glioma 261 (GL261) is recognized as an in vivo model system that recapitulates many of the features of human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The cell line was originally induced by intracranial injection of 3-methyl-cholantrene into a C57BL/6 syngeneic mouse strain 1; therefore, immunologically competent C57BL/6 mice can be used. While we use GL261, the following protocol can be used for the implantation and monitoring of any intracranial mouse tumor model. GL261 cells were engineered to stably express firefly luciferase (GL261-luc). We also created the brighter GL261-luc2 cell line by stable transfection of the luc2 gene expressed from the CMV promoter. C57BL/6-cBrd/cBrd/Cr mice (albino variant of C57BL/6) from the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD were used to eliminate the light attenuation caused by black skin and fur. With the use of albino C57BL/6 mice; in vivo imaging using the IVIS Spectrum in vivo imaging system is possible from the day of implantation (Caliper Life Sciences, Hopkinton, MA). The GL261-luc and GL261-luc2 cell lines showed the same in vivo behavior as the parental GL261 cells. Some of the shared histological features present in human GBMs and this mouse model include: tumor necrosis, pseudopalisades, neovascularization, invasion, hypercellularity, and inflammation 1.
Prior to implantation animals were anesthetized by an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (50 mg/kg), xylazine (5 mg/kg) and buprenorphine (0.05 mg/kg), placed in a stereotactic apparatus and an incision was made with a scalpel over the cranial midline. A burrhole was made 0.1mm posterior to the bregma and 2.3mm to the right of the midline. A needle was inserted to a depth of 3mm and withdrawn 0.4mm to a depth of 2.6mm. Two &mu;l of GL261-luc or GL261-luc2 cells (107 cells/ml) were infused over the course of 3 minutes. The burrhole was closed with bonewax and the incision was sutured.
Following stereotactic implantation the bioluminescent cells are detectable from the day of implantation and the tumor can be analyzed using the 3D image reconstruction feature of the IVIS Spectrum instrument. Animals receive a subcutaneous injection of 150&mu;g luciferin /kg body weight 20 min prior to imaging. Tumor burden is quantified using mean tumor bioluminescence over time. Tumor-bearing mice were observed daily to assess morbidity and were euthanized when one or more of the following symptoms are present: lethargy, failure to ambulate, hunched posture, failure to groom, anorexia resulting in &gt;10% loss of weight. Tumors were evident in all of the animals on necropsy.

Intracranial Implantation with Subsequent 3D In Vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Murine Gliomas

Intracranial implantation of GL261 cells into C57BL/6 mice produces malignant gliomas that recapitulate many of the hallmarks of human glioblastoma multiforme. We used GL261 cells stably expressing luciferase to allow us to use in vivo imaging to follow tumor progression. The surgery and 3D in vivo imaging are demonstrated.

La implantación intracraneal con posterioridad 3D En Vivo Bioluminiscentes imagen de gliomas murino

The mouse glioma 261 (GL261) is recognized as an in vivo model system that recapitulates many of the features of human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The ...

Stereotactic Intracranial Implantation and In vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Tumor Xenografts in a Mouse Model System of Glioblastoma Multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a high-grade primary brain cancer with a median survival of only 14.6 months in humans despite standard tri-modality treatment consisting of surgical resection, post-operative radiation therapy and temozolomide chemotherapy 1. New therapeutic approaches are clearly needed to improve patient survival and quality of life. The development of more effective treatment strategies would be aided by animal models of GBM that recapitulate human disease yet allow serial imaging to monitor tumor growth and treatment response. In this paper, we describe our technique for the precise stereotactic implantation of bio-imageable GBM cancer cells into the brains of nude mice resulting in tumor xenografts that recapitulate key clinical features of GBM 2. This method yields tumors that are reproducible and are located in precise anatomic locations while allowing in vivo bioluminescent imaging to serially monitor intracranial xenograft growth and response to treatments 3-5. This method is also well-tolerated by the animals with low perioperative morbidity and mortality.

Stereotactic Intracranial Implantation and In vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Tumor Xenografts in a Mouse Model System of Glioblastoma Multiforme

We describe an integrated method for the precise, stereotactic implantation of human glioblastoma multiforme cells into the brains of nude mice and subsequent serial in vivo imaging to monitor growth and response to treatment of the resultant xenografts.

La implantación estereotáctica intracraneal y<em&gt; En vivo</em&gt; Radiología bioluminiscente de xenoinjertos de tumores en un sistema modelo de ratón de glioblastoma multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a high-grade primary brain cancer with a median survival of only 14.6 months in humans despite standard tri-modality ...

Murine Model of Wound Healing

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. Impaired wound healing, which occurs in diabetic patients for example, can lead to severe unfavorable outcomes such as amputation. There is, therefore, an increasing impetus to develop novel agents that promote wound repair. The testing of these has been limited to large animal models such as swine, which are often impractical. Mice represent the ideal preclinical model, as they are economical and amenable to genetic manipulation, which allows for mechanistic investigation. However, wound healing in a mouse is fundamentally different to that of humans as it primarily occurs via contraction. Our murine model overcomes this by incorporating a splint around the wound. By splinting the wound, the repair process is then dependent on epithelialization, cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, which closely mirror the biological processes of human wound healing. Whilst requiring consistency and care, this murine model does not involve complicated surgical techniques and allows for the robust testing of promising agents that may, for example, promote angiogenesis or inhibit inflammation. Furthermore, each mouse acts as its own control as two wounds are prepared, enabling the application of both the test compound and the vehicle control on the same animal. In conclusion, we demonstrate a practical, easy-to-learn, and robust model of wound healing, which is comparable to that of humans.

A murine model of cutaneous wound healing that can be used to assess therapeutic compounds in physiological and pathophysiological settings.

Modelo murino de Curación de Heridas

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. ...

Bioluminescent Orthotopic Model of Pancreatic Cancer Progression

Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor five-year survival rate of 4-6%. New therapeutic options are critically needed and depend on improved understanding of pancreatic cancer biology. To better understand the interaction of cancer cells with the pancreatic microenvironment, we demonstrate an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer that permits non-invasive monitoring of cancer progression. Luciferase-tagged pancreatic cancer cells are resuspended in Matrigel and delivered into the pancreatic tail during laparotomy. Matrigel solidifies at body temperature to prevent leakage of cancer cells during injection. Primary tumor growth and metastasis to distant organs are monitored following injection of the luciferase substrate luciferin, using in vivo imaging of bioluminescence emission from the cancer cells. In vivo imaging also may be used to track primary tumor recurrence after resection. This orthotopic model is suited to both syngeneic and xenograft models and may be used in pre-clinical trials to investigate the impact of novel anti-cancer therapeutics on the growth of the primary pancreatic tumor and metastasis.

Improved understanding of pancreatic cancer biology is critically needed to enable the development of better therapeutic options to treat pancreatic cancer. To address this need, we demonstrate an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer that permits non-invasive monitoring of cancer progression using in vivo bioluminescence imaging.

Modelo ortotópico bioluminiscente de la progresión del cáncer de páncreas

Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor five-year survival rate of 4-6%.  New therapeutic options are critically needed and depend on improved ...

A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of Willis perforation (CWp) and proven by intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Thereby a homogenous blood distribution in subarachnoid spaces surrounding the arterial circulation and cerebellar fissures is achieved. Animal physiology is maintained by intubation, mechanical ventilation, and continuous on-line monitoring of various physiological and cardiovascular parameters: body temperature, systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and hemoglobin saturation. Thereby the cerebral perfusion pressure can be tightly monitored resulting in a less variable volume of extravasated blood. This allows a better standardization of endovascular filament perforation in mice and makes the whole model highly reproducible. Thus it is readily available for pharmacological and pathophysiological studies in wild type and genetically altered mice.

A standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage by intraluminal Circle of Willis perforation is described. Vessel perforation and subarachnoid bleeding are monitored by intracranial pressure monitoring. In addition various vital parameters are recorded and controlled to maintain physiologic conditions.

Un modelo murino de hemorragia subaracnoidea

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid  hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of  Willis ...

A Preclinical Murine Model of Hepatic Metastases

Numerous murine models have been developed to study human cancers and advance the understanding of cancer treatment and development. Here, a preclinical, murine pancreatic tumor model of hepatic metastases via a hemispleen injection of syngeneic murine pancreatic tumor cells is described. This model mimics many of the clinical conditions in patients with metastatic disease to the liver. Mice consistently develop metastases in the liver allowing for investigation of the metastatic process, experimental therapy testing, and tumor immunology research.

A preclinical, murine model of hepatic metastases performed via a hemispleen injection technique.

A preclínicos modelo murino de metástasis hepática

Numerous murine models have been developed to study human cancers and advance the understanding of cancer treatment and development. Here, a preclinical, ...

Method of Direct Segmental Intra-hepatic Delivery Using a Rat Liver Hilar Clamp Model

Major hepatic surgery with inflow occlusion, and liver transplantation, necessitate a period of warm ischemia, and a period of reperfusion leading to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury with myriad negative consequences. Potential I/R injury in marginal organs destined for liver transplantation contributes to the current donor shortage secondary to a decreased organ utilization rate. A significant need exists to explore hepatic I/R injury in order to mediate its impact on graft function in transplantation. Rat liver hilar clamp models are used to investigate the impact of different molecules on hepatic I/R injury. Depending on the model, these molecules have been delivered using inhalation, epidural infusion, intraperitoneal injection, intravenous administration or injection into the peripheral superior mesenteric vein. A rat liver hilar clamp model has been developed for use in studying the impact of pharmacologic molecules in ameliorating I/R injury. The described model for rat liver hilar clamp includes direct cannulation of the portal supply to the ischemic hepatic segment via a side branch of the portal vein, allowing for direct segmental hepatic delivery. Our approach is to induce ischemia in the left lateral and median lobes for 60 min, during which time the substance under study is infused. In this case, pegylated-superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD), a free radical scavenger, is infused directly into the ischemic segment. This series of experiments demonstrates that infusion of PEG-SOD is protective against hepatic I/R injury. Advantages of this approach include direct injection of the molecule into the ischemic segment with consequent decrease in volume of distribution and reduction in systemic side effects.

A unique rat liver hilar clamp model was developed for studying the impact of pharmacologic molecules in ameliorating ischemia-reperfusion injury. This model includes direct cannulation of the portal supply to the ischemic liver segment via a branch of the portal vein, allowing for direct hepatic delivery.

Método de la entrega directa segmentaria intra-hepática utilizando un modelo de hígado de rata hiliar abrazadera

Major hepatic surgery with inflow occlusion, and liver transplantation, necessitate a period of warm ischemia, and a period of reperfusion leading to ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Medición de la contractilidad isométrica de la arteria mesentérica de ratón con cable miografía

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...